financial statement analysis sustainable income comparative analysis ratio analysis limitations
TRANSCRIPT
Financial Statement Analysis
• Sustainable Income• Comparative Analysis• Ratio Analysis• Limitations
Sustainable Income
• Value of company = present value of future cash flows– Cash flow from
• Dividends• Increase in stock value
• As rough approximation of cash flows, accountants use net income– Finance types would disagree
• Sustainable income = expected future net income
• Exclude irregular items
Irregular items
• Extraordinary items– Unusual in nature
• For that area– Earthquake in Los Angeles vs. New York City
– Not expected to recur in forseeable future• Mount St. Helens
Irregular items
• Extraordinary items– Acts of God seldom occur in the area
• Cost of snow removal in Charleston versus Miami
– New regulations• NCAA ban of Rawlings bats for collegiate use
– Expropriation• Shell in Mexico
Irregular items
• Change in accounting principle• Remember…want consistency• Must
– Provide better information– Impact of change is shown separately
• Executive stock options
Irregular items
• Discontinued operations– Disposal of a large segment of business
• Tribune Company sells Chicago Cubs
– Show separately gain (loss) from business and gain (loss) from sale
– Will not happen again in the future
Comparative Analysis
• Intracompany analysis– Compare company trends over time
• Valid comparison• Competitors: how do we measure up?
• Intercompany analysis– Compare with a competitor
• Industry leader???• Competitor: comparable?
Comparative Analysis
• Comparison with industry averages– Which industry?– Better than “mediocre”?
---- Horizontal Analysis -2009 2010
Sales $100,000 $110,000
A/R 10,000 15,000
Inventory 30,000 60,000
Calculating percentage change: (New – Old)/(Old)
Want A/R to grow faster than Sales???
Want Inventory to grow faster than Sales???
Vertical AnalysisPercent
Cash 10,000 10%
A/R 12,000 12%
Total Assets 100,000 100%
Liabilities, equity and asset accounts are all calculated as a percent of Total Assets… Not Total Liabilities or Equity.
Vertical Analysis
Percent
Sales 100,000 100%
Cost of goods sold 60,000 60%
Gross profit 40,000 40%
Selling and admin expenses 25,000 25%
Net income 15,000 15%Prefer to see COGS increase as a percent of sales???
Prefer to see selling and admin expense increase???
FINANCIAL RATIOS
TYPES
LIQUIDITY SOLVENCY PROFITABILITY MARKET VALUE
PAY BILLS??? PAY LONG-TERM DEBT? MAKING $$$$? OWNERS WEALTHY??
Short-termCreditors
Long-termcreditors
Owners ,long-termcreditors
Owners
Further Look At Financial Statements
• Financial ratios – Liquidity:
• Current ratio: CA/CL– What is current asset? Current liability?
• Working capital: CA – CL• Quick: (CA – Inv)/CL
– Solvency• Debt: Debt/Assets• Free cash flow: Operating cash flow – capital
expenditures – dividends– Profitability:
• ROA: Net income/Assets• ROE: Net income/Stockholders Equity• Profit Margin = Net income/Sales
Further Look At Financial Statements
• Financial ratios – Market
• P/E ratio = Stock Price / Earnings Per Share– Average– High– Low
• PEG ratio = P/E ratio / Growth rate EPS• Beta
– Average– Change over years?
– Growth ratios• Payout = Dividends / Net Income• Retention = 100% - Payout