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Page 1: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Fire ControlFire Control

Naval Weapons SystemsNaval Weapons Systems

Page 2: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

We Know:We Know:How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled, How the weapon finds the target, How the weapon knows when to detonate,How the weapon detonates.

What is missing?????

Page 3: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

What is Fire ControlWhat is Fire Control

How must a weapon be fired at a How must a weapon be fired at a stationary or moving target from a stationary or moving target from a

launcher that is stationary or launcher that is stationary or moving in order to hit the target?moving in order to hit the target?

Page 4: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

The Fire Control ProblemThe Fire Control Problem

Determining the target positionDetermining the target position

Target motionTarget motion

Weapon path that intercepts the targetWeapon path that intercepts the target

Page 5: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

The Fire Control ProblemThe Fire Control Problem

Factors affecting the problem:

- Effects of relative motion during flight

- Effects of physical phenomena (exterior ballistics)

Page 6: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Relative MotionRelative Motion

Present target positionPresent target position

Relative velocityRelative velocity– Own ship motionOwn ship motion– Target motionTarget motion

Bearing rateBearing rate

Speed across line-of-sightSpeed across line-of-sight

Future target positionFuture target position

Page 7: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Relative MotionRelative MotionThe apparent motion of an object when viewed from a point.

10 mph

10 mph20 mph

A

B

C

Page 8: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Affects of Target Relative Motion on Range and Bearing

PresentPosition

FuturePosition

Ship’s Heading

Pres

ent R

ange

Future Range

Range ChangeBearing Change

Present

Bearing

Page 9: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Solving the Relative Motion Solving the Relative Motion Problem Problem

Launch Platform Sensors

Target Position

Navigation Systems (location)Gyrocompass (course)Electromagnetic Log (speed)Dead reckoning Analyzer Depth indicator

Radar (search and fire control)SonarElectronic warfare equipmentData Systems (NTDS)

INPUT

Target CourseTarget SpeedTarget RangeTarget Bearing

Output

Page 10: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Ballistics ProblemBallistics Problem

Target DataTarget Data– Target position from sensorsTarget position from sensors– Target motion (Target Motion Analysis)Target motion (Target Motion Analysis)

Own ship data from ship sensorsOwn ship data from ship sensors

Weapon exterior ballisticsWeapon exterior ballistics

Page 11: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Exterior BallisticsExterior Ballistics

GravityGravity

DragDrag

WindWind

DriftDrift

Coriolis forceCoriolis force

Weapon specificsWeapon specifics

Page 12: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Effects of GravityEffects of Gravity

Line of Sight

Line of Fire

Gravity tends to accelerateobjects downward. (The longerthe flight time the more the curve)

Page 13: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Effects of DragEffects of DragDrag is loss of energy of a projectile during flight.

Energy is lost through: a. Creation of air waves (function of projectile shape) b. Creation of suction and eddy currents (shape) c. Formation of heat (friction)

Drag will change the aim point by changing the speed of theprojectile, increasing flight time, increasing curve caused bygravity.

Page 14: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Effects of DriftEffects of DriftDrift is caused by the rotation of a projectile (rifling).Drift results in a lateral displacement in flight path.

Vertical Plane

Drift

Horizontal Plane

Line of Fire

Page 15: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Effects of WindEffects of Wind

WindWind

Line of Fire

Horizontal Effects

Wind

Wind

Line of Fire

Vertical Effects

Page 16: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Coriolis EffectCoriolis EffectCaused by the earth’s rotation. Results in apparent right curve in the northern hemisphere, left in southern.

20 mph

10 mph

Page 17: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Fire Control ProblemFire Control ProblemInputInput– Target dataTarget data– Own ship dataOwn ship data

ComputationsComputations– Relative motion equationsRelative motion equations– Ballistics equationsBallistics equations

Page 18: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Fire Control Problem Con’t.Fire Control Problem Con’t.SolutionsSolutions– Weapons time of flightWeapons time of flight– Bearing rateBearing rate– Line of Sight(LOS): The course the Line of Sight(LOS): The course the

weapon must follow to intercept the targetweapon must follow to intercept the target– Speed across LOSSpeed across LOS– Future target positionFuture target position– Launch anglesLaunch angles

Launch azimuthLaunch azimuth

Launch elevationLaunch elevation– Weapon positioning ordersWeapon positioning orders

Page 19: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

The Iterative Process to the The Iterative Process to the Fire Control SolutionFire Control Solution

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3 Last Step

Page 20: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

A 3-Dimensional ProblemA 3-Dimensional Problem

Horizontal Reference Plane

Line of Sight

Present R

ange

Target Elevation

GunElevation

Page 21: Fire Control Naval Weapons Systems. We Know: How the target is detected, How the target is tracked, How the weapon is launched, How the weapon is propelled,

Solving the Fire Control Solving the Fire Control ProblemProblem

Continuously MeasurePresent Target Position

Stabilize Measured Quantities

Compute RelativeTarget Velocity

BallisticCalculations

Relative Motion Calculations

Time of Flight

Future TargetPosition

Prediction Procedure

Unstabalized Launch Angles

Environmental Inputs

Launch Angles (Stabilized)

Weapons Positioning orders


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