Finding Time: An Examination of How Much Time Faculty of Color Spend on Work and Other Activities by Rank

John A. KuykendallSusan D. Johnson

Thomas F. Nelson Laird Amanda Suniti Niskodé

Ted N. IngramCenter for Postsecondary Research

Indiana University BloomingtonNovember 3, 2006

Background

Academic Ratchet (Massy & Zemsky, 1994)

Cultural Taxation (Padilla, 1994)

Faculty Responsibilities (Braxton & Berger, 1996)

Faculty Productivity (Dey et al., 1997)

Differences in Research Production (Antonio, 2002)

Purpose of Research

How do faculty of color spend their time differently than White faculty on instructional and non-instructional activities?

How does the pattern of racial differences vary by academic rank?

Method

2005 FSSE Data from 109 institutions (21% doctoral, 46% master’s, 25% baccalaureate)

Lecturers/Instructors2,295 White124 African American103 Hispanic59 Asian

Assistant Professors2,631 White160 African American122 Hispanic147 Asian

Standardized mean differences used to test effect of race by rank

Associate Professors2,348 White99 African American93 Hispanic111 Asian

Full Professors2,529 White71 African American65 Hispanic111 Asian

Faculty Activities

Commuting to and from work

Working from home

Administrative duties

Consulting

Teaching at another institution

Working for pay off campus (other than teaching or consulting)

Volunteering in your community

Providing care for dependents living with you (parents, children, etc.)

Faculty were asked to estimate how many hours they spend in a typical 7-day week doing each of the

following

RESULTS

Administrative DutiesConsultingVolunteering

Results

Administrative Duties

African American are spending more time with administrative duties than White faculty

Hispanic faculty are spending more time at the associate level than Whites at the associate level (w/controls)

Overall faculty of color are continuing to spend a significant amount of time with administrative duties than Whites

Results

Consulting

African American spend more time consulting than White counterparts across all ranks

Hispanic faculty spend more time consulting at the assistant level than Whites at the assistant level

Results

Volunteering

African American faculty spend more time than White faculty across ranks

Hispanic and Asian faculty are spending the about the same amount time as Whites

So what does this mean?

Faculty of color are working longer hours in several areas on the FSSE survey, namely administrative duties, volunteering, and consulting

Since research and scholarship are valued more highly in promotion and tenure, taking away time from research to other activities may adversely affect faculty careers

Still attempting to find out where faculty of color are spending less time with activities than Whites

For More Information

Email: john.kuykendall@marquette.edusudjohns@indiana.edu

FSSE website: http://www.fsse.iub.edu

NSSE website: http://www.nsse.iub.edu

Copies of papers and presentations, including

this one, as well as annual reports and other

information are available through the websites

Number of HoursTable 2. Survey Items about the Number of Hours Faculty Members Spend on Different Activities

Item Mean SD Faculty were asked to estimate how many hours they spend in a typical 7-day week doing each of the following

Teaching undergraduate students in classa 8.38 5.11

Grading papers and examsa 5.95 4.52

Giving other forms of written and oral feedback to studentsa 4.53 3.57

Preparing for classa 7.75 4.85

Reflecting on ways to improve my teachinga 3.85 3.40

Research and scholarly activitiesa 9.11 8.85

Advising undergraduate studentsa 3.13 3.42

Supervising internships or other field experiencesa 1.88 3.64

Working with students on activities other than course worka 2.09 2.73

Other interactions with students outside of the classrooma 3.04 3.11

Conducting service activitiesa 3.20 4.09

Commuting to and from workb 4.11 3.28

Working from homeb 10.34 8.09

Administrative dutiesb 6.92 7.99

Consultingb 2.03 3.54

Teaching at another institutionb 0.56 3.10

Working for pay off campus (other than teaching or consulting)b 1.57 5.57

Volunteering in your communityb 2.84 3.29

Providing care for dependents living with you (parents, children, etc.)b

9.11 11.60

N = 11,068 a Faculty responded to this item within a range of values (0, 1-4, 5-8, 9-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, and more than 30), which were recoded to their mid-points. A value of 35.5 was assigned when faculty indicated more than 30 hours. b Faculty responded to this item within a range of values (0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, and more than 30), which were recoded to their mid-points. A value of 33 was assigned when faculty indicated more than 30 hours.

Administrative DutiesTable 3. Mean Differences in Hours per Week on Administrative Duties by Rank & Ethnicity

N Mean SD

Mean Difference

From White

Effect Size w/o

Controls p

Effect Size with

Controls p Lecturer/Instructor

White 2,295 4.78 6.89 Reference Group

African American 124 7.76 10.32 2.98 0.42 *** 0.42 ***

Hispanic 103 5.15 6.25 0.37 0.05 0.06

Asian 59 3.51 4.48 -1.27 -0.18 -0.14

Assistant Professor White 2,631 5.62 6.07 Reference Group

African American 160 6.23 7.22 0.60 0.10 0.12

Hispanic 122 6.06 6.23 0.44 0.07 0.09

Asian 147 4.53 5.34 -1.09 -0.18 * -0.10

Associate Professor White 2,348 7.98 8.03 Reference Group

African American 99 11.29 11.48 3.31 0.40 *** 0.38 ***

Hispanic 93 9.83 9.28 1.85 0.22 * 0.23 *

Asian 111 6.23 7.36 -1.76 -0.21 * -0.18

Full Professor

White 2,529 8.93 9.39 Reference Group

African American 71 12.06 11.20 3.13 0.33 ** 0.28 *

Hispanic 65 11.37 10.45 2.44 0.26 * 0.23

Asian 111 9.80 10.37 0.87 0.09 0.11

Total 11,068 6.92 7.99 *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

ConsultingTable 4. Mean Differences in Hours per Week Consulting by Rank & Ethnicity

N Mean SD

Mean Difference

From White

Effect Size w/o

Controls p

Effect Size with

Controls p Lecturer/Instructor

White 2,295 2.17 4.00 Reference Group

African American 124 3.94 6.11 1.77 0.43 *** 0.43 ***

Hispanic 103 2.66 3.66 0.49 0.12 0.15

Asian 59 2.10 2.88 -0.06 -0.02 -0.02

Assistant Professor White 2,631 1.75 2.99 Reference Group

African American 160 2.66 4.03 0.91 0.29 *** 0.31 ***

Hispanic 122 2.57 3.72 0.83 0.26 ** 0.27 **

Asian 147 2.17 4.69 0.42 0.13 0.21 *

Associate Professor White 2,348 1.91 3.39 Reference Group

African American 99 3.52 5.16 1.60 0.47 *** 0.45 ***

Hispanic 93 1.37 2.10 -0.55 -0.16 -0.16

Asian 111 1.15 2.01 -0.76 -0.22 * -0.24 *

Full Professor

White 2,529 2.08 3.44 Reference Group

African American 71 2.72 3.61 0.64 0.19 0.15

Hispanic 65 2.22 3.74 0.14 0.04 0.03

Asian 111 2.05 2.76 -0.03 -0.01 -0.04

Total 11,068 2.03 3.54 *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

Volunteering Table 5. Mean Differences in Hours per Week Volunteering by Rank & Ethnicity

N Mean SD

Mean Difference

From White

Effect Size w/o

Controls p

Effect Size with

Controls p Lecturer/Instructor

White 2,295 2.92 3.59 Reference Group

African American 124 4.27 4.51 1.36 0.37 *** 0.39 ***

Hispanic 103 2.41 2.92 -0.51 -0.14 -0.10

Asian 59 3.17 3.66 0.25 0.07 0.08

Assistant Professor White 2,631 2.43 2.86 Reference Group

African American 160 3.38 3.97 0.95 0.32 *** 0.35 ***

Hispanic 122 2.40 2.82 -0.03 -0.01 0.03

Asian 147 2.70 3.21 0.27 0.09 0.12

Associate Professor White 2,348 2.93 3.17 Reference Group

African American 99 4.81 4.61 1.88 0.58 *** 0.57 ***

Hispanic 93 2.62 2.86 -0.30 -0.09 -0.09

Asian 111 2.79 2.57 -0.13 -0.04 -0.05

Full Professor

White 2,529 2.90 3.26 Reference Group

African American 71 4.83 4.78 1.93 0.57 *** 0.54 ***

Hispanic 65 4.06 4.11 1.16 0.35 ** 0.35 **

Asian 111 3.23 3.52 0.33 0.10 0.08

Total 11,068 2.84 3.29 *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001