fire resistance rating information and tools for wood...
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Fire Resistance Rating Information and Tools for Wood BuildingsIneke Van ZeelandManager, Codes & Standards
Wood Solutions Fair Toronto, ON
November 2014
Copyright MaterialsThis presentation is protected by US and International Copyright
laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© Canadian Wood Council 2014
Program Education Credit InformationThe Canadian Wood Council is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects. This course meets Continuing Education System requirements for one Learning Unit. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members who provided their member number during the online registration. This course also qualifies as Structured Learning with OAA. Certificates of Completion for OAA members, and all other delegates, will be emailed after the event. We will also report participation to the Engineering Institute of Canada on behalf of any engineers who requested their participation be recorded.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. The same is true for the OAA and EIC. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Fire Resistance
•fire resistance, n—the ability of a material, product, or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it for a period of time. (ASTM E 176)
1.4.1.2: "...the time in minutes or hours that a material or assembly of materials will withstandthe passage of flame and the transmission of heat when exposed to fire under specifiedconditions of test and performance criteria, or as determined by extension or interpretation of information derived from that test and performance as prescribed in this Code."
Division A - Part 1“Fire-resistance rating”
CAN/ULC-S101 - Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials
3.1.7. Fire-resistance Ratings
•Walls, floors, columns, beams• Loaded or unloaded• Examples of applied load calculations in Appendix C of test standard
CAN/ULC S101Floor Assembly Furnace
CAN/ULC-S101 Floor Assembly Loading
CAN/ULC-S101Wall Assembly Furnace
CAN/ULC-S101Temperature Exposure
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time (min)
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Standard Fire-resistance Test Failure Criteria
•Insulation Failure– Temperature rise of 140 oC average or 180 oC at any point on unexposed side.
•Integrity Failure– Passage of flame or gases hot enough to ignite cotton pads.
•Structural Failure– Inability to sustain the applied load at some point during the test.
Insulation Failure
Flame penetrating the sub-floor at failure time
Integrity Failure
Structural Failure
Wood studs have buckled under applied load
Structural Failure
CLT wall assembly has buckled under applied load
From full-scale fire testing:•Proprietary Listings•Generic Listings•Empirical Calculation Methods
Fire Resistance Rating
Proprietary Listings
Generic ListingsTable A-9.10.3.1.A Fire and Sound
Resistance of Walls
Generic ListingsTable A-9.10.3.1.B Fire and Sound
Resistance of Floors, Ceilings and Roofs
Generic ListingsTable A-9.10.3.1.A (Walls):• NRC-IRC Internal Report: IR833 - “Results of Fire Resistance Tests on Full-Scale Gypsum Board Wall Assemblies;” Sultan, M. A., et al.
Table A-9.10.3.1.B (Floors, Ceilings and Roofs):• NRC-IRC Internal Report: IR764 - “Results of Fire Resistance Tests on Full-Scale Floor Assemblies;” Sultan, M. A., et al.
• NRC-IRC Research Report: RR184 - “Results of Fire Resistance Tests on Full-Scale Floor Assemblies - Phase II;”Sultan, M. A., et al.
Component Additive Method (CAM)
MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2 – Fire Performance Ratings
•Section 2 Fire Resistance Ratings
•2.3 Wood and Steel Framed Walls, Floors and Roofs
• Last revised for 1995 NBCC
• walls, floors, roofs
• non-loadbearing and loadbearing solid-sawn wood-frame walls and partitions
• loadbearing solid wood joist and metal-plate-connected wood trussfloor and roof assemblies
ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)MEMBRANES –WALLS
Notes to Table [D-2.3.4.13.3.4.5.A] D-2.3.4.A.:(1) Non-loadbearing walls only, Applies to stud cavities filled with mineral wool conforming to CAN/ULC-
S702, "Mineral Fibre Thermal Insulation for Buildings", and having a mass per unit area of not less than 2 kg/m2, with no additional credit for insulation according to Table D-2.3.4.D.[G]-2015
(2) Applies only to wood-framed walls.(3) Applies only to steel-framed walls.(4) Resilient metal channels are permitted to be installed at a spacing of 400 mm o.c. with no effect on the
rating of the wall assembly.(5) Applies to non-loadbearing steel framed walls only.
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)MEMBRANES – FLOORS
Notes to Table [D-2.3.4.13.3.4.5.B] :(1) See Figures A-9.10.3.1.-A., -B. and -D. in Appendix A for the attachment of single and double layers of
gypsum board to resilient metal channels.(2) Applies to wood joists, wood trusses, wood I-joists and cold-formed steel joists (C-shaped joists).(3) Resilient metal channels must be installed to achieve the stated rating.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)MEMBRANES – FLOORS
Notes to Table [D-2.3.4.13.3.4.5.B] :(4) Applies to wood joists and pre-fabricated metal-plate-connected wood trusses.(5) Resilient metal channels must be installed or gypsum board must be applied directly to the structural
members, which must be spaced not more than 400 mm o.c.(6) Resilient metal channels are permitted to be installed with no effect on the rating of the floor assembly.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
MEMBERS
Notes to Table [D-2.3.4.13.3.4.5.F] :(1) Resilient metal channels are permitted to be installed with no effect on the rating of the floor assembly.(2) Applies only to floor structural members that are protected.
* for this to be applicable:• must meet minimum fastener penetration requirements• all edges of GB must be supported, except for 15.9 mm Type X installed horizontally where horizontal joints can be unsupported if framing @ 400 mm o.c. maximum
‡ applicable to exterior wall assemblies requiring FRR from inside that have GB on interior and exterior sheathing + cladding with mineral fibre insulation with area density of ≥1.22 kg/m2
Current 2010 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Wall AssembliesMembrane Members Insulation Total
FRR*‡Description Assigned time (min) Description Assigned
time (min) Description Assigned time (min)
One layer of 12.7 mm Type X Gypsum Board
25
Wood Studs @ 400 mm
o.c.20
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 60GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 50
None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI (Loadbearing) 0 45
Wood Studs @ 600 mm
o.c. 15
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 55GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 45
None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI (Loadbearing) 0 40
One layer of 15.9 mm Type X Gypsum Board
40
Wood Studs @ 400 mm
o.c.20
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 75GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 65
None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI (Loadbearing) 0 60
Wood Studs @ 600 mm
o.c. 15
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 70GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 60
None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI (Loadbearing) 0 55
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Wall AssembliesMembrane Members Insulation Total
FRR*‡Description Assigned time (min) Description Assigned
time (min) Description Assigned time (min)
One layer of 12.7 mm Type X Gypsum Board
25
Wood Studs @ 400 mm
o.c.20
MFI - rock or slag (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 60
CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 55GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 50
None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI (Loadbearing) 0 45
Wood Studs @ 600 mm
o.c. 15
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 55CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 50
GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 45None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI
(Loadbearing) 0 40
One layer of 15.9 mm Type X Gypsum Board
40
Wood Studs @ 400 mm
o.c.20
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 75CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 70
GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 65None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI
(Loadbearing) 0 60
Wood Studs @ 600 mm
o.c. 15
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 70CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 65
GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 60None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI
(Loadbearing) 0 55
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Wall AssembliesMembrane Members Insulation Resilient
Metal Channels
(min)
Total FRR*‡Description
Assigned time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
One layer of 12.7 mm Type
X Gypsum Board
25
Wood Studs @ 400 mm
o.c.20
MFI - rock or slag (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 -10 50
CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 -10 45GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 -10 40
None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) & GFI (Loadbearing) 0 -10 35
Wood Studs @ 600 mm
o.c. 15
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 -10 45CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 -10 40
GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 -10 35None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) &
GFI (Loadbearing) 0 -10 30
One layer of 15.9 mm Type
X Gypsum Board
40
Wood Studs @ 400 mm
o.c.20
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 -10 65CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 -10 60
GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 -10 55None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) &
GFI (Loadbearing) 0 -10 50
Wood Studs @ 600 mm
o.c. 15
MFI (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) 15 -10 60CFI – dry-blown (Loadbearing Only) 10 -10 55
GFI (Nonloadbearing Only) 5 -10 50None (Loadbearing & Nonloadbearing) &
GFI (Loadbearing) 0 -10 45
* for this to be applicable:• must meet minimum fastener penetration requirements• all edges of GB must be supported
Also, resilient metal channels are permitted to be installed at max. spacing of 400 mm o.c. with no effect on the rating of the wall assembly.
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Wall Assemblies
Membrane Members Insulation Total FRR*Description Assigned
time (min) Description Assigned time (min) Description Assigned time
(min)
Loadbearing2 layers of
12.7 mm Type X Gypsum Board
50
Wood Studs @ 400 mm o.c. 20
MFI - rock or slag 15 85CFI – dry-blown 10 80
None & GFI 0 70
Wood Studs @ 600 mm o.c. 15
MFI - rock or slag 15 80CFI – dry-blown 10 75
None & GFI 0 65
Non-loadbearing2 layers of
12.7 mm Type X Gypsum Board
80
Wood Studs @ 400 mm o.c. 20
MFI - rock or slag 15 115GFI 5 105
None 0 100
Wood Studs @ 600 mm o.c. 15
MFI - rock or slag 15 110GFI 5 100
None 0 95
Membrane MembersTotalFRR*Description
Assigned time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
1 layer of 12.7 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
25
Wood Joists @ 400 mm o.c. maximum 10 35
Wood Trusses @ 600 mm o.c. maximum 5 30
1 layer of 15.9 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
40
Wood Joists @ 400 mm o.c. maximum 10 50
Wood Trusses @ 600 mm o.c. maximum 5 45
* for this to be applicable:
• must have also minimum subfloor + flooring combination• all edges of GB must be supported• must meet minimum fastener penetration requirements;• mineral fibre insulation of rock or slag does not affect FRR in wood floorsas long as held in by resilient channels or furring channels
Current 2010 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Floor Assemblies
Membrane Members Insulation ToppingTotalFRR*Description
ResilientMetal
Channels
Assigned time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
1 layers of 12.7 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
Spaced ≤ 400 mm o.c. 25
Wood Joists, Trusses,
I-joists @ 600 mm o.c.
maximum
10
MFI (rock or slag) or
CFI (wet-sprayed)
5
None or Gypsum-concrete 0 40
Concrete 5 45
None or GFI 0None or Gypsum-
concrete 0 35
Concrete 5 40
1 layer of 15.9 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
Spaced ≤ 400 mm o.c. 40
Wood Joists, Trusses,
I-joists @ 600 mm o.c.
maximum
10
MFI (rock or slag) or
CFI (wet-sprayed)
5
None or Gypsum-concrete 0 55
Concrete 5 60
None or GFI 0None or Gypsum-
concrete 0 50
Concrete 5 55
* for this to be applicable:
• must have minimum subfloor • all edges of GB must be supported• must meet minimum fastener penetration requirements
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Floor Assemblies
Membrane Members Insulation ToppingTotalFRR*Description
ResilientMetal
Channels
Assigned time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
DescriptionAssigned
time(min)
2 layers of 12.7 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
Spaced ≤ 400 mm o.c.(or direct applied to
members ≤ 400 mm o.c.)
50
Wood Joists, Trusses,
I-joists @ 600 mm o.c.
maximum
10
RFI or CFI (wet-
sprayed)5
None or Gypsum-concrete 0 65
Concrete 5 70
None or GFI 0None or Gypsum-
concrete 0 60
Concrete 5 65
2 layers of 12.7 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
Spaced ≤ 600 mm o.c.(or direct applied)
45
Wood Joists, Trusses,
I-joists @ 600 mm o.c.
maximum
10
RFI or CFI (wet-
sprayed)5
None or Gypsum-concrete 0 60
Concrete 5 65
None or GFI 0None or Gypsum-
concrete 0 55
Concrete 5 60
2 layer of 15.9 mm Type X
Gypsum Board
Spaced ≤ 600 mm o.c.(or direct applied)
60
Wood Joists, Trusses,
I-joists @ 600 mm o.c.
maximum
10
RFI or CFI (wet-
sprayed)5
None or Gypsum-concrete 0 75
Concrete 5 80
None or GFI 0None or Gypsum-
concrete 0 70
Concrete 5 75
* for this to be applicable:
• must have minimum subfloor• all edges of GB must be supported• must meet minimum fastener penetration requirements
Proposed 2015 ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
Wood Floor Assemblies
Table 2.3.12. Fire-Resistance Rating for Ceiling Membranes
ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
D-2.3.12. Ceiling Membrane RatingWhere the fire-resistance rating of a ceiling assembly is to be determined on the basis of the membrane only and not of the complete assembly, the ratings may be determined from Table D-2.3.12., provided no openings described in D-2.3.10. and D-2.3.11. are located within the ceiling membrane.
ComponentAdditive Method (CAM)
D-2.3.13–2015 Membrane Penetrations in Combustible and Noncombustible Construction[1] --) Where a wall, floor or roof assembly is assigned a fire-resistance rating on the basis of Subsection D-2.3. and includes a membrane or membranes described in Table D-2.3.4.A., D-2.3.4.B-2015, D-2.3.4.C-2015, D-2.3.4.D.-2015 or D-2.3.12., penetrations of the membrane or membranes must be fire stopped in conformance with the applicable requirements in Article 3.1.9.1. or Sentence 9.10.9.6.(1).
Possible Proposals for ComponentAdditive Method (CAM) 2020
Walls•wood shear panels•two layers of 15.9 mm Type X•double-stud / staggered-stud walls•other insulations•re-examination of non-loadbearing values•exterior wall assemblies•expand to 2-h assemblies
Possible Proposals for ComponentAdditive Method (CAM) 2020
Floors•other insulations•additional examination of toppings•expand to 2-h assemblies
Heavy Timber Construction
•3.1.4. sets out the requirements that must be conformed to for code-defined heavy timber construction
•e.g. Table 3.1.4.7. Heavy Timber Dimensions
Table 3.1.4.7Heavy Timber Dimensions
Forming Part of Sentence 3.1.4.7.(2)
3.1.4.7
Heavy Timber Construction
Division B - Article 3.1.4.6.
Heavy Timber Construction Alternative:• “3.1.4.6.(1) If combustible construction is permitted and is not required to have a fire-resistance rating of more than 45 min, heavy timber construction is permitted to be used.”
Division B – Subsection 3.2.2.Sprinklered buildings of combustible construction:•No fire-resistance rating required for roof assembly or supports
•Heavy timber roof assembly and supports not required to conform to minimum dimensions
•Wood light-framing could be used
Charring of Wood
•Char Layer
•Char Base
•Pyrolysis Zone
•Pyrolysis Zone Base
•Normal Wood
Fire-resistance Rating Information for Solid Walls, Floors and Roofs
MMAH Supplementary Standard SB-2 – Fire Performance Ratings
•Section 2 Fire Resistance Ratings
•2.4. Solid Wood Walls, Floors and Roofs
Glued-Laminated Timber Beams and Columns
•SB-2 - Subsection 2.11
•Method of Calculation of FRR
•Empirical predictions
•Validated by test results
•For FRRs greater than 45 min
Glued-Laminated Timber Beams and Columns
Method of Calculation of FRR
Glued-Laminated Timber Beams and Columns
Method of Calculation of FRR
• f = load factor shown in Figure 2.11.2.A
•B = dimension of thesmaller side
•D = dimension on the larger side
Glued-Laminated Timber Beams and Columns
Method of Calculation of FRR
K = effective length factor (CAN/CSA-O86)
L = unsupported length of column
Timber Beams and ColumnsCalculation of FRR - Additional Information:•American Wood Council (www.awc.ca)–DCA 2 - Design of Fire-Resistive Exposed Wood Members–TR10 - Calculating the Fire Resistance of Exposed Wood Members
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
5.6 Fire resistanceWhere applicable, design for fire resistance shall be in accordance with the NBCC.Note: See Annex B for a methodology that provides useful information in the development of a proposal for an alternative solution to meet the objectives of the NBCC.
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
CSA O86-2014Annex B
B.2 Materials- Solid-sawn lumber
- Glued-laminated timber (glulam)
- Structural composite lumber (SCL)
CSA O86-2014Annex B
B.3 Modification Factors for Fire Design- Resistance factor, ф- Load duration factor, Kd- System factor, KH- Size factor, KZ- Lateral stability factor, KL- Slenderness ratio, CC- Slenderness factor, KC
CSA O86-2014Annex B
B.3 Modification Factors for Fire Design- Specified strength adjustment factor for fire design, Kfi
Concept of Fire Resistance for Large Cross-section Wood Members
•Char Layer
•Char Base
•Pyrolysis Zone
•Pyrolysis Zone Base
•Normal Wood
Concept of Fire Resistance for Large Cross-section Wood Members
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
B.4 Char Depth
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
B.5 Zero strength layer
B.6 Resistance of reduced cross-section•Calculate sectional properties using reduced cross-sectional dimensions
•Using modification factors as per B.3
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
B.7 Fire-resistance ratingA structural element shall be assigned a fire-resistance rating of a particular duration of fire exposure if the reduced structural resistance of the element, after the specified exposure time, is greater than the specified gravity load effects.
Capacityreduced(t=FRR) ≥ Demand
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
B.8 Surfaces initially protected by gypsum board•one layer of 12.7 mm Type X ‒ 15 min•one layer of 15.9 mm Type X ‒ 30 min •two layers of 15.9 mm Type X ‒ 60 min
B.9 Connections•Limited information at this time•AWC’s Technical Report 10 •Eurocode 5: Part 1-2
CSA O86-2014Large Cross-section Wood Elements
B.10 Wood decking•double tongue-and-groove•single tongue-and-groove or internal spline•butt-jointed•unexposed surface protection–T&G wood flooring ≥ 19 mm thick, laid crosswise or diagonally–T&G plywood or OSB ≥12.5 mm thick–concrete topping ≥ 38 mm thick–gypsum-concrete topping ≥ 25 mm thick.
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
Product Standard:ANSI/APA PRG 320-2011Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
FPInnovations (www.fpinnovations.ca)•Canadian CLT Handbook
Masstimber.com •US CLT Handbook
Calculating the Fire Resistance of CLT
Additional Resources:
• Fire Safety Design in Buildings, Canadian Wood Council, 1996 (free PDF - www.cwc.ca).
• Janssens, M., and Douglas, Brad; Chapter 7 - Wood and Wood Products, Handbook of Building Materials for FireProtection, McGraw-Hill, 2004.
• White, Robert H.; Section 4, Chapter 11 - AnalyticalMethods for Determining Fire Resistance of TimberMembers, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Society of Fire Protection Engineering, 4th Edition, 2008.
• White, Robert H., et al.; Wood Handbook, Chapter 18: FireSafety of Wood Construction, 2010 (free PDF -www.fpl.fs.fed.us).
• SP Report 2010:19, Fire Safety in Timber Buildings: Technical Guideline, 2010.
This concludes the:
American Institute of ArchitectsOntario Association of Architects
Engineering Institute of Canada
Continuing Education Systems ProgramFire Resistance Rating Information and Tools for Wood Buildings
Canadian Wood Councilwww.cwc.ca
Questions/ Comments?