finding solutions to the fuel cell dilemma rotary club of mclean 30 september 2014 noriko hikosaka...

Copyright 2014 by Noriko Hikosaka Behling

Finding Solutions to the Fuel Cell Dilemma

Rotary Club of McLean

30 September 2014

Noriko Hikosaka Behling

Slide 1

Copyright 2014 by Noriko Hikosaka Behling 2

First Fuel CellSir William Robert Grove, (11 July 1811 – 1 August 1896) was a Welsh judge and physical scientist. He invented the first fuel cell in 1839.

Grove's 1839 gas voltaic battery diagram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Robert_Grove_2.jpg


What are Fuel Cells?

• Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but with a small difference.

• A battery converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy. A fuel cell converts chemical energy that is supplied from outside.

• Fuel cells are more efficient than other power sources. They convert energy directly to electrical energy in a single step.


What are Fuel Cells? (2)


What are Fuel Cells? (3)Fuel Cell Class Most Common

Applications Common Electrolyte

Typical Operating Temperature

Efficiency

Alkaline (AFC) Military • Space Potassium hydroxide soaked in a matrix

200°F 93°C

60% on H2

Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)

Electric utility power • Distributed generation

Phosphoric acid 350°F176°C

40% on natural gas

Molten Carbonate (MCFC)

Electric utility power • Distributed generation

Solution of lithium, sodium, and/or potassium carbonates

1200°F 649°C

50% on natural gas

Solid Oxide (SOFC)

Auxiliary power • Distributed generation

Yttria stabi lized zirconia

1200-1800°F 649-982°C

60% on natural gas

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)

Transportation • Specialty vehicles • Portable power • Distributed generation

Perfluoro sulfonic acid

120-212° F49-100°C

60% for vehicles 35% stationary on H2


Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Budget — Japan: Largest in the World (1) —

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Japanese Fuel Cell Budget

51 58 55 47 43 94 117 220 307 329 354 340 306 289 230 175 168 202 397.7 349.4

25125225325425

Hund

red

Mill

ion

Yen

FP3 (1990-1994) FP4 (1994-1998) FP5 (1998-2002) FP6 (2002-2006) FP7 (2006-2013) Horizon 2020 (2014-2020)

FP Funding 32 58 145 314 470 700

Member State Funding 32 58 145 314 470 700

100300500700900

110013001500

€200 million per year for 2014-2020

Mill

ion

€

— Europe: Second largest (2)—


Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Budget (2)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

DOE/Fossil Fuel Fuel Cell Budget

47 53 50 40 44 43 51 57 62 67 75 60 61.653

53.936

55.6 48.683

48.522

25 0 0

DOE/EERE Fuel Cell Budget

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 75.574

92.019

144.194

166.772

153.451000000001

189.511

206.241

195.865

170.297

95.847

104 80 100

25

75

125

175

225

275

Mill

ion

$

2009 2010 2011

$ Million 92 98 112

10

30

50

70

90

110

South Korea Fuel Cell R&D Budget

8

Global Patent Overview


Japan US South Korea Canada Germany France

2008 106 85 NaN 4 NaN NaN

2009 106 85 NaN 4 NaN NaN

2010 62 160 102 NaN NaN NaN

2011 221 136 128 NaN NaN NaN

2012 292 130 101 NaN 15 NaN

2013 215 152 98 NaN 12 11

25

75

125

175

225

275

325

Pate

nt N

umbe

rs

Top 10 Fuel Cell Patent Assignees by Country 2008-2013

CEPGI data


Fuel Cell Commercialization


Fuel Cell Commercialization (2) Toyota Fuel Cell Car Honda Fuel Cell Car

Hyundai FuelCell Car

11

Fuel Cell Commercialization (3)


FY2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Apr-Jun

Installation 4997 6469 13460 24517 33531 10348

2500

7500

12500

17500

22500

27500

32500

37500

Installation

Japanese residential combined heat and power deployment, Total = 93,322 units (June 2014), Planned to install 5.3 million units by 2030

Data from Advanced Cogeneration and Energy Utilization Center Japan A.C.E.J, コジェネ財団 , as of June 2014



FuelCell Energy - Cumulative global total 379.2MW, of which 269.2MW or 70% to South Korea; In July 2014, POSCO announced independent production.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Units

5 7 3 1 17

7 0 13

18

11

10

9 9 17

2 6 16

6 8 9 2 3 12

13579

1113151719

UTC Power – Global total300 units

Jul 2008-Feb 2010

Feb-Dec 2010

2011 2012 Cumula-tive total as of Oct

2013

Bloom En-ergy Install-tions

11 4.6 9.6 24 114.08

10

50

90

MW

Bloom Energy installed 522 units, 113.08 MW SOFC systems primarily in California (as of Dec 2013) Bloom installed a 200kW Bloom box in Japan in Nov 2013

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

US

0.25

NaN NaN 3.75

6.75

2.5 5.1 10.5

16.2

29.6

13 5.85

15.1

1.4 NaN

S.Korea

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 12.6

25.6

30.8

70 121.8

0 NaN 8.4

10

50

90

130

MW

UTC Power sold its fuel cell division to ClearEdge Power in 2013. ClearEdge filed Chapter 11 in April 2014 and sold its assets to Doosan Ltd of South Korea in July 2014



2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Net Loss

-51.7 -50.31

-60.57

-121.7

-40.7 -47 -27.5 -31.9 -62.8

-130

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

Mill

on $

Plug power

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Net Loss

-86.98

-181.1

4

-57.3 -31.46

-3.258

-31.53

2

-37.2 -42.13

5

-20

-190

-170

-150

-130

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

Mill

ion

@

Ballard (Canada)

Hydrogenics200

4200

5200

6200

7200

8200

9201

0201

1201

2201

3

Net Loss

-33.5

-37.4

-130.

8

-28.1

-14.3

-9.4 -6.5 -9.96600000000001

-12.797

-8.9

-130

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

Mill

ion

C$

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Net Loss

-74.26

-84.2 -71.88

-96.56

-71.88

-58.86

-57.9 -38.7 -38.6

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

Mill

ion

$

FuelCell Energy


Summary of Making Fuel Cells Work1

After decades of public and private efforts, almost no fuel cell products are commercially competitive with conventional counterparts, without subsidies and tax credits.

Major impediments to commercialization include high cost, insufficient longevity, reliability and efficiency.

New approaches are needed to understand complexities of fuel cell operations at the atomic level and develop solutions.

Thus, I have proposed a National Academies study on fuel cells to find solutions to these challenges and show a new path to breakthroughs.

1Noriko Behling, published in National Academies Journal, Issues in Science and Technology, Spring 2013


1. Assess research advances and technological opportunities for fuel cells that would greatly improve capability to support commercial and defense needs

2. Define a roadmap to discover and characterize fuel cell electrochemical processes and operations, including: – A theoretical understanding and empirical validation of underlying causes that drive

performance shortfalls; – Transformational technologies that enable creation of revolutionary fuel cell types – Simulators and models to be developed to depict fuel cell operations– Potential game-changing applications

3. Outline a feasible plan for how these goals would be achieved: – Developing fuel cell systems with high power density and high efficiency reformers – Systems or technologies that readily scale to high power applications– Fuel cell systems that can operate with fuel impurities (e.g., Sulfur, CO). – Order of magnitude reductions in catalyst costs and improvements in durability– Required authorities, milestones, and funding levels

National Academies Study Statement of Task

Study funding requirement: $600K


Thank You for Listening!

Noriko Hikosaka [email protected]

703-893-1569www.norikobehling.com (my website)

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.norikobehling.com/

finding solutions to the fuel cell dilemma rotary club of mclean 30 september 2014 noriko hikosaka...

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