FIRE SAFETY

A.A.F.VIJAY KUMARDistrict Fire Officer

A.P.FIRE SERVICES & CIVIL

DEFENSE TRAINING INSTITUTE. HYDERABAD.

Institute of safety•MAJOR CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS & THEIR

IMPACT

•FIRE AT IBP PETROL PUMP - PANCHKULA

Haryana 1995-Dabwali-Death Toll-More than 450.

New Delhi 1997-Upahar Cinema-Death Toll-More than 60.

Kumbhakonam 2004 School Fire – Death toll- 92.

Thane 2005-Eternity Mall-No Deaths but major loss of property.

MEERUT 2006–Fire in Consumer Mela- Death Toll – More than50.

Hyderabad FEB -2010 Fire at Park Hospital, 30 injured

Fire is fast! In 30 seconds Fire is hot! 100 degrees to 600 degrees

at eye level. Inhaling this super hot air will scorch your lungs.

 Fire is dark! unable to find your way around the home you've lived in for years.

Fire is deadly! Smoke and toxic gases kill more people than flames do. Fire uses up the oxygen

you need and produces smoke and poisonous gases that kill.

A small fire can grow very quickly and destroy years of work

Know where the fire protection equipment and exits are before you need them -Have an escape plan

Fire safety education gives you the training needed to make good choices

YOU can help to prevent fires before they start

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1. WHAT IS FIRE ?

FUEL + HEAT + OXYGEN

FUE

L HE

AT

OXYGEN

FIRE TRIANGLE

What is Triangle of Fire / combustion?

All combustion process involves three important factors:

A combustible material or fuel .

Oxygen, either from air or from some other Oxygen supplying substance .

Heat (a portion of the two materials must be heated to a temperature at which combustion will be initiated).

OXYGEN

oxygen is a colorless and tasteless gas at ordinary temperature. Oxygen is necessary to support life , without oxygen human life could not exist. Oxygen also supports fire. without oxygen ( but not necessarily ) fire could not exist. It is consumed during burning.

FUEL

The fuel may be solid, liquid or gas. The burning of most of the materials produces flames. This is caused by ignition of the gases or vapour givenoff by a liquid or solid.

Heat

Heat may be defined as energy possessed by a substance due to motion of molecules. Total heat contained by a body is equal to the product of its mass, temperature and its specific heat. The heat may come from hot surfaces, friction, process of over heating, sparks/ arcs, electrical faults, open flame, smoking, lightning, exothermic chemical reactions, compression, static discharge, nuclear fission etc.

EXOTHERMIC REACTION

A chemical reaction in which heat is produced

Example: C + O2 CO2 + 94,300 Calories

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed.

Example: C + 2S CS2 – 19,800 Calories

Carbon + Sulpur = Carbon disulphide – 19,800 Calories

HEAT SOURCES LIGHTNING EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL

REACTIONS COMPRESSION STATIC DISCHARGE NUCLEAR FISSION NUCLEAR FUSION

FIRE STARTS WHEN A COMBUSTIBLE

MATERIAL IS IGNITED IN THE PRESENCE

OF AIR

FUEL +AIR+ TEMPERATURE= FIRE

TAKE ONE FACTOR AWAY AND THERE

WILL BE NO FIRE

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2. METHODS OF EXTINCTION A PROCESS OF ELIMINATION

STARVATION

Removal of FUEL from burning substance COOLING

Removal of HEAT from

burning substanceSMOTHERING

Cutting away supply of OXYGEN to the burning fuel reducing the percentage of oxygen.

OXYGEN

FUE

L HEA

T

FIRE

FUE

L HEA

T

OXYGEN

STA

RV

AT

ION

CO

OLIN

G

SMOTHERING

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PRODUCTS OF FIRE & THEIR EFFECTSSmoke

Poor Visibility Prevents Escape.Fire Gases (CO, HCl, HCN, CO2 etc.)

Toxic and Explosive Gases

Explosions and Fire Spread

Abnormal Respiration

Asphyxiation

Panic, Stampede, DeathHeat

Radiation Fire SpreadPrevents Escape

Burns and Scalds

Damage to Lungs & Respiratory System

Jumping to Escape, Injuries/DeathFlame Fire Spread

Burns / Death

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Effects of Heat•21 C normal room temp

•31 C normal body temp

•50 C 3-5 hrs tolerance in dry air

•65 C Temp limit for safe evacuation

•71 C Skin burns in 60 secs

•82 C Skin burns in 30 secs

•100 C Boiling point of water

•121 C Maximum tolerance for human skin

•140 C Maximum survivable breathing temp

•300 C -400C ignition of wood

•600 C flash over occurs and structure is impacted

•760 C-980C Post flash over room temp

3. CATEGORIES OF FIRE

CLASS COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL

Ordinary combustible solidsA Paper, Wood, Cloth, etc.

Combustible liquids orliquifiable solids

B Oils, Paints, Chemicals,Wax, etc.

L.P.G., Acetylene, Hydrogen,Methane, Natural Gas, etc.

C Combustible gases

Magnesium, Sodium,Uranium, Thorium, etc.

D Combustible metals

Electrical Fires Solids, Liquids, Gases, Metals, etc.

Class ‘A’ Fires

Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, textiles etc. where the cooling effect of water is essential for the extinction of fire.

Example: Wood, Paper, Plastic, Cotton etc.

Class ‘B’ Fires

Fires in inflammable liquids such as organic solvents, petroleum products, varnishes, paints etc. where a blanketing effect is essential for the extinction of fire.

Example: Petrol, Diesel, Thinner, Alcohol etc.

Class ‘C’ Fires

Fires involving gaseous-substances: - Such as methane, propane, butane, acetylene, cooking gas including Natural gas. (Under Pressure), where it is necessary to dilute the burning gas at a very fast rate with an inert gas or dry chemical powder.

Example: Methane, CNG, LPG, etc.

Class ‘D’ Fires

Fires involving burning and powders of combustible metals, such as magnesium, aluminum, zinc or alkali metals, like sodium and potassium etc., where the burning metals are reactive to water and require special extinguishing agents and techniques.

Example: Aluminum, Sodium, Potassium, etc.

Chemical Properties Of Metals

The list given below in symbol form is divided into groups by the degree of reactivity into which the various metals falls

K, Na, Ba, Ca, Mg, Cd, Fe, Sn, Hg, Cu, Ag, AuHigh Reactivity Moderate Reactivity Low Reactivity

Potassium, Sodium, and barium are very reactive silvery white metals , In small quantities they are usually in the form of pellets or wire, and are stored under liquid paraffin in order to prevent a reaction being set up with moisture in the air.

Sodium and potassium have melting points less than 1000C. They are less dense than water and more dense than paraffin.

Reaction of Metals with CO2

Burning sodium, Potassium or magnesium will continue when placed in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

4 K+ 3 CO2= 2K2CO3 +C

It follows that CO2 extinguishers are unsuitable and valueless for use on burning magnesium.

Sodium heated in carbon dioxide gas forms poisonous carbon monoxide

2 Na + 2 CO2= Na2CO3 + CO

Reaction of Metals with Water

The reaction of Potassium with cold water is so violent that hydrogen gas given off is ignited.

Dust or flakes of magnesium are liable to ignite readily . It reacts violently with water when heated, producing hydrogen.

Aluminum:- A light ,ductile metal of good electrical conductivity and resistant to corrosion. It melts at 6600C and higher temperatures. While burning it decomposes water like magnesium producing hydrogen.

PRODUCTS OF FIRE & THEIR EFFECTS

SmokePoor Visibility

Fire Gases (CO, HCl, HCN, CO2 etc.)Toxic and Explosive Gases,Explosions and Fire Spread, Abnormal Respiration,Asphyxiation,Panic, Stampede & Death

Heat Radiation

Flame Fire Spread,Burns / Death

Prevents Escape.Panic, Death due to Asphyxia,Death due to stampede.

Fire SpreadObstructs Escape, Burns and Scalds,Damage to Lungs & Respiratory System,Jumping to Escape, Injuries/Death

Impact of fires in BuildingsImpact Effect Elimination/

Prevention

Flame/ Fire Loss of life/property

Compartmentation,Sealing of openings

Smoke Asphyxia, obscurity of vision, Loss of life/property

Ventilation,Removing air from space,Pressurization,Smoke resistant long fountain

Toxic gases Asphyxia, irritation to the lungs leading to death.

Evacuation before the toxic limit becomes harmful .

FIRE FIRE EXTINGUISHEREXTINGUISHER

Fire extinguisher is the first aid fire fighting appliance used to extinguish fire at its initial/ incipient stage of fire.

Knowledge of fire, extinction media, and operative training is required to use a fire extinguisher.

Water CO2 Fire Extinguisher

•Used on CLASS A fires

CO2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• Used on CLASS B and CLASS C fires

DCP FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Stored pressure type Cartridge type

Used on CLASS A, CLASS B and CLASS C fires

REMEMBER THE ACRONYM, “P.A.S.S.” 

P …….Pull the Pin  A ……..Aim the extinguisher nozzle

at the base of the flame.  S ………Squeeze trigger while

holding the extinguisher upright.  S ………Sweep the extinguisher from

side to side, covering the area of the fire with the extinguishing agent.

DO’S and DON’TS Do’sSwitch off all electrical/electronic appliances viz. Acs, fans, tube lights, computers etc.. Before leaving office

Know the nearest exit staircase

Know the alternate exit staircase in case the nearest staircase becomes unusable due to smoke/fire.

Learn to operate the fire extinguisher

Have a list of physically handicapped employs in your floor who may require special assistance.

Don’tsDo not throw the garbage through window

Do not pile up the garbage within the building

Do not overload the electrical points

do not smoke in building premises

Do not park your vehicle in fire access road

Do not stock any material in escape route i.e. staircase / corridors, etc.

Do not lock the terrace exit/staircase exit.

What to do if there’s a fire in a residential building

• Alert everyone in your flat. Don’t stop for valuables or to investigate the fire.

• Before opening doors, check them with the back of your hand. If they’re warm, don’t open them – the fire is on the other side.• Alert neighbouring flats by banging on the doors on your way out. Set off the fire alarm, if there is one.

• Don’t use the lift.• If there is lot of smoke, crawl along the floor where the air will be cleanest.

• Once you are safe outside, use a mobile phone or a phone box to call 101/108. Give the emergency operator your name and address, including the number of your flat. Tell them which floor is on fire, if you know .

What to do if there is a What to do if there is a firefire

Raise the alarmRaise the alarm If the smoke alarm goes If the smoke alarm goes

off when you’re asleep, off when you’re asleep, shout to wake everyone shout to wake everyone up, get everyone up, get everyone together, follow your together, follow your escape plan and get out escape plan and get out of the building.of the building.

• • Don’t stop to investigate Don’t stop to investigate the fire or to collect the fire or to collect valuables or pets.valuables or pets.

Use your escape route Use your escape route to get everyone out and to get everyone out and meet at an agreed point.meet at an agreed point.

• • Close all doors which Close all doors which are open, and only are open, and only open the door you open the door you need to go through need to go through (this will help to stop (this will help to stop the fire from spreading the fire from spreading so rapidly).so rapidly).

• • Check doors with the Check doors with the back of your hand. If a back of your hand. If a door is warm, don’t door is warm, don’t open it – the fire is on open it – the fire is on the other side.the other side.

What to do if your clothes catch fire

• Don’t run around – you’ll fan the flames and make them burn faster.

• Lie down and roll around. This smothers the flames and makes it harder for the fire to spread.

• Smother the flames with heavy material, like a coat, a blanket or a fire blanket.

• If the fire is blocking your exit, or if the stairs in your block of flats are blocked by fire or smoke, stay calm and go back inside your flat and wait for the Fire and Emergency Service to arrive.

If your escape route is If your escape route is blockedblockedIf the fire is inside your If the fire is inside your

flatflat• • Get everyone into the safe Get everyone into the safe

room you have chosen.room you have chosen.• • Put cushions, bedding and Put cushions, bedding and

so on at the bottom of the so on at the bottom of the door to stop smoke door to stop smoke getting in.getting in.

• • Open the window. If you Open the window. If you feel in serious danger, feel in serious danger, wave a sheet out of the wave a sheet out of the window so the firefighters window so the firefighters know where you are.know where you are.

If the fire is outside your If the fire is outside your flatflat

• • Seal your front door with Seal your front door with tape if you can, as well as tape if you can, as well as cushions and bedding, to cushions and bedding, to stop smoke getting in.stop smoke getting in.

• • Close any ventilators.Close any ventilators.

• • Phone 101/108, giving Phone 101/108, giving your address and number your address and number of your flat.of your flat.

ACTION FOR FIRE IN TRAIN

FIRST AND FOREMOST : SUMMON THE FIRE BRIGADE

PULL THE ALARM CHAIN AND STOP THE TRAIN IMMEDIATELY

TRY & PUTOUT THE FIRE BEFORE IT BECOMES BLAZE, BY WATER OR BLANKETS

HOLD A WET CLOTH LOOSELY OVER NOSE & MOUTH

INSTRUCT PASSENGERS TO MOVE TO OTHER SIDE OR NEXT COACH

AFTER TRAIN STOPS, PASSENGERS SHOULD COME DOWN FROM THE COACH IMMEDIATELY

ISOLATE THE BURING COACH FROM THE OTHER BY UNCOUPLING

WHEN A PERSON IS ON FIRE

APPROACH HIM HOLDING THE NEAREST AVAILBLE WRAP INFRONT OF YOU

WRAP IT ROUND HIM LAY HIM FLAT AND SMOTHER

THE FLAMES HE MAY ROLL ON THE

FLOOR,SMOTHERING THE FLAMES

To increase fire safety for apartment dwellers, AP Fire Department offers the following guidelines:

Know the plan Practice is the key Never use a lift or elevator Stay low Steal yourself in for safety Stay by the window

Make your home safe for childrenMake your home safe for childrenA child can start a fire in moments, only if he or A child can start a fire in moments, only if he or

she has the means to do so.she has the means to do so.

• • Don’t leave children on their own Don’t leave children on their own in a room where there’s a fire in a room where there’s a fire risk.risk.

• • Keep matches and lighters Keep matches and lighters where children cannot see or where children cannot see or reach them.reach them.

• • Place candles and matches Place candles and matches where children cannot reach where children cannot reach them.them.

• • Put a childproof fireguard in front Put a childproof fireguard in front of an open fire or heater.of an open fire or heater.

• • Don’t let children play or leave Don’t let children play or leave toys near a fire or heater.toys near a fire or heater.

• • Put child locks on cupboards Put child locks on cupboards containing anything that could containing anything that could be used to start a fire (for be used to start a fire (for example, matches, candles, example, matches, candles, flammable liquids and so on).flammable liquids and so on).

• • Keep portable heaters in a Keep portable heaters in a safe place where they can’t safe place where they can’t be knocked over when they be knocked over when they are being used or stored.are being used or stored.

• • Keep your escape route Keep your escape route clear of toys and other clear of toys and other obstructions.obstructions.

• • Never leave children alone Never leave children alone in the kitchen when you’re in the kitchen when you’re cooking, and never let cooking, and never let them play near the oven them play near the oven and hob.and hob.

• • Put plug guards into sockets Put plug guards into sockets so that children can’t stick so that children can’t stick anything into the holes.anything into the holes.

Fire Safety - On-the-JobFire Safety - On-the-Job

Keep flammables away from ignition sources

Know your chemical properties (check the MSDS for flammable/combustible information)

Do not block fire extinguishers with equipment

Utilize those with electrical expertise/installations/assistance

Do not overload outlets - use a track plug

Practice good housekeeping techniques in the lab/office/work area

Inspect wires for possible damages and replace

Evacuation Planning - On-the-Job

Know the way out from your work area. Know the location of the closest manual fire

alarm system/point. Know the location of the closest fire

extinguisher. In the event of a fire in a lab or work area dial

the emergency number, evacuate the location or pull the manual fire alarm system/point.

Review the location of the meeting place for the group in the event of a building evacuation.

Utilize a check sheet to ensure everyone is accounted for. This re-emphasizes the importance of communication between team members.

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DO NOT WASTE TIME FOR COLLECTING VALUABLES

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DO NOT PANIC

62

INFORM FIRE BRIGADE ABOUT FIRE

ALERT NEIGHBOURS

63

IF POSSIBLE, USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

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DO NOT TAKE SHELTER IN TOILET

TOILET

65

SHUT ALL THE DOORS BEHIND YOU

66

DO NOT USE LIFT TO ESCAPE

L I F T

67

MAKE EXIT TO GROUND LEVEL INSTEAD OF TERRACE

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USE NEAREST MEANS OF ESCAPE AND THE STAIRECASE AVAILABLE

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STAY CLOSE TO THE FLOOR LEVEL

IF TRAPPED OR IF TRAPPED OR STRANDED STRANDED

70

COVER THE GAPS OF THE DOOR BY BLANKET OR BY RUG OR ANY

OTHER PIECE OF CLOTH AVAILABLE

IF TRAPPED OR IF TRAPPED OR STRANDED STRANDED

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DO NOT JUMP OUT OF THE BUILDING.SIGNAL OR SHOUT FOR HELP

RESCUE METHODS RESCUE METHODS

TWO HANDED SEAT TWO HANDED SEAT FOUR HANDED SEATFOUR HANDED SEAT THE FORE AND AFT METHOD THE FORE AND AFT METHOD FIREMAN’S LIFTFIREMAN’S LIFT HUMAN CRUTCH HUMAN CRUTCH BLANKET LIFT BLANKET LIFT PICKPICK--AA--BACKBACK REMOVAL DOWNSTAIRSREMOVAL DOWNSTAIRS

TWO HANDED SEATTWO HANDED SEAT

FOUR HANDED SEATFOUR HANDED SEAT

THE FORE AND AFT METHOD

FIREMAN’S LIFTFIREMAN’S LIFT

HUMAN CRUTCHHUMAN CRUTCH

BLANKET LIFTBLANKET LIFT

PICK - A - BACK

REMOVAL DOWNSTAIRSREMOVAL DOWNSTAIRS

ASSEMBLY POINT ASSEMBLY POINT A designated safe area away from building, where users / occupants of building are assembled when an evacuation is ordered to have head count and see that no one is trapped inside the building.

HOW TO CALL FIRE HOW TO CALL FIRE BRIGADEBRIGADERemember that every minute is valuable

once fire breaks out.

Dial 101 or your nearest Police Station.

Tell your name, address, telephone number and land marks to identify place on fire.

Keep the phone receiver and wait for confirmation.

Do all these things coolly and calmly.

Avoid false calls. It will delay really needy people’s calls. This may be your own relative or friend.

THE CHINA AIRLINES FLIGHT 120 INCIDENT ON AUGUST 20, 2007 REQUIRED RAPID

INTERVENTION AND RESCUE AND ULTIMATELY SAVED THE LIVES OF ALL 165

PASSENGERS AFTER IT CAUGHT FIRE

Rosenbauer ‘Tiger’ unit at Bengaluru International

Airport, Bangalore, India.

A German Lentner “Avenger” airport crash tender built on a Dutch space-frame Terberg 6×6 chassis at the

Bydgoszcz Szwederowo Airport, Poland. It can carry up

to 12,000 liters of water as well as 1,500 liters of foam.

Dubai International Airport, a Rosenbauer ‘Panther’ 8×8 unit. It weighs nearly 40 tons, and has a a capacity of 3,830 gallons

(14,500 liters) of fire extinguishing agents and a maximum speed of 87 mph (140 km/h). It won gold at the International

Design Excellence Award in 2008.

Another Carmichael unit with a different paint job at the East Midlands Airport in the UK.

A Rosenbauer ‘Simba’ tender operating out of Frankfurt am Main Airport, for

which it was specially designed

A pair of E-One Titan HPR spotted at Groningen Airport Eelde in the Netherlands. It

has a pump capacity of 7800 lpm and can

carry 11750 litres of water.

I believe to be a Unipower chassis - fabricated by UMW Wagon Engineering,

at a Malaysian airport.

30-ton Carmichael International Cobra 2 fire engines at

Manchester Airport, UK

Iveco Magirus’s Super Dragon X8. Iveco manufactures a lot of mainland

Europe’s fire engines

Oshkosh Striker 1500 ARFF Truck 815 of Portland Airport Fire Rescue in the United States. Oshkosh is a familiar manufacturer in the United States for heavy

duty vehicles as airport emergency trucks

Fire training at Schipol Airport, Amsterdam

A Scania P380 6×6 short cab vehicle operating out of Oskarshamns, Sweden

An airport fire service lifting unit from Italy, on tour in

Hanover, Germany

A Rosenbauer unit with telesquirt at Macau

International Airport

Another Rosenbauer unit at Delhi International Airport

The Derbyshire Fire & Rescue Service has 9 full-time, 3 day-staffed and 19 retained Fire Stations the Avensis 2.2-litre D-

4D diesels, manufactured at Toyota’s plant in Burnaston, Derbyshire, for use by fire officers for operational purposes

and by senior and middle managers.

1990 Mack unit 201 from Québec, Canada

Fire Station at Rajiv Gandhi International

Airport

Airport Rescue & Fire Fighting Hyderabad

Any ?