financial trading and market micro-structure
DESCRIPTION
FINANCIAL TRADING AND MARKET MICRO-STRUCTURE. MGT 4850 Spring 2011 University of Lethbridge. Topics. The power of Numbers Quantitative Finance Risk and Return Asset Pricing Risk Management and Hedging Volatility Models Matrix Algebra. MATRIX ALGEBRA. Definition Row vector - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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FINANCIAL TRADING AND MARKET MICRO-STRUCTURE
MGT 4850
Spring 2011
University of Lethbridge
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Topics
• The power of Numbers
• Quantitative Finance
• Risk and Return
• Asset Pricing
• Risk Management and Hedging
• Volatility Models
• Matrix Algebra
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MATRIX ALGEBRA
• Definition– Row vector– Column vector
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Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
• Definition: Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij ] are said to be equal if Equality of
these matrices have the same size, and for each index pair (i, j), aij = bij , Matrices
that is, corresponding entries of A and B are equal.
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Matrix Addition and Subtraction
• Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be m × n matrices. Then the sum of the matrices, denoted by A + B, is the m × n matrix defined by the formula A + B = [aij + bij ] .
• The negative of the matrix A, denoted by −A, is defined by the formula −A = [−aij ] .
• The difference of A and B, denoted by A−B, is defined by the formula A − B = [aij − bij ] .
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Scalar Multiplication
• Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and c a scalar. Then the product of the scalar c with the matrix A, denoted by cA, is defined by the formula Scalar cA = [caij ] .
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Linear Combinations
• A linear combination of the matrices A1,A2, . . . , An is an expression of the form c1A1 + c2A2 + ・ ・ ・ + cnAn
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Laws of Arithmetic
• Let A,B,C be matrices of the same size m × n, 0 the m × n zero
• matrix, and c and d scalars.• (1) (Closure Law) A + B is an m × n matrix.• (2) (Associative Law) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)• (3) (Commutative Law) A + B = B + A• (4) (Identity Law) A + 0 = A• (5) (Inverse Law) A + (−A) = 0• (6) (Closure Law) cA is an m × n matrix.
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Laws of Arithmetic (II)
• (7) (Associative Law) c(dA) = (cd)A
• (8) (Distributive Law) (c + d)A = cA + dA
• (9) (Distributive Law) c(A + B) = cA + cB
• (10) (Monoidal Law) 1A = A
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Portfolio Models
• Portfolio basic calculations
• Two-Asset examples– Correlation and Covariance– Trend line
• Portfolio Means and Variances
• Matrix Notation
• Efficient Portfolios
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Review of Matrices• a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular
table of numbers, consisting of abstract quantities that can be added and multiplied.
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Adding and multiplying matrices
• Sum
• Scalar multiplication
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Matrix multiplication • Well-defined only if the number of columns of the left
matrix is the same as the number of rows of the right matrix. If A is an m-by-n matrix and B is an n-by-p matrix, then their matrix product AB is the m-by-p matrix (m rows, p columns).
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Matrix multiplication
• Note that the number of of columns of the left matrix is the same as the number of rows of the right matrix , e. g. A*B →A(3x4) and B(4x6) then product C(3x6).
• Row*Column if A(1x8); B(8*1) →scalar
• Column*Row if A(6x1); B(1x5) →C(6x5)
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Matrix multiplication properties:
• (AB)C = A(BC) for all k-by-m matrices A, m-by-n matrices B and n-by-p matrices C ("associativity").
• (A + B)C = AC + BC for all m-by-n matrices A and B and n-by-k matrices C ("right distributivity").
• C(A + B) = CA + CB for all m-by-n matrices A and B and k-by-m matrices C ("left distributivity").
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The Mathematics of Diversification
• Linear combinations
• Single-index model
• Multi-index model
• Stochastic Dominance
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Return
• The expected return of a portfolio is a weighted average of the expected returns of the components:
1
1
( ) ( )
where proportion of portfolio
invested in security and
1
n
p i ii
i
n
ii
E R x E R
x
i
x
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Two-Security Case
• For a two-security portfolio containing Stock A and Stock B, the variance is:
2 2 2 2 2 2p A A B B A B AB A Bx x x x
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portfolio variance
• For an n-security portfolio, the portfolio variance is:
2
1 1
where proportion of total investment in Security
correlation coefficient between
Security and Security
n n
p i j ij i ji j
i
ij
x x
x i
i j
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Minimum Variance Portfolio
• The minimum variance portfolio is the particular combination of securities that will result in the least possible variance
• Solving for the minimum variance portfolio requires basic calculus
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Minimum Variance Portfolio (cont’d)
• For a two-security minimum variance portfolio, the proportions invested in stocks A and B are:
2
2 2 2
1
B A B ABA
A B A B AB
B A
x
x x
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The n-Security Case (cont’d)
• A covariance matrix is a tabular presentation of the pairwise combinations of all portfolio components– The required number of covariances to
compute a portfolio variance is (n2 – n)/2
– Any portfolio construction technique using the full covariance matrix is called a Markowitz model
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Computational Advantages
• The single-index model compares all securities to a single benchmark– An alternative to comparing a security to each
of the others
– By observing how two independent securities behave relative to a third value, we learn something about how the securities are likely to behave relative to each other
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Multi-Index Model
• A multi-index model considers independent variables other than the performance of an overall market index– Of particular interest are industry effects
• Factors associated with a particular line of business
• E.g., the performance of grocery stores vs. steel companies in a recession
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Multi-Index Model (cont’d)
• The general form of a multi-index model:
1 1 2 2 ...
where constant
return on the market index
return on an industry index
Security 's beta for industry index
Security 's market beta
retur
i i im m i i in n
i
m
j
ij
im
i
R a I I I I
a
I
I
i j
i
R
n on Security i
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Portfolio Mean and Variance
• Matrix notation; column vector Γ for the weights transpose is a row vector ΓT
• Expected return on each asset as a column vector or E its transpose ET
• Expected return on the portfolio is a scalar
(row*column)
Portfolio variance ΓTS Γ (S var/cov matrix)