fiqh or fiction: why islamic finance needs standardized training

8/6/2019 Fiqh or Fiction: Why Islamic Finance Needs Standardized Training

1/8

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sMEZFB :>5552

GVCEMGFOGLELF@ @DPFETGHL

Tb` ~zgmefw ho e Oetyeyb`l effz`dgtgli el Gvcemgfoglelf` tzeglgli ~zhizemm`#eld ybw Gvcemgf oglelf`vfbhcezv# lht efed`mgf eld~zho`vvghlec jhdg`v# vbhpcd

f`ztgow tzeglgli ~zhizemm`vohz eptb`ltgfgtw

EOetye# hz `r~`zt cìech~glghl ho hl` hzmhz` Gvcemgf vfbhcezv#gv tb` bgib`vt c``c ho

effz`dgtetghl izelt`d th e tzelveftghl#~zhdpft# hz glvtgtptghl gl Gvcemgfoglelf`, Gvcemgf jelav `vt``m Oetyev, Eld Gvcemgf jelagli fpvthm`zv`vt``m Oetyev, W`t Gvcemgf oglelf`

tzeglgli ~zhizemm`v fhltglp` th tpzlth efed`mgf eld ~zho`vvghlec jhdg`vohz Vbezgeb effz dgtetghl, Y bw8

Ozhm yb`lf` tbgv fem` hl` fel hlcwip`vv, ^`zbe~v tb yhzd effz`dgtetghlgtv`co letpzeccw bezav hl` jefa th tb` cèow`lgzhlv ho hl v fem~pv eld fhlkpz`v p~gmei`v ho vthl` ~gccezv eld igcd`d ezfb`v,Eot`z ecc# effz`dgtetghl eld efed`mge be`

ecyewv ihl beld gl beld, Hz ~`zbe~v gtgv tb` Gvcemgf oglelf` gldpvtzwv letpzect`ld`lfw th z`~cgfet` tb` fhl`ltghlecoglelf` gldpvtzw# eld tb`z`jw `zzeltcwgm~hv` p~hl tb` Gvcemgf `dpfetghlec~ezedgim e y`vt`zl `dpfethzv v`lvgjgcgtw,

Ybet``z tb` hzgiglv ho tbgv mgvtea`#Gvcemgf oglelf` gv pctgmet`cw ejhptGvcem, Eld gl Gvcem# effz`dgtetghl gv lhtejhpt tb` velftgtw ho e ~eztgfpcez becc ho

efed`mge hz tb` fz`d`ltgecv ho e ~zho`vvhz1gt gv ejhpt tb` Gvcemgf upecgogfetghl hotb` effz`dgthz upecgogfetghl ~zh~`z the ~eztgfpcez Gvcemgf vfg`lf`# gl tbgv fev`tb` e~~cgfetghl ho Gvcemgf fhmm`zfgeccey# eld upecgogfetghl ~zh~`z th tb`gldggdpec hz glvtgtptghl gvvpgli tb`h~glghl# gl tbgv fev` e Oetye,

Eot`z ecc# gt yev tb` ^zh~b`tMpbemmed "Ecceb jc`vv bgm eld ig`bgm ~èf`' ybh vegd# Ybh``z gvig`l e Oetye ygtbhpt alhyc`di`# bgv

vgl gv jpt p~hl tb` ~`zvhl ybh ie`bgm tb` h~glghl "Ejp Deypd',5

Ybet Dh`v VteldezdgV`d

eld effz`dgt`d tzeglgli

Mèl gl gVceMgf Oglelf`8

Ho tb` melw fbecc`li`v lhy oefgli tb`Gvcemgf oglelfgec gldpvtzw# ~`zbe~v tbìzèt`vt tyh ez`;

5, Effz`dgtetghl jw vfbhcezv# lhtefed`mgf eld ~zho`vvghlec jhdg`v tb` gm~hztelf` ho el Gvcemgf oglelf`vfbhcez f`ztgowgli e tzeglgli ~zhizemm`

gv ~ezemhplt eld:, Vteldezdgvetghl gl tzeglgli tb`

gm~hztelf` ho tbgv vfbhcez-f`ztgog`dtzeglgli fhlohzmgli th e ygd`cweff`~t`d Gvcemgf oglelf` vteldezd,

Tb`z` gv lht e vglic` gldpvtzw gl tb`yhzcd tbet dh`v lht `lohzf` vteldezdv;jelagli# fhlvtzpftghl# tzelv~hztetghl#ohhd# eld dzpi fhm~elg`v# th lem`

jpt e o`y, Eld w`t Gvcemgf oglelf`tzeglgli# tb` `zw jpgcdgli jchfa ho tb`gldpvtzw# gv fhlv~gfphpv gl gtv ejv`lf`ho vteldezdv, Tbgv gv e zhht ~zhjc`m ohzecc ~zeftgtghl`zv ohz ybgfb ecmhvt `zwhtb`z ~zhjc`m gv jpt e vwm~thm,

Cefa ho vteldezdgvetghl gv o`ct mhvtefpt`cw gl tb` gldpvtzwv oef`-th-oef`tzeglgli v`fthz# yb`z` kpvt ejhpt elwhl` ygtb ~evvejc` ~zhdpft alhyc`di`vteldv jòhz` el epdg`lf` ho èi`z jela`zv eld yer`v cwzgfec ejhpt tb` gztp`v ho Gvcemgf oglelf`, Ho fhpzv`#gt yhpcd j` eff`~tejc` go tbgv tzegl`zm`z`cw z`~èt`d tb` ~hvgtghlv ho tbhvùpecgog`d th v~èa hl tb` mett`z,

Jpt mhz` hot`l tbel lht# tbgvplupecgog`d tzegl`z# ~zho`vvhz# hz yzgt`zevvgilv tb` zhc` ho vfbhcez plth bgmv`co#ip`vvgli tbzhpib el elvy`z b`z`#gvvpgli e ~zhlhplf`m`lt tb`z`# ygtbcgttc` zìezd ohz `vtejcgvb`d gldpvtzwvteldezdv, V``mglicw gllhf`lt et ogzvt,Jpt tb`v` vem` epdg`lf` m`mj`zv tb`lih hpt glth tb` meza`t~cef` eld jìgl~pttgli ybet tb`w cèzl th ~zeftgf`, Gotb`w z`m`mj`z lhtbgli `cv` ozhm tb`tzegl`z# tb`w zez`cw ohzi`t bgv fevpec

ettgtpd` thyezdv tb` bgib vteldezdv hotb` Vbezgeb# eld bgv zèdw ygccglil`vvth gvvp` bgv hyl Oetyev e ygccglil`vvtb`w vhhl edh~t, Lhl-vfbhcez tzegl`zvmew fhl`w cìec ~hvgtghlv# jpt tb`wmew lht fzèt` tb`m,

Effz`dgtgli efed`mgf jhdg`v cga`plg`zvgtg`v# dìz`` ~zhizemm`v#~zho`vvghlec jhdg`v# eld effz`dgtgliglvtgtpt`v be` e ~cef`# lh dhpjt# gl`lvpzgli bgib ~`deihigfec vteldezdv,D`cg`zw vteldezdv gl Gvcemgf oglelf`tzeglgli v~el tb` v~`ftzpm ozhm

`rf`cc`lt th gccìec, Jpt ~`deihiw gv lhttb` vem` tbgli ev Gvcemgf oglelf`,

Gl Gvcemgf oglelf`# effz`dgt`dtzeglgli mèlv tzeglgli e~~zh`d jw evfbhcez ybh fhlogzmv tbet tb` fhlt`ltopccw edb`z`v th e ~eztgfpcez vteldezd, Eld lht kpvt elw vfbhcez, Gl hzd`z th j` upecgog`d th e~~zh` vhm`tbgligl Gvcemgf oglelf`# hl` mpvt ogzvt j`

Ogub hz Ogftghl

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sMEZFB :>5552

Tbgv eztgfc` gv tb` ogzvt gl e tyh-

~ezt v`zg`v jw Etgo Z, Abel# Meleigli

Dgz`fthz ho @tbgfe Glvtgtpt` ho Gvcemgf

Oglelf` "yyy,@tbgfeGlvtgtpt`,fhm'

Fh~wzgibt :>55, Chha hpt ohz ~ezt GG gl

l`rt mhltbv gvvp` ho Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv

/ Oglelf`


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yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tMEZFB :>55 s Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/ Oglelf` 57


e tzegl`d eld `r~`zg`lf`d Gvcemgfvfbhcez ybh ~hvv`vv`v# ohz`mhvt#d``~ alhyc`di` ho tb` Vbezgeb ygtb#et mglgmpm# d`mhlvtzet`d# ~``z-z`g`y`d fhm~`t`lf` gl et cèvthl` ho tb` tzedgtghlec vfbhhcv ho kpzgv~zpd`lf`, Eld v`fhld# b` mpvt jzgli ~zeftgfec# yhzagli alhyc`di` ho jelagli eld oglelf`# fhm~c`m`lt`d jw eftpec `r~`zg`lf` gl tb`fhlt`m~hzezw meza`t~cef`,

VteldezdgV`d eeHgOg

JeV`d tzeglgli ^zHMHt`V

Vbezgeb bezMHlgVetgHl

Gl 5775# tb` Effhpltgli eld Epdgtgli

Hzielgvetghl ohz Gvcemgf OglelfgecGlvtgtptghlv "EEHGOG# ~zhlhplf`de-wh-o``' ohzm`d ev el gld`~`ld`lt#lhl-~zhogt# vteldezd-v`ttgli jhdw ygtbe z`mgt th ~zhmpciet` Gvcemgf oglelf`vteldezdv ohz tb` `ltgz` gldpvtzw, Ty`ltwwèzv hl# EEHGOG gv lhy ygd`cw zìezd`djw jelav eld ih`zlm`ltv ev tb` d` oefthgldpvtzw vteldezd ohz Gvcemgf oglelf`~zeftgtghl`zv,: Gl oeft# lpm`zhpv f`ltzec jelav eld oglelfgec v`zgf` eptbhzgtg`vlhy z`fhmm`ld tb` vteldezdv ev e

vhpzf` ho ipgdelf` ohz chfec jelav, EEHGOGv zìpcezcw p~det`d t`rtvbe` j`fhm` tb` dòglgtg` zò`z`lf`yhza ohz tbhv` v`àgli e fhm~z`b`lvg`zpc` jhha ejhpt Gvcemgf oglelfgec

~zhdpftv eld ~zeftgf`v, Gtv 20 vteldezdvfh`z ``zwtbgli ozhm effhpltgli eldepdgtgli th ih`zlelf` eld ~zhdpft-v~`fgogf Vbezgeb vteldezdv, Tb` 5? th:> vfbhcezv tb` lpmj`z d`~`ldgli hltb` wèz ybh vgt hl EEHGOGv Vbezgeb jhezd ez` cèdgli Gvcemgf oglelf`

vfbhcezv ybh fhm` ozhm tb` Ipco#Vhptb Evge# Vhptb @evt Evge# Eozgfe# eldLhztb Em`zgfe1 èfb ho tb`m cìeccwupecgog`d th gvvp` e Oetye eld edkpdgfet`hl mett`zv Gvcemgf oglelf`,6 Eld ohze z`cgighl tbet d``~cw ecp`v vfbhcezcwfhlv`lvpv# hz Gkme# ev hl` ho tb` meglvhpzf`v ohz cìec d`zgetghl gl Gvcemgf kpzgv~zpd`lf`# gt gv e z`cgò th bèz hl`vfbhcez ~pt gt tbgv yew; EEHGOG gv tb`fchv`vt tbgli y` be` th Gkme gl Gvcemgfoglelf`,4

tzeglgli effz`dgtetgHl Jw

VfbHcezV# lHt efed`Mgf eld

^zHO`VVgHlec JHdg V

Effhzdgli th EEHGOGv Vtg~pcetghleld @tbgfv ho Oetye gl tb` GlvtgtptghlecOzem`yhza#0 tb` vteldezdv ohz gvvpglie Oetye ez`# et mglgmpm# alhyc`di`ho; Gvcemgf kpzgv~zpd`lf` gl oglelfgectzelveftghlv1 bhy th d`zg` zpcglivozhm ~zgmezw vhpzf`v1 Gvcemgf kpzgv~zpd`ltgec fhltzgjptghlv hohtb`z vfbhcezv1 fhlt`m~hzezw gvvp`vgl tb` oglelfgec gldpvtzw, Mhz`h`z#tb` gldggdpec vbhpcd d`mhlvtzet`dgvf`zlm`lt# vfzp~pchpvl`vv# eld~``z-z`g`y`d fhm~`t`lf` ygtbgl tb`

oglelfgec gldpvtzw,?Gl hzd`z th opccw fhm~z`b`ld tb`

fhm~c`rgtw ho tb` vfbhcezv teva# hl`vbhpcd zòc`ft p~hl tb` fhm~`tglid`meldv ~cef`d p~hl bgm yb`ld`zggli e zpcgli ozhm tb` Upzel eldBedgtb "~zh~b`tgf tzedgtghlv' fhz~pv1Bedgtb ybgfb lpmj`z gl tb` t`lv hotbhpveldv ohz tbhv` tbet ez` zgihzhpvcweptb`ltgfet`d "Vebgb' eld `rf``d hl`mgccghl yb`l fhplt`d ev v`~ezet` fbeglvho tzelvmgvvghl, Ev hl` vfbhcez lht`v#

alhyc`di` ho tb` ~zgmezw t`rtv fhlvgvtvgl alhygli# emhli melw htb`ztbgliv# tb` Emm# e t`rt ho

i`l`zec e~~cgfejgcgtw thmelw cìec zpcgliv#

D`cg`zw vtelDezDv

gl gvcemgf oglelf`

tzeglgli v~el tb`

v~`ftzpm ozhm`rf`cc`lt th

gccìec

fhlt, hv`zcèo

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tMEZFB :>55 s Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv / Oglelf` 57


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yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sMEZFB :>55:>


eld gtv h~~hvgt`1 tb` Abevv# tbet ybgfbgv e~~cgfejc` th hlcw hl` zpcgli hz tw~` hozpcgli1 tb` Mpkmec# tbet ybgfb zùpgz`vhtb`z t`rtv th j` opccw pld`zvthhd#eld gtv h~~hvgt`1 tb` Mpjewwel# tbet ybgfb gv ~cegl ygtbhpt htb`z t`rtv1tb` Mptceu# tbet ybgfb gv e~~cgfejc`ygtbhpt z`vtzgftghl# eld gtv h~~hvgt`1 tb`Mpuewwed# tbet ybgfb bev z`vtzgftghlv

ig`l gl htb`z t`rtv1 tb` Levgab# tbet ybgfb vp~`zv`d`v ~z`ghpv z`èc`dzpcgliv# eld gtv h~~hvgt`1 tb` Melvpab;tbet ybgfb gv vp~`zv`d`d1 tb` Levv; tbetybgfb plùpghfeccw d`fgd`v e ~eztgfpcezcìec up`vtghl# eld gtv h~~hvgt`1 tb`Dbebgz; tbet ybgfb fel jèz mhz` tbelhl` glt`z~z`tetghl,9

Tbgv c`litbw d`vfzg~tghl ho tb`mglptge` oefgli tb` vfbhcez gl hlcw hlèzè ho Gktgbed# hz ~`zvhlec cìec zèvhlgli#gv ~eztgfpcezcw z cèlt gl el ei yb`l~z`t`ld`zv th tb teva h~`l tb dhhzv

ho vfbhcezvbg~ plth tb`mv`c`v, C`vthl d`fzw tbet vpfb bgib vteldezdv hlcwfhm~cgfet mett`zv# eld tbet Ihdv yhzdgv dggl cw ~zht`ft`d# y vbhpcd be tb`bpmgcgtw th z`mgld hpzv`c`v tbet dggl`~zht`ftghl z cet`v th tb yhzd ho Ihd# lhtth hpz ejgcgtw th d`zg` zpcgliv ozhm gt,

Gt gv lht chvt hl elwhl` tb` zez`l`vvho vpfb gldggdpecv gl ~z`v`lt tgm`v, Gl

e ~`zo`ft yhzcd# vpfb e vfbhcez yhpcdj` tb` tzegl`z bgmv`co, Jpt pltgc tb`zèz` `lhpib vfbhcezv th ih ezhpld# tb` j`vt tbet y` fel dh# eld tb` cèvt y`mpvt# gv hjtegl tb`gz fhlv`lt yb`leffz`dgtgli e tzeglgli ~zhizemm`,

OetYe VbH^^gli eld tb`

bezMV HO c`VV tbel 5>> `zf`lt VteldezdgVetgHl

Yb`l tzeglgli fhlt`lt gv elwtbgli c`vvtbel 5>> ~`z f`lt vteldezdgv`d th EEHGOG#dgvfz`~elfg`v j`ty``l tb` cèzl`zvalhyc`di` eld tb` meza`tv ~zeftgfèjhpld, Tbgv zgot ygd`lv glth e fbevm hofhlopvghl eld cèdv th ybet fel hlcw j``p~b`mgvtgfeccw d`vfzgj`d ev tb jela`zv

Etgo Z, Abel gv Meleigli Dgz`fthz et

@tbgfe Glvtgtpt` ho Gvcemgf Oglelf`

"yyy,@tbgfeGlvtgtpt`,fhm '# e tzeglgli#

f`ztgogfetghl# eld edgvhzw glvtgtpt jev`dgl Dpjeg, ^z`ghpvcw# Abel yev Dgz`fthz ho

Gvcemgf Oglelf et JelaT/D, Gl eddgtghl

th yhzagli fchv`cw ygtb Gvcemgf oglelfgec

glvtgtptghlv hl ~zhdpft d``ch~m`lt#

Abel vtpdg`d tb Vbezgeb vfg`lf`v ohz og`

wèzv gl êagvtel# tb cevt wèzv ho ybgfb

y`z v~`lt hl`-hl-hl ygtb vhm ho tb`

yhzcdv cèdgli Gvcemgf oglelf jela`zv eld

vfbhcezv, Bgv èzcg`z fhl`ltghlec oglelf`

`r~`zg`lf glfcpd`v gl`vtm`lt jelagli et

Mhziel Vtelc`w gl L`y Whza eld Chldhl#

`r`fptgli m`zi`zv eld efupgvgtghlv

eld fhz~hzet` oglelf` tzelveftghlv# eld

Fbgò Oglelfgec Hoogf`z ho G~zhr Cgmgt`d gl

Chldhl, Etgo z`meglv e vtpd`lt gl Gvcemgf

fhmm`zfgec cey# vtpdwgli yb`l b fel ygtb

Gvcemgf vfbhcezv, B èzl`d e Jefb`chzv

vpmme fpm cepd ozhm tb Plg`zvgtw ho

Mevvefbpv`ttv# Emb`zvt eld e Mevt`zv ozhm

Bezezd Plg`zvgtw,

Yb`l tzeglgli

fhlt`lt gv elwtbgli

c`vv tbel 5>> ~`z f`lt

vtelDezDgv`D th

eehgog# Dgvfz`~elfg`v

j`tY``l tb`

cèzl`zv

alhYc`Di` elD tb`meza`tv ~zeftgf`

ejhplD

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sMEZFB :>55:>

fhlt, ozhm ~i57


4/8

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tMEZFB :>55 s Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/ Oglelf` :5


~`lfbelt ohz Oetye vbh~~gli; ogldglitb zgibt Oetye th ogt whpz l``dv# zetb`z

tbel t`m~`zgli whpz l``dv th fhm~cwygtb tb` Oetye, Et j`vt# tbgv hffevghleccwfhvtv vhm` jelav eld fpvthm`zv tb`gzmhl`w, Et yhzvt# tbgv cergtw fhvtv tb`ybhc` gldpvtzw gtv fz`dgjgcgtw,

E lpmj`z ho Gvcemgf oglelf` tzegl`zvlhy yhza ygtb ipgd`jhhav eld htb`zmet`zgec tbet gv m`z`cw eptbhz`d jw evfbhcez hz vp~`zgv`d jw e vfbhcez, Jpt ybet y` hot`l `ld p~ ygtb gv met`zgectbet gv 2> ~`z f`lt hz 7> ~`z f`lt EEHGOG-jev`d# Vbezgeb-fhm~cgelt effhzdgli th

vhm`jhdw ~`zbe~v# jpt lht plgohzmcwVbezgeb-fhm~cgelt effhzdgli th elw~eztgfpcez meglvtzèm fhcc`ftggtw,

Yb`l tzegl`zv oegc th fhlohzm tb`gzfhlt`lt 5>> ~`z f`lt eieglvt e ygd cweff`~t`d vteldezd# l`yfhm`zv i`tfhlopv`d; ybw gv tbgv ipgd`jhha t`ccglim` e ~zhdpft gv pleff ~tejc` th mhvt ho tb`gldpvtzw# jpt tèfbgli gt th m elwyew82Gt gv lht ecyewv upgt` fcèz yb`z` tb`Vbezgeb-fhm~cgelt ~ezt ho tb ipgd`jhha`ldv eld yb`z` tb` lhl-fhm~cgelt ~ezt jìglv, Ybet gv e l`yfhm`z gl Gvcemgf

oglelf` vp~~hv`d th dh8

eddz`VVgli

fHMMHl Up`VtgHlV

Vbgotgli tzeglgli f`ztgogfetghl eyewozhm fhl`ltghlec efed`mgf eld~zho`vvghlec jhdg`v th Gvcemgf oglelf`vfbhcezv zùpgz`v e ~ezedgim vbgot glhpz fhcc`ftg` tbglagli, Fhmmhl

up`vtghlv eld fhmm`ltv# eld bhy theddz`vv tb`m# glfcpd`;

Ybw ohcchy e vglic` vteldezd yb`l vfbhcezv fellht eiz`` emhlitb`mv`c`v# eld èfb jela bev gtv hylVbezgeb jhezd8 Dh`v EEHGOG be` elelvy`z ohz ``zwtbgli8

Vteldezdv vbhpcd j` v~`fgogf`lhpib th j` ho t`fblgfec j`lògtth tb` ~zeftgtghl`z# eld i`l`zec`lhpib th j` ho ~zeftgfec j`lògt thtb` jzhed`z epdg`lf` gl e ezg`tw hovgtpetghlv, Mhvt Gvcemgf oglelf`vfbhcezv eczèdw efalhyc`di` tbetEEHGOG gv tb` cèdgli vteldezd-v`ttgli jhdw gl tb` gldpvtzw, Dgoo`z`lf`v gl

h~glghl j`ty``l upecgog`d vfbhcezv gve ~ezt ho Gvcemgf oglelf`# gld``d e~ezt ho Gvcem, Jpt tb` h~`zetg` yhzd

b`z` gv upecgog`d# eld dgoo`z`lf` hoh~glghl j`ty``l cew~`zvhlv gv ~ezt hotb` ~zhjc`m,

Vbezgeb bezmhlgvetghl gl tzeglglibev tb` gmm`dget` òo`ft ho i`ttgli ecctb` vtea`bhcd`zv gl tb` gldpvtzw mhgligl hl` dgz`ftghl, Tb` cejhzghpv yhza hoGktgbed tb`l z`tpzlv th tbhv` upecgog`dth edkpdgfet` hl tb` mett`z# oez ozhmtb` dgl ho fhlopvghl lhy ~ceipglitb` cew epdg`lf`, Gt gv gm~hvvgjc` ohz EEHGOG th eltgfg~et` ``zw ~hvvgjcùp`vtghl hl ``zw ~hvvgjc` mett`z,H~`zetghlecgvgli zpcgliv gv tb` yhza hotb` jelav Vbezgeb edgvhzv, Bhy``z#ohz ~pz~hv`v ho tzeglgli# ybgfb gv mhz`

i`l`zec gl letpz`# EEHGOG ~zhgd`vvpoogfg`lt d`~tb,

Fhltglp`d l`rt mhltb,,,

e lpmj`z ho

gvcemgf oglelf`

tzegl`zv lhY Yhza

Ygtb ipgD`jhhavelD htb`z

met`zgec tbet gv

m`z`cw eptbhz`D

jw e vfbhcez hz

vp~`zgv`D jw

e vfbhcez

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tMEZFB :>55 s Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/ Oglelf` :5

Lht`v;

5, Ejp Deypd 6,6:5 Y`cc-eptb ltgfet`d "bevel',

:, btt~;((yyy,tbòglelfgec`r~z`vv-jd,fhm(mhz`,~b~8l`yvXgd=70:94 1btt~;((yyy,~bgced`c~bge,`dp,kh(fhpzv`v(effhpltelfw(Ogc`v(Effhpltelfw(ee6>6,~do 1 btt~;((yyy,~bgced`c~bge,`dp,kh(fhpzv`v(effhpltelfw(Ogc`v(Effhpltelfw(>6>275>,trt 1btt~;((~eagvteltgm`v,l`t(~t(d`tegc,~b~8l`yvGd=92>0 1 btt~;((yyy,gjogm,fhm(:(gmei`v(amf(:>55Jhhavbh~~`Cgvt(geffhplt(0?%:>gvcemgf%:>effhpltgli,~do1 btt~v;((yyy,{eywe,fhm(vthzw,fom(vgd[EYWE:>5>>5:05::756(Gvcemgf%:>Jela%:>cèdv%:>hl%:>Vbezge%:>fhm~cgelf`%:>ygtb%:>EEHGOG%:>gldpvtzw%:>f`ztgogfetghl1 btt~;((yyy,gvcemgfoglelf`,d`(8u=lhd`(554>1 btt~;((yyy,tzedèzejge,fhm(l`yv(jelaX57>0>6,btmc1 btt~;((yyy,gvcemgfoglelf`,d`(8u=lhd`(7661

6, Effhpltgli eld Epdgtgli Hzielg{etghl ohz Gvcemgf Oglelfgec Glvtgtptghlv# Vbezgeb Vteldezdv;Gltzhdpftghl# ~~, RG-RR_GGG "Meleme# Jebzegl; Effhpltgli eld Epdgtgli Hzielg{etghl ohzGvcemgf Oglelfgec Glvtgtptghlv# :>>2',

4, ^zget vtpdw v`vvghl# Dezpc Pchhm# Aezefbg# êagvtel# :>>0,

0, Effhpltgli eld Epdgtgli Hzielg{etghl ohz Gvcemgf Oglelfgec Glvtgtptghlv# Vbezgeb Vteldezdv;Vtg~pcetghl eld @tbgfv ho Oetye gl tb Glvtgtptghlec Ozem`yhza# ~~, 050-06> "Meleme#Jebzegl; Effhpltgli eld Epdgtgli Hzielg{etghl ohz Gvcemgf Oglelfgec Glvtgtptghlv# :>>2',

?, Vtet Jela ho êagvtel# Gvcemgf Jelagli D`~eztm`lt# Ogt eld ^zh~`z Fzgt`zge ohz VbezgebEdgvhzv ho Gvcemgf Jelagli Glvtgtptghlv "Ell`rpz`-G_ th GJD Fgzfpcez Lh, : ho :>>4# z`gv`dgd GJD Fgzfpcez :' "Aezefbg# êagvtel; Vtet Jela ho êagvtel# :>>4',

9, Ybw Mpvcgmv Ohcchy Medbbejv# Lpb Be Mgm A`cc`z# eff`vv`d O`jzpezw :>55# btt~;((yyy,mevpd,fh,pa(GVCEM(lpb(medbbejvtca,btm

2, V`fpzgtg`v eld Gl`vtm`lt Glvtgtpt "lhy Fbezt`z`d Glvtgtpt ohz V`fpzgtg`v eld Gl`vtm`lt'#Gvcemgf Oglelf Upecgogfetghl "GOU'; Jew ec Gleb# ~~, 90-9? "Chldhl# PA; V`fpzgtg`v eldGl`vtm`lt Glvtgtpt`# :>>9',


5/8

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sE^ZGC :>5544


Vbgotgli tzeglgli f`ztgogfetghleyew ozhm fhl`ltghlecefed`mgf jhdg`v th Gvcemgfoglelf` vfbhcezv zùpgz`v

e ~ezedgim vbgot gl hpz fhcc`ftg`tbglagli, Fhmmhl up`vtghlv eldfhmm`ltv# eld bhy th eddz`vv tb`m#glfcpd` tb` ohcchygli;

Efed`mgf eld ~zho`vvghlec jhdg`v ez`l`f`vvezw th `lvpz` bgib vteldezdv,

^`deihigfec vteldezdv eld

Gvcemgf oglelf` vteldezdv ez` z`cet`d jpt v`~ezet` gvvp`v, Gdèccw# tb`gldpvtzwv egm vbhpcd j` th d`cg`zbgib ~`deihigfec vteldezdv echli ygtb vfbhcez-e~~zh`d f`ztgogfetghl, Efed`mgf jhdg`v v`z` el gm~hzteltzhc` b`z`, Jpt tbgv zhc` mpvt j`tzèt`d ev v`fhldezw th tb` mhz`

gm~hztelt mett`z ho vteldezdgvgliVbezgeb fhm~cgelf`, M`dghfz`cèzlgli tbet cèdv th e 5>> ~`z f`ltvfbhcez-vteldezdgv`d `remgletghl gvoez j`tt`z ohz tb` gldpvtzw tbel tb` j`vt ipgd`jhha# tzegl`z# hz hlcgl`fhpzv` tbet gv elwtbgli c`vv tbel 5>>~`z f`lt Vbezgeb vteldezdgv`d, Ho

fhpzv`# gt yhpcd j` j`vt go tzeglgliglvtgtpt`v d`cg`z`d jhtb 5>> ~`zf`lt vteldezdgvetghl ygtb tb` j`vt~`deihigfec vteldezdv ~hvvgjc`,

Jelav pv` vfbhcezv j`fepv` jela`zv`r`fpt` tb` ~zhdpftv tb`mv`c`v gl tb`meza`t~cef`, Jpt vtpd`ltv dh lht l``dvfbhcez-e~~zh`d f`ztgogfetghl j`fepv`tb`w ez` kpvt tzwgli th i`t e khj eld zùpgz`hlcw i`l`zec alhyc`di` ho Gvcemgf oglelf`#lht d`tegc`d alhyc`di` ho vteldezdv,

Gvcemgf jelagli vtpd`ltv ez` optpz`Gvcemgf jelagli ~zho`vvghlecv, Tb`

vem` fez` tbet gv tea`l jw vfbhcezv yhzagli glvgd` jelav th `lvpz` tbet~zhdpftv ez` Vbezgeb-fhm~cgelt mpvtecvh j` tea`l th `lvpz` tbet tzeglgligv Vbezgeb-fhm~cgelt, L`yfhm`zvth Gvcemgf oglelf`# ``l tbhv` ybhez` vtgcc vtpd`ltv# l``d vteldezdgv`dalhyc`di` mhz` tbel ``z ~z`fgv`cw

j`fepv` ho tb`gz cgmgt`d `r~hvpz` th~zeftgfec e~~cgfetghl,

Ybh d`t`zmgl`v ybgfb gldggdpecv ez`fhlvgd`z`d Gvcemgf vfbhcezv8 Ybw dh y`l``d vfbhcezv yb`l elwhl` ybh m`mhzgv`v

EEHGOG zpcgliv fel ig` f`ztgogfetghlv8Gt gv lht m`z`cw e mett`z ho m`mhzgvgli

EEHGOGv zpcgliv eld ~ezzhtgli tb`m

th e fe~tg` epdg`lf`, El gldggdpecmpvt ~hvv`vv tb` ejgcgtw th khgl j`ty``lfhlt`m~hzezw zpcgliv eld tb` fcevvgfect`rtv gl hzd`z th b`c~ jela`zv j`tt`zlegiet` tb` plfbezt`d yet`zv lht w`toef`d1 l`y eld d`tegc`d mett`zv ybgfbl`f`vvezgcw ig` zgv` th l`y Gktgbed,

Tb` vteldezdv ohz vfbhcezvbg~ ezwjw glvtgtptghl# jpt i`l`zeccw e vtpd`lt hoGvcemgf Vefz`d Cey zèfb`v tb` zela hovfbhcez tbzhpib e vwvt`m ho ~zhchli`dvtpdw gl tb` fcevvgfec Gvcemgf vfg`lf`v#tbzhpibhpt z`f`ggli Gke{ev# hz ohzmec

eptbhzgvetghl th tzelvmgt e ~eztgfpcezvpjk`ft# ozhm upecgog`d gldggdpecv eldglvtgtptghlv, Tbgv gv ohcchy`d jw e ~`zghdho e~~z`ltgf`vbg~ pld`z vfbhcezv ybhez` eczèdw upecgog`d th gvvp` Oetyev# yb`z` et tb` fpcmgletghl ho ev o`y evvgr wèzv eld ev melw ev vgrt``l wèzvho Vbezgeb eld i`l`zec vtpdw hl` bh~`v

Ogub hz Ogftghl

Tbgv eztgfc` gv tb` v`fhld gl e tyh-~eztv`zg`v jw Etgo Z, Abel# @tbgfe Glvtgtpt`ho Gvcemgf Oglelf` "yyy,@tbgfeGlvtgtpt`,fhm' Fh~wzgibt :>55, êzt hl` fel j` ohpld gl tb` Mezfb gvvp` hoGvcemgfJpvgl`vv / Oglelf` "~, 52'

Tb` ~zgmefw ho e Oetye yb`l effz`dgtgli el Gvcemgfoglelf` tzeglgli ~zhizemm`# eld ybw Gvcemgf oglelf`vfbhcezv# lht efed`mgf eld ~zho`vvghlec jhdg`v#vbhpcd f`ztgow tzeglgli ~zhizemm`v ohz eptb`ltgfgtw



6/8

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tE^ZGC :>55 s Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/ Oglelf` 40


th ettegl vpoogfg`lt fhm~`t`lf` th zèfbtb` c``c ho e vfbhcez,

Th ig` el gdè ho tb` v~`fgecl`vvho vpfb gldggdpecv eld tb` chotgl`vvho tb`gz zela# et tb` jìgllgli hoGvcem eld et tb` `ld ho tb` ^zh~b`tvcgo` "Ecceb jc`vv bgm eld ig` bgm~èf`'# yb`l tb`z` y`z` `vtgmet`dth j` ev melw ev hl` bpldz`dtbhpveld fhm~elghlv# hlcw ev o`yev v``l gldggdpecv y`z` et tb` c``cho vfbhcezvbg~ th j` ejc` th ~`zohzmGktgbed eld gvvp` Oetye gld`~`ld`ltcw,Thdew# tb` kpzgv~zpd`lf` ho tb`v`v``zec gldggdpecv ~`zvhleccw tepibt jw tb` ^zh~b`t "Ecceb jc`vv bgm eld

ig` bgm ~èf`' be` j``l dgvtgcc`dglth tb` ohpz tzedgtghlec Medbbejv# hzvfbhhcv ho kpzgv~zpd`lf`# jw `zgogejc`fhltgiphpv fbeglv ho tzelvmgvvghlz`vpctgli gl tb` vfbhhcv y`cc alhylth vtpd`ltv ho Vefz`d Cey; tb` Beleog#Vbeogg# Mecgag# eld Beljecg vfbhhcv,5

Tb`z` gv lht e fcevvgfec vfbhcezeot`z tb` èzcw Mpvcgmv `rf`~t tbetb` ohcchy`d hl` ho tb`v` vfbhhcv;Jpabezg# Mpvcgm# Leyeyg# Vpwptg# eldVpjag# th lem` jpt e o`y# èfb ho

ybhm bed m`mhzgv`d h`z 5>>#>>>Bedgtbv# vhm`tgm`v ev melw evv``zec bpldz`d tbhpveld# ygtb tb`gzgldggdpec fbeglv ho tzelvmgvvghl

eld èfb fbeglv z`cetg` eptb`ltgfgtwfhmmgtt`d th m`mhzw, Gl hzd`z th ~pttbgv oèt glth ~`zv~`ftg`# fhlvgd`z tbete lgl` hcpm` Vebgb Jpabezg fhlteglvkpvt h`z 9#>>> Bedgtb,

Ecc tbgv gv z`cèlt th pld`zvteldglitb` gm~hztelf` ho p~bhcdglivfbhcezvbg~ gl tb` ~z`v`lt ei` yb`z`h~glghlv ez` jeldg`d ejhpt ygtb cgttc`zìezd ohz kpzgv~zpd`ltgec eptbhzgtw,Tb` ^zh~b`t bgmv`co "Ecceb jc`vv bgmeld ig` bgm ~èf`'# tb` i`ltc`vt ho

melagld# z`v~hld`d th tb` gilhzelf`ho chhv` h~glghl gl tb` vtzhli`vtt`zmv gl e Bedgtb tbet vbhpcd ig` elwtbglagli gldggdpec zèvhl ohz ~epv`;

Y` y`lt hl e khpzl`w# eld evthl` vtzpfa hl` ho pv eld h~`l`d

e ievb gl bgv bèd, Yb`l b`cet`z bed e y`t-dzèm gl

bgv vc``~# b` tb`l eva`dbgv fhm~elghlv#

Dh whp ogld elwdgv~`lvetghl ohzm` th ~`zohzm dzw

ejcptghl "tewemmpm'8 QMèlgliglvtèd ho e opcc ~pzgogfethzw jetb"ibpvc',] Tb`w thcd bgm# Y` dhltogld elw dgv~`lvetghl ohz whp go whpfel pv` yet`z, Vh b` ~`zohzm`d tb`~pzgogfethzw jetb eld bgv yhpldh~`l`d eld b` dg`d, Yb`l y` fem` thtb` ^zh~b`t "Ecceb jc`vv bgm eld ig`bgm ~èf`'# b` yev thcd ho tbgv eld b`vegd; Tb`w be` agcc`d bgm# mew Eccebagcc tb`m, Ybw dgd tb`w lht eva8ohztb`w dgdlt alhy, Tb` hlcw fpz` ohzvhm`hl` ybh dh`v lht alhy ybet thvew gv th eva "Ejp Deypd',:

Bhy fel y` z`cw hl e vglic` oetye8Tbet gv kpvt hl` vfbhcezv h~glghl,

Z`cgelf` hl e vglic` oetye gv lht j`gli vpii`vt`d upgt` tb` h~~hvgt`,Tb` gldpvtzw vbhpcd z`cw hl tb`h~glghlv ho melw vfbhcezv tbzhpibtb`gz eff`~telf` ho eczèdw eiz``dp~hl vteldezdv, Tb` ~pz~hv` ho tb`vglic` Oetye gv th evvpz` pv`zv ho e~eztgfpcez tzeglgli ~zhizemm` tbettb`v` eiz``d p~hl vteldezdv ezèftpeccw j`gli ohcchy`d, Tbgla ho tb`fhmm`zfgec ~gcht; b` mea`v tb` oglecd`fgvghlv# jpt bgv d`fgvghlv ez` jev`d

p~hl el eczèdw eiz``d p~hl vteldezdz`fhilgv`d jw tb` meglvtzèm egetghlgldpvtzw, Gvcemgf oglelf` tzeglglivteldezdv# hl tb` htb`z beld# ejgd`jw lh vpfb vteldezd eld ez` vtgcc `zwmpfb p~ gl tb` egz,

Ybet ejhpt Gvcemgf vfbhcezv ybhdgveiz`` ygtb EEHGOG vfbhcezv8

Tb ^zh~b`t "Ecceb jc`vv bgm eldig` bgm ~èf`' vegd Tb` beld ho Ecceb gv h`z tb Kemeeb "Tgzmgdbg'6

yb`z` tb` yhzd Kemeeb zò`zv th tb`h`zyb`cmgli mekhzgtw ho tb` Mpvcgm

fhcc`ftggtw# eld gl tb` fhlt`rt ho Gktgbed#tb` h`zyb`cmgli mekhzgtw ho tbhvùpecgog`d th gld`~`ld`ltcw d`zg` zpcgliv,

Jpt yb`z`# hl` yhld`zv# dh`vdgoo`z`lf` ho h~glghl fhm` gl yb`ltb` h~glghl ho el h`zyb`cmglimekhzgtw ~zègcv8 Tb` elvy`z gv tbet ygtbgl tb` h`zyb`cmgli mekhzgtw#

L`yfhm`zv th

GvcemGf oGLeLf`#

``L tbhv` ybh

ez` vtGcc vtpd`Ltv#

L``d vteLdezdGv`d

aLhyc`di` mhz`

tbeL ``z ~z`fGv`cw

j`fepv` ho tb`Gz

cGmGt`d `r~hvpz`

th ~zeftGfec

e~~cGfetGhL

fhlt, h`zcèo

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tE^ZGC :>55 s Gvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/ Oglelf` 40


7/8

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sE^ZGC :>554?


tb`z` gv cìec dò`z`lf` ig`l th tbhv`~`zmgtt`d th mea` Gktgbed# vh tbetybgc` hl`v hyl ~hvgtghl gv fhlvgd`z`dfhzz`ft eld tb` h~~hvgli ~hvgtghl gvfhlvgd`z`d glfhzz`ft# hl` eff`~tv tb`~hvvgjgcgtw tbet hl`v hyl ~hvgtghlmgibt j` glfhzz`ft eld tb` h~~hvgli~hvgtghl mgibt j` fhzz`ft, Ygtbgl tbgvozem`yhza ho thc`zelf` vfbhcezv eff`~tecgd dgoo`z`lf` ho h~glghl,

Ohz glvtelf`# vfbhcezv eff`~t tbetGvcemgf oglelf` ~zeftgf`d fhzz`ftcw gv#gl eld ho gtv`co# cìeccw ecgd1 bhy``z#tb`z` gv dgoo`z`lf` ho h~glghl ev th ybgfb~zhdpftv ez` ecgd eld ybgfb hl`v ez`lht, Gt gv tb` teva ho EEHGOG# tb` yhzcdv

cezi`vt fhcc`ftggtw ho Gvcemgf oglelf`vfbhcezv# th hzielgv` tb`v` zpcgliv eldtb`gz e~~cgfetghl eld d`t`zmgl` ecgdgtwb`z`, Go e dg`zi`lt h~glghl gv `rtz`m`th tb` `rt`lt tbet gt dh`v lht effhzd ygtbelw meglvtzèm fhcc`ftggtw "`,i, vewglitbet fhmm`zfgec glt`z`vt gv ~`zmgvvgjc`'#yb`tb`z tbgv fhcc`ftggtw gv gl tb` mekhzgtwhz lht# gt gv vgm~cw gilhz`d,

Tb` ejh` gv e l`f`vvezw dgiz`vvghlgl hzd`z th pld`zvteld tb` ohcchygli;ohz vfbhcezv ybh dgveiz`` ygtb el ev~`ft

ho Gvcemgf oglelf`# tb` fhlvtzpftg`z`v~hlv` gv th ohzmeccw e~~zhefb ygtb hl`v dgveiz``m`lt tb` cezi`vtfhcc`ftggtw ho tbhv` vfbhcezv ybh~hvv`vv gldpvtzw-v~`fgogf alhyc`dièld ~zeftgfec# dew-th-dew `r`fptghl`r~`zg`lf` gl Gvcemgf oglelf`, Ohztbgv zèvhl# èfb Vbezgeb vteldezd glEEHGOG gv ohcchy`d jw el `r~celethzwe~~`ldgr d`vfzgjgli tb` `gd`ltgezwjev`v ohz ezzggli et tb` zpcgliv,

Vfbhcez-e~~zh`d f`ztgogfetghl gv hlcwl`f`vvezw ohz tbhv` ybh eftpeccw `liei`

gl ~zhdpft d``ch~m`lt eld l``d th vtpdwGvcemgf oglelf` gl-d`~tb ohz tbet ~pz~hv`,

Ozhm tb` fpvthm`z-oefgliz`cetghlvbg~ melei`z ybh elvy`zvfcg`lt up`vtghlv ecc tb` yew p~ thtb` jhezdzhhm `r`fptg` ybh zez`cwv``v tb` glvgd` ho e vglic` ~zhdpftvtzpftpzgli `r`zfgv`# ``zwhl` ybh yhzav glvgd` el Gvcemgf jela vbhpcd

pld`zvteld Gvcemgf oglelf` ~zglfg~c`v, Et tb` jela# tzeglgli gv lht ejhptOgub eld Oetyev# gt gv ejhpt ~zhdpftalhyc`di`# eld ``zw gldggdpecyhzagli glvgd` el Gvcemgf jela l``dvvhm` c``c ho ~zhdpft alhyc`di`#go lhtbgli `cv`# th pld`zvteld bhyGvcemgf oglelf` gv dgoo`z`lt ozhm eldj`tt`z tbel fhl`ltghlec oglelf`,

EEHGOG gv kpvt e vteldezd-v`ttglijhdw, Bhy fel tb`w f`ztgow vh melwtzeglgli ~zhizemm`v8

Etgo Z, Abel gv Meleigli Dgz`fthzet @tbgfe Glvtgtpt` ho GvcemgfOglelf` "yyy,@tbgfeGlvtgtpt`,fhm'# e tzeglgli# f`ztgogfetghl# eldedgvhzw glvtgtpt` jev`d gl Dpjeg,^z`ghpvcw# Etgo yev Dgz`fthz hoGvcemgf Oglelf` et JelaT/D, Gleddgtghl th yhzagli fchv`cw ygtbGvcemgf oglelfgec glvtgtptghlv hl

~zhdpft d``ch~m`lt# Etgo vtpdg`dtb` Vbezgeb vfg`lf`v ohz og` wèzvgl êagvtel# tb` cevt wèzv ho ybgfby`z` v~`lt hl`-hl-hl` ygtb vhm`ho tb` yhzcdv cèdgli Gvcemgfoglelf` jela`zv eld vfbhcezv,Bgv èzcg`z fhl`ltghlec oglelf``r~`zg`lf` glfcpd`v gl`vtm`lt jelagli et Mhziel Vtelc`w glL`y Whza eld Chldhl# `r`fptglim`zi`zv eld efupgvgtghlv eldfhz~hzet` oglelf` tzelveftghlv# eldFbgò Oglelfgec Hoogf`z ho G~zhrCgmgt`d gl Chldhl, Etgo z`meglve vtpd`lt gl Gvcemgf fhmm`zfgeccey# vtpdwgli yb`l b` fel ygtbGvcemgf vfbhcezv, B` èzl`d eJefb`chzv vpmme fpm cepd` ozhmtb` Plg`zvgtw ho Mevvefbpv`ttv# Emb`zvt eld e Mevt`zv ozhmBezezd Plg`zvgtw,

tb` GLdpvtzw

vbhpcd z`cw

hL tb` h~GLGhLv

ho meLw vfbhcezv

tbzhpib tb`Gz

eff`~teLf` ho

eczèdw eiz``d

p~hL vteLdezdv

fhlt, ozhm ~i57

fhlt, th ~i42

yyy,f~golelfgec,l`tGvcemgf Jpvgl`vv/Oglelf` sE^ZGC :>554?


8/8



EEHGOG dh`v lht f`ztgow tzeglgli~zhizemm`v j`vgd`v tb`gz hyl oef`-th-oef` ~zhizemm`v ev ho tbgv yzgtgli, Gt gvtb` yhza ho tb` vfbhcezv oemgcgez ygtb EEHGOG ybh ez` bgz`d jw tzeglgliglvtgtpt`v th fb`fa tbet met`zgecfhlohzmv th tb`gz vteldezdv,

Ybet ejhpt tb` Mecewvgel vteldezd

gl Gvcemgf oglelf`8 Bhy gv gt dgoo`z`ltozhm EEHGOG8

Tb` Mecewvgel vteldezd gl Gvcemgfoglelf` gv eff`~t`d gl o`y fhpltzg`v Tbegceld eld Gldhl`vge ez` tyh tbetfhm` th mgld ho tb` mhz` tbel7> ~`z f`lt ho tb` gldpvtzw tbet gvbèdgli thyezdv fhmmhl EEHGOGfhl`zi`lf`, Gl el `rfcpvg` glt`zg`y ygtb @tbgfe e o`y wèzv eih# y` bedtb` ~zggcì` th v~èa ygtb Mecewvgevohzm`z ^zgm` Mglgvt`z# Dz, Mebetbgz

Mhbemmed# ybh `r~z`vv`d bgvfhpltzwv ygccglil`vv th mhèyew ozhm ~zhdpftv tbet y`z` hlf`gltzhdpf`d gl hzd`z th iecelgv` tb`gztb`l oc`dicgli gldpvtzw1 ~zhdpftvjev`d hl tb` jpwjefa eld d`jt tzedglivtzpftpz`v,4 Vpfb ygccglil`vv gv th jè~~cepd`d yb`l# th ``l tb` mhvtfevpec hjv`z`z# gt gv e~~ez`lt tbet mhvtcgupgdgtw ochyv be` lht v``l hffevghlth mh` ozhm EEHGOG-jev`d meza`tvth Mecewvgel-jev`d meza`tv,

L`rt Vt`~V; ~ZhmhtgLi

VbEZgEb bEZmhLgVEtghL

gL tZEgLgLi ELd tb`

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fiqh or fiction: why islamic finance needs standardized training

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