fire fighting hand out.pdf

7.0 Week Seven

Theory, Hazards & Classification of Fire

7.1 Session One: Introduction to Safety Principles of Fire

7.1.1 Introduction

It was found that 23% of ships are lost due to fire. The main reasons are:

lack of knowledge, lack of training and crew negligence.

It must be understood that fire is a very terrifying experience for those who dont

know how to put fire off, thus good knowledge and training is a must for all members of

the ships crew.

7.1.2 Reasons of Fire

Fire is an oxidization chemical process if that fact is understood; it will be easier

to put off the fire. There are several reasons that may help to create a fire onboard ships

.the most common causes that may cause fire onboard can be described as

7.1.2.1 Smoking:

Smoking is on the top of the reasons causing fires on board, be aware that there

are many places onboard that are classified as No Smoking area.

7.1.2.2 Hot-work (welding Torch)

It is usual onboard the ship to use hot-work for welding or cutting, always make

sure that safe practice was followed and that all required extinguishing tools and trained

crew are standing by. In all cases; Never allow any Work without written permission

7.1.2.3 Ships Galley

The ship's galley is one of the high risk areas onboard, as much unsafe practice

may be done, with electricity and liquids; in addition to fats and so on. Cleaning and safe

practice is the best to prevent fires. Always make sure that fire equipments are readily

available and that every thing is clean, specially the filters above stove.

7.1.2.4 Electrical fires

Electricity is very safe when used correctly. Never use electrical equipments

without reading the manuals. Remember that jury wiring (un-authorized connections)

may cause sever problems.

7.1.2.5 Cargo Holds

Smoking is prohibited in cargo places. Always refer to cargo books (Such s

IMDG) to find the risk related to each type of cargo.

7.1.2.6 Paint Locker

A very high risk area with paints, solvents and oils. Paint locker usually in a

remote area and is required to be covered with fire detector & CO2 fixed extinguishing

system as its contents are easily subjected to spontaneous ignition in addition to other fire

risks.

Maritime Safety - Fire Fighting Hand out 2

7.1.2.7 Engine Bilge

This is an ideal place to start the fire as oil remains from engine room gathers in

this place, with any source of ignition the fire will start.

7.1.2.8 Ships funnel

As the ships funnel is the only out-let of the exhaust, any trouble in firing order

of the main or auxiliary engines my emit some un-burned but very hot carbon that may

come in contact with some surface that can catch fire. Fire nests and funnel cleaning are a

must to prevent such fires.

7.1.3 Burning

What is called burning is the rapid oxidation of millions of vapour molecules. The

molecules oxidize by breaking apart into individual atoms and recombining with oxygen

into new molecules. It is during the breaking-recombining process that energy is released

as heat and light.

The heat that is released is radiant heat, which is pure energy. It is the same sort of energy

that the sun radiates and that we feel as heat. It radiates, or travels, in all directions.

Therefore, part of it moves back to the seat of the fire, to the "burning" solid or liquid (the

fuel). The heat that radiates back to the fuel is called radiation feedback. Part of this heat

releases more vapour and part of it raises the vapour to the ignition temperature. At the

same time, air is drawn into the area where the flames and vapour meet. The result is that

there is an increase in flames as the newly formed vapour begins to burn.


7.1.4 How Fire Spreads

The fire needs continuous fuel and transfer of heat, this transfer can happen

through any of the followings:

1) Conduction

2) Radiation

3) Conviction

7.1.4.1 Conduction

The heat is transferred through the material itself that means that it will depend on the

conductivity of the material. (Metals are good conductors, though the degree of

conductivity vary from one metal to another while wood is a bad conductor.)

7.1.4.2 Radiation

The heat is like light, they dont need a media to transfer.

7.1.4.3 Conviction

The heat can be carried and transferred through hot air and smoke.


7.2 Week 7-Session Two: Conditions Required for Fire to occur (Fire Triangle)

7.2.1 Fire Triangle

There are four elements that are required for combustion;-

1) Fuel (to vaporize and burn)

2) Oxygen (to combine with fuel vapor), and

3) Heat (to raise the temperature of the fuel vapor to its ignition temperature)

4) Chain reaction that increases the fire as the resulting heat increases the rate

of vaporizing the fuel

The fire triangle illustrates these requirements. It also illustrates two important

facts in preventing and extinguishing fires. These two important facts are:

1) If any side of the fire triangle is missing, a fire cannot start.

2) If any one of the previously mentioned elements is removed, the fire will

be extinguished. (But may reignite).

7.2.2 Elements Composing Fire Triangle

There are three basic sides of such triangle in addition to the area between them; these

can be described as:

7.2.2.1 Oxygen

The oxygen side of the fire triangle refers to the oxygen content of the

surrounding air (oxygen content about 21% of the volume of air). Ordinarily, a minimum

concentration of 16 percent oxygen in the air is needed to support flaming combustion.

However, smouldering combustion can take place in about 3 percent oxygen. Air

normally contains about 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen, and 1 percent other

gases, principally argon. Smothering is used; to attack the triangle from this side.


7.2.2.2 Fuel

Fuels are the materials that are subjected to burning, but it must be understood

that any fire would only happen into the gaseous form of the material and that the fuel

characteristics are important for the mariner to know; so that they can identify what fire

fighting agent should be used in fighting a fuel fire. Starvation is used; to attack the

triangle from this side.

7.2.3 Heat

Heat is the third side of the fire triangle. When sufficient heat, fuel, and oxygen

are available, the triangle is complete and fire can exist. Heat of ignition initiates the

chemical reaction that is called combustion. It can come from the flame of a match,

sparks caused by ferrous metals striking together, heat generated by friction, lightning, an

oxyacetylene torch cutting or welding metal, an electric short circuit, an electric arc

between conductors, or the overheating of an electric conductor or motor. Cooling is

used; to attack the triangle from this side

7.2.4 Chemical Reaction

The chemical reaction is the area between the previously mentioned three sides of

the fire triangle. It is a process that results in the inter-conversion of chemical substances.

The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction (fire in this case) are

called reactants. Chemical reactions are characterized by a chemical change, and they

yield one or more products which are, in general, different from the reactants. Classically,

chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the

forming and breaking of chemical bonds, although the general concept of a chemical

reaction, in particular the notion of a chemical equation, is applicable to transformations

of elementary particles. This Chemical reaction is the area between the three sides of the

fire triangle


7.2.4 Breaking Fire Triangle

To extinguish any fire, the fire triangle must be broken; this can be done if we

reverse the one of the actions that had formed the triangle. This reversing will cause

direct effect and also a secondary effect on the fire as shown in the following table:

Action to

Extinguish Effect Direct Effect Also will cause

Cooling

This reverses HEAT

action as it Reduces the

temperature of the fuel

below its ignition

temperature

This procedure

directly attacks the

heat side of the fire

triangle

Cooling using

liquids (usually

water) will produce

steam that will

smother the fire

Smothering

This will separate the fuel

away from the fire; and

thus it acts on fuel side

This procedure

directly attacks the

fuel side of the

triangle

Starvation

This will reduce the

amount of available

oxygen below that needed

to sustain combustion

This procedure

directly attacks

oxygen side of the

triangle

Usually this will be

done using

compressed inert

gas that will cause a

cooling effect while

being released.


7.2.5 Classes of Fire

There are four basic major categories of fires that may happen onboard ships

(labeled A through D) according to their fuels and they are called Classes of fire as

shown in the following table:

Class Description

A These are the fires that are caused by common flammable solid fuels or what

may be called "Ash Producing materials"

B These are the fire caused by the flammable hydrocarbon liquids (such as oils)

C These are the fires that are caused by electricity

D These are the fires that are caused by combustible metals.


7.3 Session Three: Theory of Fire, Definitions (Flammability, Ignition Point,

Burning Temperature, Thermal Value, LFL&UFL, Flammable Range, Flash Point)

7.3.1 Chemistry of Fire

Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance combines with oxygen.

During this process, energy is given off, usually in the form of heat. Rusting iron and

rotting wood are common examples of slow oxidation. Fire, or combustion, is rapid

oxidation; the burning substance combines with oxygen at a very high rate. Energy is

given off in the form of heat and light. Because this energy production is so rapid, we

can feel the heat and see the light as flames.

All matter exists in one of three states:

1) Solid, The atoms or molecules of a solid are packed closely together.

2) Liquid, where we will find atoms or molecules of a liquid are packed loosely.

3) Gas (vapor), with its molecules are not packed together at all; they are free to

move about.

7.3.2 Burning

What is called burning is the rapid oxidation of millions of vapour molecules. The

molecules oxidize by breaking apart into individual atoms and recombining with oxygen

into new molecules. It is during the breaking-recombining process that energy is released

as heat and light.

The heat that is released is radiant heat, which is pure energy. It is the same sort of

energy that the sun radiates and that we feel as heat. It radiates, or travels, in all

directions. Therefore, part of it moves back to the seat of the fire, to the "burning" solid

or liquid (the fuel)

The heat that radiates back to the fuel is called radiation feedback. Part of this heat

releases more vapour and part of it raises the vapour to the ignition temperature. At the

same time, air is drawn into the area where the flames and vapour meet. The result is that

there is an increase in flames as the newly formed vapour begins to burn.


7.3.3 Start of a Fire

In order for a substance to oxidize, its molecules must be very surrounded by

oxygen molecules. The molecules of solids and liquids are packed too tight to be

surrounded by oxygen molecules.

Therefore, only vapors can burn

When a solid or liquid is heated, its molecules move rapidly. If enough heat is

applied, some molecules break away from the surface to form a vapor just above the

surface. This vapor can now mix with oxygen. If there is enough heat to raise the

vapor to its ignition temperature, and if there is enough oxygen present, the vapor will

oxidize rapidly and it will start to burn.

7.3.4.1 Definitions: Flammability

This can be described as the ease with which a substance will ignite , causing Fire

or combustion. Materials that will ignite at temperatures commonly encountered (up to

750 C) are considered flammable. Materials that ignite in less than 23 C are considered

highly flammable.

7.3.4.2 Definitions: Ignition point

This is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture with air.

At this temperature the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.

7.3.4.3 Definitions: Burning Temperature

Sometimes called "The fire point of a fuel" and it is the temperature at which it

will continue to burn after ignition for at least 5 seconds.


7.3.4.4 Definitions: Thermal value

The amount of heat released per unit mass or unit volume of a substance when the

substance is completely burned.

7.3.4.5 Definitions: LFL (Lower Flammable Limit)

This is the point below which the mixture of substance and air lacks sufficient

fuel (substance) to burn. This is sometimes called the lower explosive limit (LEL).

7.3.4.6 Definitions: UFL (Upper Flammable Limit)

This is the point above which the mixture of substance and air is too rich in fuel

(deficient in oxygen) to burn. This is sometimes called the upper explosive limit (UEL).

7.3.4.7 Definitions: Flammable limits (Flammable Range)

Flammable limits apply generally to vapors and are defined as the concentration

range in which a flammable substance can produce a fire or explosion when an ignition

source (such as a spark or open flame) is present. The concentration is generally

expressed as percent fuel by volume.

7.3.4.8 Definitions: Flash point

This is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in

air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the

material.


7.4 Session Four: Fire Hazards (Ignition Sources, Fire Spreading, Classification of

Fire) and Fire Prevention

7.4.1 Ignition Source

Ignition occurs when the heat is enough to sustain burning. The initial source of

heat is the Ignition Source which may be an external source like flame or spark or an

eternal source such as internal combustion.

The fire will start when the temperature of the ignition source is equal or higher than the

flash point of the fuel.

7.4.2 Fire Spreading

The fire will always keep spreading as long as the three sides of the fire

triangle exist. To control the fire; one of the three sides must be removed as discussed

before.

7.4.3 Classes of Fire

The class of fire depends on its fuel and there are Four main classes of fire

onboard ships as follows:

Class A (Ash producing materials)

Class B (Hydrocarbon Liquids)

Class C (Electrical Fire)

Class D (Metals)


7.4.3.1 Class A

Some times this class is defined as the ash producers or the materials that

will produce ash when burned. Examples of such materials are: wood, paper, cotton,

cardboard etc. The best way to extinguish such fires is cooling using water as an

extinguishing agent.

The best extinguishing agent is water.

7.4.3.2 Class B

This class is the fires that start in a hydrocarbon liquid. Examples of such

materials are: gasoline, oil, benzene etc. The best way to extinguish such fires is

smothering using foam as an extinguishing agent hence water can not be used as such

hydrocarbon liquids have lighter density and will float on top of the water continuing

to burn.

JET WATER CAN NOT BE USED as an extinguishing agent.

7.4.3.3 Class C

This class is the fires that starts due to electricity: whether due to overload or

short circuit in radar or motors. Thus we can sub-divide them into electronics and

electrical. The best way to extinguish fire in electronics is using inert gases (CO2,

HALON etc.) as it leaves no residues while fires in electrical equipments may be

extinguished using Dry Powder.

LIQUIDS CAN NOT BE USED as extinguishing agent for fear of electrical

shock.


7.4.3.4 Class D

This class is the fires in metals, such as: Sodium, magnesium, aluminum

etc. Hence may fire in metals may excite and become worse when subjected to water,

The best way to extinguish fire in metals is either using Multi purpose dry powder

or cooling the area of fire from a point far from flames using inert gases (CO2,

HALON etc.) as it leaves no residues while fires in electrical equipments may be

extinguished using Dry Powder.

WATER CAN NOT BE USED DIRECTLY as some fiery metals may excite.

7.4.4 How to extinguish the FIRE

Always imagine the word FIRE as acronym as:

Find the source of fire Use human normal senses of heat, smell, vision etc When you hear/see a fire alarm (whether manual or automatic) is raised. Or Find the position from the Panel of the fire detector

Isolate fire from spreading by cutting off fuel/electricity/oxygen Cut off electricity from the area afire using switchboard Cut off fuel if you have fire in engine room using Quick Shut valves Minimize the air flow to the place of fire by putting the fans off and by

closing the dampers.

Raise alarm to draw attention to the fire SOLAS requires that Fire Alarms are every where in the ship, if the

automatic ones didnt work for any reason, use manual fire alarm, use

telephone or shout or hail. Whatever it takes to let the others know that there

is a fire onboard.

Escape if you dont have help for a major fires or Extinguish minor fires. If the fire is major, dont risk your own safety and wait for help, but if the

fire is a minor one; start tackling the fire before it grow into a major one.


8.0 Week Eight

Extinguishers and Fixed Systems

8.1 Session One: Portable/Semi Portable Fire Extinguishers (Water CO2)

Extinguishers may be categorized according to working theory (Chemical/

Mechanical), portability (portable/semi-portable), and type of extinguishing agent

(water/foam/gas/powder) or capacity of extinguishing agent. These mentioned above can

give us many sorts that we can find.

8.1.1 General Requirements

1) All fire extinguishers shall be of approved types and designs.

2) The capacity of required portable fluid extinguishers shall be not more than 13.5

liters and not less than 9 liters. Other extinguishers shall not be in excess of the

equivalent portability of the 13.5 liter fluid extinguisher and shall not be less than

the fire-extinguishing equivalent of a 9 liter (fluid extinguisher.

3) Spare charges shall be provided in accordance with requirements to be specified by

the Administration.

4) Fire extinguishers shall be periodically examined and subjected to such tests as the

Administration may require.

5) One of the portable fire extinguishers intended for use in any space shall be stowed

near the entrance to that space.

8.1.1.1 "PASS" Rule for Using All Extinguishers

Always remember "PASS" rule when using any type of the fire extinguishers where:

P = Pull out safety pin,

A = Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe

distance;


S = Squeeze the operation lever to discharge the extinguishing agent; and

S = Sweep the outlet of the extinguishing agent from side to side around the fire area.

(Watch out for reigniting).

8.1.2 Water Fire Extinguisher

This type can be either: A Chemical water extinguisher; or Mechanical water

extinguisher.

The first depends on chemical reaction between acid and alkaline fluids, resulting pressurizing CO2, salt and water.

The second depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will pressurize the water out.

8.1.2.1 Using Chemical water Extinguisher

This type does not have a hose.

1- Take the extinguisher from its storing position.

2- Remove safety pin.

3- Press down the pressing knob then turn the extinguisher up side down with several

shakes.

4- Aim the outlet to the base of fire.

5- Sweep back and forth at the base of fire till you extinguish the fire being aware of

re-ignition.

8.1.2.2 Using Mechanical water Extinguisher

This type has a hose and nozzle



3- Press down the pressing handle so as to punch crate the CO2 cartridge.

4- Aim the Nozzle to the base of fire.



re-ignition.

8.1.3 Inert Gas Fire Extinguisher

This type is always Mechanical type and it can be filled with either:

1) CO2.

2) HALON.

Both depends on pressurizing the whole cylinder with Inert Gas, and both have the

advantage of being used on several occasion till the extinguisher is emptied.

8.1.3.1 Using CO2 Extinguisher

This Extinguisher has a hose and distinguishable big nozzle



3- Aim the nozzle to the base of fire.

4- Push the handle down to release the CO2 out.


re-ignition.

8.1.3.2 Using HALON Extinguisher

HALON is very expensive and very rare to be found on board ships, though that it

was widely used in the past so it may be found onboard some ships as a fixed system.

Use it in the same way as CO2 fixed system.


8.2 Session Two: Portable/Semi Portable Fire Extinguishers (Powder Foam)

8.2.1 Dry powder Fire Extinguisher

This type is always Mechanical type and it can be either:

1) Pressurized Extinguisher.

2) Pressurized with CO2 cartridge.

The first depends on pressurizing the whole cylinder with CO2 gas which has a

good advantage that it can be used on several occasions till the extinguisher is emptied.

The second depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will pressurize the dry powder out.

8.2.1.1 Using Pressurized Powder Extinguisher

This Extinguisher has a pressure gauge to indicate the pressure inside.




4- Push the handle down to release the Powder/CO2 mixture out.


re-ignition.

8.2.1.1 Using Powder Extinguisher with CO2 cartridge






re-ignition.


8.2.2 Foam Extinguisher

This type can be either:

1) Chemical Foam extinguisher

2) Mechanical Foam extinguisher.

The first depends on chemical reaction between Chemical A & Chemical B resulting

pressurising CO2 and Foam. The second depends on cartridge filled with CO2 that will

pressurize the ready made foam out.

8.2.2.1 Using Chemical Foam Extinguisher

This type does not have a hose.



3- Press down the pressing knob then turn the extinguisher up side down with several

shakes.

4- Aim the outlet to the base of fire.

5- Sweep back and forth on any surface that may absorbs the shock of the fluid so the

extinguishing liquid covers the fire smoothly till you extinguish the fire being

aware of re-ignition.

8.2.2.2 Using Mechanical Foam Extinguisher

This type has a hose and a nozzle.





5- Sweep back and forth on any surface that may absorbs the shock of the fluid so the

extinguishing liquid covers the fire smoothly till you extinguish the fire being

aware of re-ignition.


8.3 Session Three: Fixed Extinguishing System (Fire Main - Fire Box - Fire Hose &

Nozzle)

8.3.1 Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems

These are fixed stations that are built in the ship and are connected to the areas

that require protection. The type of the fixed installation and the extinguishing agent in

use will depend on the nature of the area to be protected.

Ships may have one or more of the following fixed systems:-

Fire Main Sprinkler system CO2 fixed system Foam fixed System

8.3.1.1 Fire Pumps & Fire Mains

1) It will be noted that the capacity of the fire pump (amount of water delivered) is

related to the capacity of the Bilge pump (amount of water pumped out), the

relation is 2/3 in passenger ship and 4/3 in cargo ships respectively.

2) The fire pumps shall be independently driven. Sanitary, ballast, bilge or general

service pumps may be accepted as fire pumps, provided that they are not normally

used for pumping oil and that if they are subject to occasional duty for the transfer

or pumping of fuel oil, suitable change-over arrangements are fitted.

3) Relief valves shall be provided in conjunction with all fire pumps if the pumps are

capable of developing a pressure exceeding the design pressure of the water

service pipes, hydrants and hoses. These valves shall be so placed and adjusted as

to prevent excessive pressure in any part of the fire main system.


8.3.1.1.1 Materials Used

Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat shall not be used for fire mains and

hydrants unless adequately protected. The pipes and hydrants shall be so placed that the

fire hoses may be easily coupled to them.

8.3.1.1.2 Number and Position of Hydrants

The number and position of the hydrants shall be such that at least two jets of

water not emanating from the same hydrant, one of which shall be from a single length of

hose, may reach any part of the ship normally accessible to the passengers or crew while

the ship is being navigated.

8.3.1.2 Pipes and Hydrants

1) Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat shall not be used for fire mains

and hydrants unless adequately protected.

2) The pipes and hydrants shall be so placed that the fire hoses may be easily

coupled to them.

3) Unless there is provided one hose and nozzle for each hydrant in the ship,

there shall be complete interchangeability of hose couplings and nozzles.

4) A cock or valve (usually called Hydrant) shall be fitted to serve each fire hose

so that any fire hose may be removed while the fire pumps are at work.


8.3.1.3 Fire Hoses

1) Fire hoses shall be of material approved by the Administration and sufficient

in length to project a jet of water to any of the spaces in which they may be

required to be used.

2) Their maximum length shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

3) Each hose shall be provided with a nozzle and the necessary couplings.

8.3.1.4 Nozzles

1) Standard nozzle sizes shall be 12 millimeters, 16 millimeters, and 19

millimeters or as near thereto as possible. Larger diameter nozzles may be

permitted at the discretion of the Administration.

2) For accommodation and service spaces, a nozzle size greater than 12

millimeters need not be used.

3) For machinery spaces and exterior locations, the nozzle size shall be such as

to obtain the maximum discharge possible from two jets at the required

pressure, provided that a nozzle size greater than 19 millimeters need not be

used and the nozzle used have to be capable of spraying water on oil or

alternatively shall be of a dual purpose type.


8.3.1.5.1 Hoses & Nozzles Using Techniques

The angel of the water out from the nozzle will give different name and certain

characteristics that should be understood by the user of the hose, this can be as follows:

Full Shielding

The angle of the water is 90 or more. It gives personnel protection from

radiant heat and may be used in combination attacks.

CAUTION: if too close to the flames, the vortex effect will suck the fire

towards the nozzle.

Wide Fog

The angle of the water is about 60. Best to be used for close up attacks;

and for indirect application. Indirect means applying very short duration

bursts into the thermal layer above the fire. This aids extinguishment without

disturbing the thermal balance. A direct attack, i.e. onto the fire, may disturb

this balance and bring the heat gathered at the deck head down around the fire

fighters, to their discomfort, if not injury.

Narrow Fog The angle of the water is about 30

Broken Stream The angle of the water is about 15.This is good for attacks from a distance on

incipient fires or when cooling is required. It can be described as a balance

between straight stream and fog.


Straight Stream (Jet Stream) The angle of the water is zero. The distance and reach gives safety. Excellent

for overhauling Class A fires where penetration and break up of debris is

desired. Not to be used on interior attacks until the heat has been controlled by

indirect attacks and dissipated through ventilation.

CAUTION: NOT to be used on oil fires.

Spray stream Jet stream

Difficult to aim. Limited reach. Excellent cooling effect. Much steam is generated. Less amount of Run-Off water (most

of the water vaporize into steam).

Can push fire and smoke. Does not need to hit the seat of fire to

be effective

Can be aimed with better accuracy. Has a good reach. Must hit the seat of fire to cool

effectively.

Run-off water may be extensive. Very little steam is generated.

Comparing characteristics of jet and spray streams

8.3.1.6 Fire Box

Such boxes are either built-in while the ship is being built or may be wall

mounted (especially on open decks), they are of red color with letter F or word FIRE

written on it as a label. The box will be fitted with a fixed place (rack) or a hose reel to

facilitate the movement of hose out wards to the fire position. A typical "Fire Box" may

also contain: -

Fire Axe

Fire axes is required to be carried on board ships, the usual type is the pick-

up axe with a wooden handle as it also can act as a wrenching lever when

the fire fighting persons try to break in closed spaces.


Hose Wrench

Hence, the hydrant, hose and nozzle will be very wet; it will be very

difficult to connect or disconnect them together and a special wrench is used

for some types of connectors.

Valve Spanner

It is obvious that there must be a coupling at each end of any hose so the

hose can be connected to the hydrant and nozzle or may be two hoses

together for more length.


8.4 Session Four: Fixed extinguishing system (sprinkler CO2 foam)

8.4.1 Automatic Sprinkler Systems

The sprinkler is the spray nozzle which distributes water over a defined fire

hazard area. Each sprinkler operates by actuation of its own temperature linkage. The

typical sprinkler consists of a frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector.

Styles of each component may vary but the basic principles of each remain the same.

8.4.2 General Requirement

1- Any required automatic sprinkler and fire alarm and fire detection system shall be

capable of immediate operation at all times and no action by the crew shall be

necessary to set it in operation.

2- Any parts of the system which may be subjected to freezing temperatures in service

shall be suitably protected against freezing. It shall be kept charged at the necessary

pressure and shall have provision for a continuous supply of water as required.

3- Each section of sprinklers shall include means for giving a visual and audible alarm

signal automatically at one or more indicating units whenever any sprinkler comes

into operation.

4-Sprinklers shall be grouped into separate sections, each of which shall contain not more

than 200 sprinklers. Any section of sprinklers shall not serve more than two decks

and shall not be situated in more than one main vertical zone.

5- Each section of sprinklers shall be capable of being isolated by one stop valve only.

6-A gauge indicating the pressure in the system shall be provided at each section stop

valve and at a central station.

7- The sprinklers shall be resistant to corrosion by marine atmosphere.

8- In accommodation and service spaces the sprinklers shall come into operation within

the temperature range of 68deg.C and 79deg.C, except that in locations such as drying

rooms, where high temperatures might be expected.


9-A list or plan shall be displayed at each indicating unit showing the spaces covered and

the location of the zone in respect of each section. Suitable instructions for testing and

maintenance shall be available.

10- Sprinklers shall be placed in an overhead position and spaced in a suitable pattern to

maintain an average application rate of not less than 5 liters per square meter per

minute over the nominal area covered by the sprinklers.

11-A list or plan shall be displayed at each indicating unit showing the spaces covered

and the location of the zone in respect of each section. Suitable instructions for testing

and maintenance shall be available.

12- A test valve shall be provided for testing the automatic alarm for each section of

sprinklers by a discharge of water equivalent to the operation of one sprinkler. The

test valve for each section shall be situated near the stop valve for that section.

13-Means shall be provided for testing the automatic operation of the pump, on reduction

of pressure in the system.

14- Spare sprinkler heads shall be provided for each section of sprinklers to the

satisfaction of the Administration.

8.4.3 Fixed CO2 General Requirements

1- The use of a fire-extinguishing medium which, in the opinion of the Administration,

either by itself or under expected conditions of use gives off toxic gases in such

quantities as to endanger persons shall not be permitted.

2- In general, the Administration shall not permit the use of steam as a fire-extinguishing

medium in fixed fire-extinguishing systems of new ships. Where the use of steam is

permitted by the Administration it shall be used only in restricted areas as an addition

to the required fire-extinguishing medium and with the proviso that the boiler or

boilers available for supplying steam shall have an evaporation of at least 1 kilograms

of steam per hour for each 0.75 cubic meters (1 pound of steam per hour per 12 cubic

feet) of the gross volume of the largest space so protected. In addition to complying

with the foregoing requirements the systems in all respects shall be as determined by,

and to the satisfaction of the Administration.


3- When carbon dioxide is used as the extinguishing medium in cargo spaces, the

quantity of gas available shall be sufficient to give a minimum volume of free gas

equal to 30 per cent of the gross volume of the largest cargo compartment in the ship

which is capable of being sealed.

4- Means shall be provided for automatically giving audible warning of the release of

fire-extinguishing gas into any space to which personnel normally have access. The

alarm shall operate for a suitable period before the gas is released.

5-The means of control of any such fixed gas fire-extinguishing system shall be readily

accessible and simple to operate and shall be grouped together in as few locations as

possible at positions not likely to be cut off by a fire in the protected space.

8.4.4 Fixed Foam System

Fire Fighting Foam is used to form a blanket on the surface of flaming liquids,

including oils. The blanket of foam keeps flammable vapors from leaving the surface and

keeps oxygen from reaching the fuel. Fire can not exist when the fuel and oxygen are

separated. The water which is one components of the foam has cooling effect, which

gives foam its capability for extinguishing class A fires.

The ideal foam solution should flow freely enough to cover a surface rapidly, yet

stick together enough to provide and maintain a vapor-tight blanket. The solution must

retain enough water to provide a long-lasting seal. Rapid loss of water would cause the

foam to dry out and break down (wither) from the high temperatures associated with fire.

The foam should be light enough to float on flammable liquids, yet heavy enough to

resist winds.

The quality of foam is generally defined in terms of its 25 percent drainage time, its

expansion ratio, and its ability to withstand heat (burn-back resistance). These qualities

are influenced by:

1) The chemical nature of the foam concentrates.

2) The temperature and pressure of the water.

3) The efficiency of the foam-making device.


Foams that lose their water rapidly are the most fluid and so fast spreading. They flow

around obstructions freely and spread quickly. Such foams would be useful in engine

room or machinery space fires. They would be able to flow under and around machinery,

floor plates, and other obstructions. The two basic types of foam are chemical and

mechanical.

Foam can be formed as chemical foam by mixing an alkali (usually sodium bicarbonate)

with an acid (usually aluminum sulphate) in water. When chemical foam was first

introduced, these substances were stored in separate containers. They are now combined

in a sealed, airtight container. A stabilizer is added to make the foam tenacious and long-

lived. When these chemicals react, they form a foam or froth of bubbles filled with

carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide in the bubbles has little or no extinguishing

value. Its only purpose is to inflate the bubbles. From 7 to 16 volumes of foam are

produced for each volume of water.

8.4.4.1 Mechanical foam

This type is produced by mixing a foam concentrate with water to produce a foam

solution. The turbulent mixing of air and the foam solution produces bubbles. As the

name air foam implies, the bubbles are filled with air. Aside from the workmanship and

efficiency of the equipment, the degree of mixing determines the quality of the foam. The

design of the equipment determines the quantity of foam produced.

8.4.4.2 Aqueous film-forming foam

This foam was developed by the US Naval Research Laboratory to be used in a

twinned system: a flammable liquid fire would be quickly knocked down with a dry

chemical; then AFFF would be applied to prevent re-ignition. However, the AFFF proved

more effective than expected, and it is now used without the dry chemical.


8.4.4.3 Chemical Foam

Foam can be formed as chemical foam by mixing an alkali (usually sodium

bicarbonate) with an acid (usually aluminum sulphate) in water. When chemical foam

was first introduced, these substances were stored in separate containers. They are now

combined in a sealed, airtight container. A stabilizer is added to make the foam tenacious

and long-lived. When these chemicals react, they form a foam or froth of bubbles filled

with carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide in the bubbles has little or no extinguishing

value. Its only purpose is to inflate the bubbles. From 7 to 16 volumes of foam are

produced for each volume of water.


9.0 Week Nine

Fire Detectors

9.1 Session One: Fire Detection (Smoke Detector Heat Detector)

9.1.1 Introduction

Fire is by far the most dangerous and devastating because it spreads extremely

fast and does not spare anything in its way.

It is a necessity today to have a fire detector and alarm onboard the ship as there are

some places that dont have manning during certain times. Such system would depend on

reading the fire signature and thus activate alarm to announce that there is a fire.

9.1.2 Fire Signature

From the moment at which the fire begins, several changes occur in the

surrounding environment due to the results of the oxidization process, these changes are

called the "fire signature" basically they are smoke, heat, light and gas. These are the

things that the detectors will discover and respond to.

9.1.3 Theory of Detectors

The fire is a chemical oxidization process that will result some heat, flame and smoke

thus fire detectors onboard ships will depend on reading the fire signature as follows:

1) Smoke Detectors

2) Heat Detector

3) Optical Flame Detector


9.1.3.1 Smoke Detectors

Smoke detectors are detectors that sense the presence of smoke and can be identified

according to their operating principles into two main categories as:

1) Ionization Type

This type operates by using small amount of radioactive material (Americium 241) to

ionize the air within sensing chamber inside the detector. The ionized air will conduct

electricity between two electrodes and any reduction in conductivity will be sensed as a

fire signature. Although this type is the cheapest and the most sensitive (thus giving

more false alarms) But they are not popular due to environmental refuse.

2) Photoelectric Detectors

The Photoelectric Detectors can be divided into three types according to the operation

principles as

Light Obscuration Principle This type operates by projecting a light beam onto a photosensitive device.

Any smoke that enters between the light source and the photosensitive device

will cause reduction in the amount of light received and eventually raises

alarm.

Light Scattering Principle These detectors operate with a light source and photosensitive device. On the

contrary to the previous one; when smoke particles go inside the sensing

chamber, they reflect the light onto the photosensitive device causing the

detector to respond.

Cloud Chamber Principle These detectors draw an air sample from the protected area into a high humidity

chamber in the detector making the air humid thus its pressure is lowered. If


smoke particles enter the chamber; a cloud would form which will be sensed by

the photosensitive device and the detector would respond.

9.1.3.2 Heat Detectors

Thermal detection systems are designed to operate from the thermal output of a fire.

The heat generated is dissipated throughout the area by laminar and turbulent convective

heat flows created by heated gases. Turbulent flow is induced and regulated by the fire

plume thermal column effect of heated air and gases above the fire surface. The fire plume

characteristics and the ceiling jet flow of convective heated gases are determined by the

heat release rate of the diffusion flame combustion and ceiling height.

A heat detectors sensitivity to a given fire situation depends on the gas

temperature which is related to the ceiling height, the radial position of the detector, and the

fires heat release rate.

Heat detectors are identified according to their operating principles, and are classified into

the following types:

1. Fixed Temperature Detectors

2. Rate-of-Rise Detectors

3. Rate compensated Detectors

9.1.3.2.1 Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors

Fixed temperature heat detectors are the simplest type of heat detector and are

designed to alarm when the sensing element reaches a predetermined temperature.

Generally, the surrounding air temperature must be considerably higher than the heat

detector rating in order to raise the heat detector element to the operating temperature.

This condition is known as thermal lag. Generally, fixed temperature heat detectors

are constructed with fusible element type, continuous line type and bimetal type.


The Fusible Element type operates similar to a sprinkler head where a eutectic metal melts at a predetermined temperature releasing a spring under

tension and initiates an alarm signal. This type of detector is a spot type

detector.

The Continuous Line type heat detector generally consists of parallel wires separated by a heat resistive insulation. When the insulation melts away at a

predetermined temperature (from a fire), the wires come into contact and an

alarm is initiated

The Bimetal type heat detector relies on two joint metals with different coefficient of expansion. When subjected to heat; each metal will expand at

different rate and the bimetal will deflect toward the metal with lower

coefficient of expansion, such deflection is designed to close electrical circuit

and raise the alarm.

9.1.3.2.2 Rate-of Rise Heat Detectors

Rate-of-rise heat detectors are designed to function when the rate of ambient

temperature increase exceeds a predetermined value, usually -11C 9.5C per minute.

These detectors are designed to accommodate normal changes in the ambient air

temperature, which are anticipated under normal (non-fire) conditions. One type of rate-of-rise detector employs pneumatic tubing filled with air with a relief vent.

When the air is heated (within the normal conditions), the air will expand with the excess

volume exhausted through the vent port before the pressure can build. Air expanding at a

rate that exceeds the relief capacity of the vent, will build pressure and initiate an alarm.


9.1.3.2.3 Rate Compensated Detectors

Rate compensated heat detectors are designed to initiate an alarm when the

temperature of the surrounding air reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate of

temperature rise.

The detector is essentially constructed with temperature sensitive contacts within a stainless

steel shell. The coefficient of expansion of the shell is different than the internal contacts.

This rapid increase in air temperature will cause the shell to expand before the internal

contacts, producing a signal (similar to a rate-of-rise detector). In the case of a slow heat

release rate from a fire, the unit (shell and internal contacts) heats up more evenly and

produces a signal at the predetermined temperature rating of the detector (similar to a fixed

temperature heat detector).


9.2 Session Two: Fire Detection (Flame Detector General Requirement)

9.2.1 Optical Flame Detectors

Optical flame detectors are the fastest responding type of detector since these detectors

rely on the visible and invisible radiation given off from a heat source (and travels at the

speed of light), and are usually applied in high hazard areas such as fuel loading

platforms, industrial process areas, hyperbaric chambers, vaults, high ceilings, and

atmospheres in which explosions or very rapid fires can occur. Flame detectors are

designed to respond to radiant energy both visible and invisible to the human eye.

Essentially, flame detectors must be located to "see" the fire so avoidance of obstructions

is critical. (One exception to this is the IR detector which can respond to reflected levels

of optical radiation. For instance, a fire out of the view of the detector can reflect optical

radiation off a wall which can be detected by the IR detector.) Basically, there are three

general types of optical flame detectors:

1. Infrared type flame detectors

2. Ultraviolet type flame detectors

3. Combination IR/UV type flame detectors

9.2.1.1 Infrared type flame Detectors

Infrared type flame detectors are normally used to protect large open areas where an

immediate, flame-producing fire is expected such as in the protection of flammable liquid

hazard. IR detectors are constructed essentially of a lens and filter system that screens out

unwanted wavelengths and focuses the incoming energy on a photovoltaic or other type

cell that is sensitive to infrared energy. These types of detectors often also measure the

infrared radiation emitted from a flame (spiking at the 4.3 micron peak radiation

wavelength due to the presence of concentrated carbon dioxide within the flame) and

characteristic flame flicker associated with the flaming mode of a fire that is in the


5:30.Hz frequency range. Infrared detectors can be subject to interference and false

alarms from solar radiation if not properly applied. One method employed is to use

multiple IR detectors to measure the amount of radiation in two or more wavelength

bands to discriminate between a flame and other IR sources.

9.2.1.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Type Flame Detectors

Ultraviolet type flame detectors are designed to respond to optical radiation in the

ultraviolet wavelengths (wavelengths below 4,000 Angstrom1, usually in the 2800 - 3000

Angstrom range) primarily emitted by higher intensity flames. One drawback is that solar

radiation can extend to as low 2900 Angstrom, while the detector must be able to respond

to fire induced optical radiation below 2900 Angstrom. Most detectors manufactured are

effective in discriminating between solar and fire induced radiation. These detectors are

normally applied where the detector can be located reasonably close to the expected

ignition source and the background can be protected from other sources of ultraviolet

radiation. One notable application for UV detectors is for use in explosion suppression

systems. UV flame detectors are essentially solid state devices employing silicon carbide,

aluminum nitride, or gas filled tubes that measure the flame component wavelength range

between 0.17 - 0.30 microns2 which are insensitive to both sunlight and artificial light.

Combination (UV/IR) type flame detectors are flame detectors using both of the flame-

sensing principles described above for greater discrimination between fire and non-fire

radiation sources.

Combination (UV/IR) type flame detectors

Combination (UV/IR) type flame detectors are flame detectors using both of the

flame-sensing principles described above for greater discrimination between fire and

non-fire radiation sources.

1 Angstrom = 1 / 10,000,000,000 meter 2 1 micron = 1/1,000,000 meter


9.2.2 General Requirements:

1) Any required automatic fire alarm and fire detection system shall be capable of

immediate operation at all times and no action of the crew shall be necessary to

set it in operation.

2) Each section of detectors shall include means for giving a visual and audible

alarm signal automatically at one or more indicating units whenever any detector

comes into operation. Such units shall give an indication of any fire and its

location in any space served by the system and shall be centralized on the

navigating bridge or in the main fire control station, which shall be so manned or

equipped as to ensure that any alarm from the system is immediately received by

a responsible member of the crew. Such alarm system shall be constructed to

indicate if any fault occurs in the system

3) Detectors shall be grouped into separate sections each covering not more than 50

rooms served by such a system and containing not more than 100 detectors. A

section of detectors shall not serve spaces on both the port and starboard sides of

the ship nor on more than one deck and neither shall it be situated in more than

one main vertical zone except that the Administration, if it is satisfied that the

protection of the ship against fire will not thereby be reduced, may permit such a

section of detectors to serve both the port and starboard sides of the ship and more

than one deck.

4) The system shall be operated by an abnormal air temperature, by an abnormal

concentration of smoke or by other factors indicative of incipient fire in any one

of the spaces to be protected. Systems which are sensitive to air temperature shall

not operate at less than 57deg.C and shall operate at a temperature not greater

than 74deg.C. When the temperature increase to those levels is not more than

1deg.C per minute. At the discretion of the Administration the permissible

temperature of operation may be increased to 30deg.C above the maximum deck-

head temperature in drying rooms and similar places of a normally high ambient

temperature Systems which are sensitive to smoke concentration shall operate on

the reduction of the intensity of a transmitted light beam by an amount to be


determined by the Administration. Other equally effective methods of operation

may be accepted at the discretion of the Administration. The detection system

shall not be used for any purpose other than fire detection.

5) The detectors may be arranged to operate the alarm by the opening or closing of

contacts or by other appropriate methods. They shall be fitted in an overhead

position and shall be suitably protected against impact and physical damage. They

shall be suitable for use in a marine atmosphere. They shall be placed in an open

position clear of beams and other objects likely to obstruct the flow of hot gases

or smoke to the sensitive element. Detectors operated by the closing of contacts

shall be of the sealed contact type and the circuit shall be continuously monitored

to indicate fault conditions.

6) At least one detector shall be installed in each space where detection facilities are

required and there shall be not less than one detector for each 37 square meters

(400 square feet) of deck area. In large spaces the detectors shall be arranged in a

regular pattern so that no detector is more than 9 meters (30 feet) from another

detector or more than 4.5 meters (15 feet) from a bulkhead.

7) There shall be not less than two sources of power supply for the electrical

equipment used in the operation of the fire alarm and fire detection system, one of

which shall be an emergency source. The supply shall be provided by separate

feeders reserved solely for that purpose. Such feeders shall run to a change-over

switch situated in the control station for the fire detection system. The wiring

system shall be so arranged to avoid galleys, machinery spaces and other enclosed

spaces having a high fire risk except in so far as it is necessary to provide for fire

detection in such spaces or to reach the appropriate switchboard.

8) A list or plan shall be displayed adjacent to each indicating unit showing the

spaces covered and the location of the zone in respect of each section. Suitable

instructions for testing and maintenance shall be available.

9) Provision shall be made for testing the correct operation of the detectors and the

indicating units by supplying means for applying hot air or smoke at detector

positions.


10) Spare detector heads shall be provided for each section of detectors to the

satisfaction of the Administration.

11) The alarm system shall operate both audible and visible signals at the main

stations. Detection systems for cargo spaces need not have audible alarms.

12) In passenger ships electrical equipment used in the operation of required fire

detection systems shall have two separate sources of power, one of which shall be

an emergency source.

13) Wiring systems for interior communications essential for safety and for

emergency alarm systems shall be arranged to avoid galleys, machinery spaces

and other enclosed spaces having a high risk of fire except in so far as it is

necessary to provide communication or to give alarm within those spaces. In the

case of ships the construction and small size of which do not permit of

compliance with these requirements, measures satisfactory to the Administration

shall be taken to ensure efficient protection for these wiring systems where they

pass through galleys, machinery spaces and other enclosed spaces having a high

risk of fire.

9.2.2 Power Supply

Power supplies and electric circuits necessary for the operation of the system shall

be monitored for loss of power or fault conditions as appropriate. Occurrence of a fault

condition shall initiate a visual and audible fault signal at the control panel which shall be

distinct from a fire signal.

There shall be not less than two sources of power supply for the electrical equipment

used in the operation of the fire detection and fire alarm system, one of which shall be an

emergency source.


9.3 Session Three: Fireman's Outfit

9.3.1 Introduction

This outfit is a suit designed to protect a firefighter from high temperatures, thus

enabling him to tackle the fire in order to extinguish it. They are manufactured from

vacuum deposited aluminized materials that reflect the high radiant loads produced by the

fire. (It must be distinguished from HAZMAT suit)

There are 3 basic types of these aluminized suits.

Approach suit (Ambient heat protection up to ~ 93.5C.) Proximity suit (Kiln suit ambient protection ~ 537C and Proximity

ambient protection ~ 260C)

Entry suit used for entry into extreme heat and situations requiring protection from total flame engulfment. Most commonly made of Fyrepel

and not aluminized. (Entry suit ambient protection ~ 815.5C for short

duration and prolonged radiant heat up to 1093.5C)

9.3.2 Fireman's Outfit

A fireman's outfit shall consist of:

1. Personal equipment comprising:

1.1 Protective clothing of material to protect the skin from the heat radiating

from the fire and from burns and scalding by steam. The outer surface

shall be water-resistant.

1.2 Boots and gloves of rubber or other electrically non-conducting material.

1.3 A rigid helmet providing effective protection against impact.

1.4 An electric safety lamp (hand lantern) of an approved type with a

minimum burning period of 3 h.

1.5 An axe to the satisfaction of the Administration

2. A breathing apparatus of an approved type.


9.3.2 Storage of Fireman's Outfit

The fireman's outfits or sets of personal equipment shall be stored so stored as to be

easily accessible and ready for use and, where more than one fireman's outfit or more

than one set of personal equipment is carried, they shall be stored in widely separated

positions. The stores are to be connected to the emergency power source that ensures that

the store will be lightened for 18 hours in emergencies.

In passenger ships at least two fireman's outfits and one set of personal equipment shall

be available at any one position.

9.3.2 Number of Fireman's Outfits Onboard

The number to be carried depends on the classification of the ship, for cargo ships

1. At least two fireman's outfits shall be stored in each main vertical zone.

2. In passenger ships; there will be one for every 80 m, or part thereof, of the

aggregate of the lengths of all passenger spaces and service spaces on the deck

which carries such spaces or, if there is more than one such deck, on the deck

which has the largest aggregate of such lengths, two fireman's outfits and two sets

of personal equipment. In passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers, two

additional fireman's outfits shall be provided for each main vertical zone.


9.4 Session Four: Fireman's Outfit

9.4.1 Introduction

A self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a device worn by firefighters or

rescue team, and others to provide breathable air in a hostile environment. The term "self-

contained" differentiates SCBA from other apparatus connected to a remote supply by a

long hose. If designed for use under water, it is called SCUBA, (self-contained

underwater breathing apparatus).

A self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) typically SCBA will be of the "positive

pressure" type, which supplies a slight steady stream of air to stop toxic fumes or smoke

from leaking into the mask.

SCBA has three main components: a high-pressure tank (e.g., 2200 psi1 to 4500 psi), a

pressure regulator, and an inhalation connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask),

connected together and mounted to a carrying frame.

There are two kinds of SCBA: open circuit and closed circuit. The one required to be

carried onboard ships is the open circuit type.

9.4.2 General Requirements for SCBA

A breathing apparatus of an approved type which may be either:

.1 A smoke helmet or smoke mask which shall be provided with a suitable air pump and a

length of air hose sufficient to reach from the open deck, well clear of hatch or

doorway, to any part of the holds or machinery spaces. If, in order to comply with this

subparagraph, an air hose exceeding 36 m in length would be necessary, a self-

contained breathing apparatus shall be substituted or provided in addition as

determined by the Administration; or

.2 A self-contained compressed-air-operated breathing apparatus, the volume of air

contained in the cylinders of which shall be at least 1,200 liter, or other self-contained

breathing apparatus which shall be capable of functioning for at least 30 min. A

1 Pounds per Square Inch unit for measuring pressure


number of spare charges, suitable for use with the apparatus provided, shall be

available on board to the satisfaction of the Administration. In passenger ships

carrying more than 36 passengers, at least two spare charges for each breathing

apparatus shall be provided, and all air cylinders for breathing apparatus shall be

interchangeable.

9.4.3 Attachments to Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

For each breathing apparatus a fireproof lifeline of sufficient length and strength shall

be provided capable of being attached by means of a snap-hook to the harness of the

apparatus or to a separate belt in order to prevent the breathing apparatus becoming

detached when the lifeline is operated.

9.4.4 Fog Applicator

Though is not related directly to the fire suit, but every ship must carry at least

three fog applicators for the protection of special Special category spaces. A water fog

applicator might consist of a metal "L"-shaped pipe, fitted with a fixed water fog nozzle

or capable of being fitted with a water spray nozzle.


10.0 Week Ten

Extinguishing fire onboard and Muster List

10.1 Session One: Extinguishing Different Types of Fire

10.1.1 Extinguishing Agent

Attacking the fire depends on its class; this will govern the best action to be taken

and thus the best Extinguishing Agent to be used.

Each of the extinguishing agents has its advantages and limitations according to

the class of the fire (type of fuel) and the technique of which side of the triangle to attack

(action on fire), it is important to know which is the best agent to use with this class of

fire before starting using the agent.

This can be found from the following tables

Class Fuel Best Action to Extinguish

(in order) Extinguishing Agent

1) Cooling Water / Foam

2) Starvation Cutting fuel

3) Smothering CO2

Class A

Ash

Pro

duci

ng

Mat

eria

ls

4) Breaking Chain reaction Dry Powder

1) Smothering Foam

2) Cooling Foam / water spray

3) Starvation Foam

Class B

Hyd

roca

rbon

liqui

ds

4) Breaking Chain reaction Multi Purpose Dry Powder

1) Smothering CO2

2) Cooling CO2

3) Starvation Multi Purpose Dry Powder

Class C

Elec

trici

ty a

nd

elec

trica

l


1) Smothering Multi Purpose Dry Powder Class D

Met

al s



Understanding the types of fires and the extinguishing agents will guide the fire

fighter to choose the best method to attack the fire.


10.2 Session Two: Fire Station and Muster List

10.2.1 Fire drills

Fire drills should be planned in such a way that due consideration is given to regular

practice in the various emergencies that may occur depending on the type of ships and the

cargo.

Each fire drill shall include:

.1 Reporting to stations and preparing for the duties described in the muster list;

.2 Starting of a fire pump, using at least the two required jets of water to show

that the system is in proper working order;

.3 Checking of fireman's outfit and other personal rescue equipment;

.4 Checking of relevant communication equipment;

.5 Checking the operation of watertight doors, fire doors, fire dampers and main

inlets and outlets of ventilation systems in the drill area; and

.6 Checking the necessary arrangements for subsequent abandoning of the ship.

The equipment used during drills shall immediately be brought back to its fully

operational condition and any faults and defects discovered during the drills shall be

remedied as soon as possible.

10.2.2 On-board training and instructions

.1 On-board training in the use of the ship's life-saving appliances, including survival

craft equipment, and in the use of the ship's fire extinguishing appliances shall be given

as soon as possible but not later than two weeks after a crew member joins the ship.

However, if the crew member is on a regularly scheduled rotating assignment to the ship,

such training shall be given not later than two weeks after the time of first joining the

ship. Instructions in the use of the ship's fire-extinguishing appliances, life-saving

appliances, and in survival at sea shall be given at the same interval as the drills.


Individual instruction may cover different parts of the ship's life-saving and fire-

extinguishing appliances, but all the ship's life-saving and fire-extinguishing appliances

shall be covered within any period of two months.

.2 Every crew member shall be given instructions which shall include but not necessarily

be limited to:

.1 operation and use of the ship's inflatable life rafts;

.2 problems of hypothermia, first-aid treatment for hypothermia and other

appropriate first-aid procedures;

.3 special instructions necessary for use of the ship's life-saving appliances in

severe weather and severe sea conditions; and

.4 operation and use of fire-extinguishing appliances.

.3 On-board training in the use of davit-launched life rafts shall take place at intervals of

not more than four months on every ship fitted with such appliances. Whenever

practicable this shall include the inflation and lowering of a life raft. This life raft may be

a special life raft intended for training purposes only, which is not part of the ship's life-

saving equipment; such a special life raft shall be conspicuously marked.


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