fire sprinkler systems
DESCRIPTION
Prepared by Thomas Bartsch Chief Fire Inspector (ret)Former Chief of Department,Valley Stream, NYTRANSCRIPT
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Fire SprinklerFire SprinklerSystemsSystems
Prepared by Thomas BartschChief Fire Inspector (ret)
Former Chief of Department,
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! fre sprinkler systemis an ACTIVE"reprotection meas#re, consistin$ of a %aters#pply system, pro&idin$ ade'#ate press#reand o% of %ater thro#$h a distrib#tion
pipin$ system, onto %hich "re sprinlers areconnected,
Sprinler systems ha&e been aro#ndsince the late *++-s,
In *+./, 01S1 Pamelee patented the "rst
practical a#tomatic sprinler,
What is a SprinklerSystem
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Life Safety Considerations
No reported m#ltiple deaths in acompletely sprinled b#ildin$,
2ife Safety is enhanced,
Comb#stion prod#cts are limited, %ithe3tin$#ishment in the incipient sta$e,
Controls .4 of all "res %ith "&e orfe%er sprinlers acti&ated1
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The CodesThe Codes
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By code de"nition, there are T56cate$ories of "re s#ppression systems7
8e'#ired SystemsNon98e'#ired Systems
Required Systemsare those re'#ired to beinstalled, by code, d#e to life safety and:or
b#ildin$ contents,
Non-Required Systemsare installedsystems not re'#ired by the code,
The Codes
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It is #nla%f#l to occ#py any portion of ab#ildin$ #ntil the REQUIREDs#ppressionsystem has been tested and appro&ed,
5hen a REQUIREDsystem is o#t of ser&ice,
and %here re'#ired by code enforcement, theb#ildin$ shall e&ac#ated or an appro&ed Fire5atch shall be pro&ided, %hose only d#ty is to
patrol the premises and eep %atch for "res,
The Fire 5atch m#st ha&e means to notifythe FD1
The Codes
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Sprinkler DesignSprinkler Design
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There are two%ays to desi$n a sprinlersystem7
Pipe Schedle or !ydralically Calclated"
Pipe Schedle;pipe is si
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NFP! *= re'#ires hydra#lically desi$nedsystems to ha&e a sec#red si$n placed at the&al&e s#pplyin$ desi$ned area1 This in
addition to the >?eneral Information@ si$n,
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NFP! Standard *=, Standard or theInstallation o Sprinkler Systems, no%
re'#ires, on ne% systems, a permanentmared and sec#red !eneral InormationSi"n,
5hile si$n is helpf#l, it sho#ld not beconsidered a complete ha
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Sample of >?eneral Information Si$n@re'#ired by NFP! *= on ne% systems
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Types of SystemsTypes of Systems
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Types of Systems
There are fourmajortypes of sprinlersystems7
The Wet Pipesystem,
The Dry Pipesystem,
The Delgesystem and
The Pre#Actionsystem1
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Types of Systems
Wet pipe #########by far the mostcommon,
Dry#pipe #########where water freezing ispossible$
Delge ############for high hazard
applications,
Pre#Action #######where concerns overwater damage.
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Wet Pipe SprinklerWet Pipe Sprinkler
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Pipes are al%ays "lled %ith %ater1 0eatfrom "re opens a sprinler head,
As#ally only one or t%o heads open,
5ater o%s #ntil it is sh#t o,
The open sprinler head(s) is replaced andthe system is reset1
Wet Pipe Sprinkler
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!n openin$ sprinler head tri$$ers thesystem
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! one9%ay clapper pre&ents %ater from re9enterin$ the %ater s#pply,
?a#$es on both sides of the main &al&e,
re$ister press#re on the s#pply and systemsides,
! retard chamber pre&ents s#dden
press#re s#r$es %hich co#ld ca#se a falsealarm,
!n alarm #he#k $al$edetects %ater o%and acti&ates the alarm s stem,
Wet Pipe Sprinkler
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There is a control &al&e to sh#t o thesystem, normally an %&S&' (&(6#tside Stem andoe) or (6#tside Scre% and oe),
There is a main drain $al$e%hich drainsthe system for ser&ice,
!nd an Inspe#tors )est *al$e, #s#ally at theend of the system, #sed to sim#late o% froma sin$le head and to meas#re the systemresponse,
Wet Pipe Sprinkler
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Typical %et pipe sprinkler&al&e
Clapper Val&e
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Restoration of the System, LiabilityIssues;
Some occ#pancies ha&e re'ired
systems for life safety, i1e1, p#blic assembly,hotels and hi$h9rises,
Does yo#r FD allo% restoration of the
systemIf Not, then re'#ire a FI8 5!TC0 or
V!CA!T T0 BAI2DIN?E11
Wet Pipe Sprinkler
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If yo#r S6P allo%s restoration7
after the "re is completely #nder control,
the closest sectional %ater control &al&esho#ld be closed,
the main control &al&e sho#ld not be
closed #nless there are no sectional &al&es,
Wet Pipe Sprinkler
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Restoration of the System;
sh#t do%n any %ater so#rce s#pplyin$ thesystem,
the sprinler head(s) are replaced %ith anidentical one from the spares in the sprinlercontrol room,
re9open any closed control &al&es,
open the Inspectors Test Val&e to ens#re
%ater is o%in$ to the topmost sprinler1
Wet Pipe Sprinkler
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Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
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Dry Pipe SprinklerDry Pipe Sprinkler
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Dry pipes systems are #sed in #nheatedb#ildin$s, b#t the &al&e room m#st beheated,
Dry pipe systems are more dic#lt todesi$n than %et pipe systems and are
Dry Pipe Sprinkler
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Pipes are not "lled %ith %ater (b#t %ithpress#ri
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5ater "lls the pipes and e3its thro#$h anopen sprinler head(s),
5ater o%s #ntil sh#t o,
6pen sprinler head is replaced,
System is reset,
Dry Pipe Sprinkler
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Pipes in protected space are "lled %ithair or inert $as7 an openin$ sprinler head,tri$$ers the system by releasin$ the air or$as, %hich allo%s %ater to o% into thepipes and then o#t thro#$h the open
sprinler head,
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! dry pipe $al$eeeps press#ri
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Typical Dry Pipe Val&e
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The !hausterdetects decrease in air
press#re and helps bleed o air,
Dry Pipe Sprinkler
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The"cceleratordetects decrease in airpress#re and pipes air press#re belo% theclapper &al&e, to speed #p it-s openin$,
Dry Pipe Sprinkler
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TypicalDryPipeSprinkler set
p
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Restoration of the System;
resettin$ is not #s#ally performed by FDpersonnel,
notify the property o%ners that thesystem has acti&ated,
the system has to be drained and the dry
pipe &al&e has to be reset, this is acomple3 proced#re,
in mild %eather, the system can stay in a
%et condition1
Dry Pipe Sprinkler
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Delge SystemDelge System
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Delge Sprinkler
Pipes are not "lled %ith %ater (or $as),
!ll sprinler heads are pre9opened,
! si$nal from a detection de&icemechanically opens a %ater &al&e,%ater "lls the pipes and o%s from all
heads,%ater o%s #ntil sh#t o,system is reset1
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Primarily installed in special ha
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Pipes in protected area are empty7 adetector si$nal tri$$ers the system, allo%in$%ater:foam to enter pipes and o% from allsprinler heads (%hich are already open),
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Delge System
Restoration of the System;
the del#$e clapper &al&e m#st beman#ally reset %ith the latchin$
mechanism in place,
the detection system is re9acti&ated,
beca#se of these proced#res, it is notrecommended for the FD to restore thesystem, lea&e it to the professionals1
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Pre#Action SystemPre#Action System
Pre Action Sprinkler
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Pipes are not "lled %ith %ater,
!ll sprinler heads are of the standard type(they are closed),
! detection de&ice opens a %ater &al&e,
5ater "lls the pipes,
5ater only o%s from a sprinler head i it isopened by heat from a "re,
5ater o%s #ntil sh#t o and system isreset1
Pre#Action Sprinkler
i S i kl
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Ased primarily to protect property %here
%ater co#ld se&erely dama$e facilities ore'#ipment, (historical items)
Similar to dry9pipe and del#$e system7
closed pipin$,little or no air:$as press#re,%ater does not o% to the sprinlerheads #ntil detector acti&ates,%ater on "re after sprinler head f#ses,
T#rns into a %et system, b#t allo%s
personnel to chec:"$ht "re before head f#ses,
Pre#Action Sprinkler
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Pipes in protected area are empty7 adetector si$nal tri$$ers the system, allo%in$%ater to enter pipes and o% into pipin$net%or7 heat from a "re may then open a
sprinler head7 accidental dama$e to a
P A i S i kl
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Restoration of the System;
the del#$e clapper &al&e m#st beman#ally reset %ith the latchin$ mechanism
in place,
the detection system, %ith s#per&isory
feat#res is re9acti&ated,
beca#se of these proced#res, it is notrecommended for the FD to restore the
system, lea&e it to the professionals1
Pre#Action Sprinkler
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Sprinkler !eadsSprinkler !eads
Sprinkler !eads
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Sprinkler !eadsSprinler heads are the ey components of
the system,
0eads m#st be s#itable in desi$n,performance, application and temperat#re
for type of property it is protectin$,
Standard heads are mared %ith SS#(standard sprinler #pri$ht)or SS$(standard sprinlerpendent)on the deector,
Side %all heads may be pendent, #pri$ht,or hori
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Sprinkler !eadsfrangible bulb
fusible link
The typical sprinler head is acti&ated byheat (temperat#re),
opens %hen a tri$$erin$ action occ#rs,a fran$ible b#lb breas (color indicatestemperat#re settin$),a f#sible lin melts,%ater o%s %hen head is opened,%ater is man#ally sh#t o,once acti&ated, head m#st be replace,
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Sprinkler !eads
%ypes(
Apri$htPendantSide%all
8ecessed heads
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Sprinkler !ead Temperatre )atings$Sprinkler !ead Temperatre )atings$Classi*cations and Color CodingClassi*cations and Color Coding
Temperat#re 8atin$Temperat#reClassi"cation
Color Codin$ ?lass B#lb Colors
F C
*=H9*. H.9.. 6rdinaryAncolored or Blac
6ran$e or 8ed
*.H9H .J9*.Intermediate 5hite ello% or ?reen
H9= **9*/J0i$h Bl#e Bl#e
=H9=.H *K=9*J*3tra 0i$h 8ed P#rple
/9/.H /9/KVery 3tra 0i$h ?reen Blac
H9H.H H9=Altra 0i$h 6ran$e Blac
KH =/=Altra 0i$h 6ran$e Blac
S i kl ! d P t
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Sprinkler !ead Parts
d S i kl d
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Fsed Sprinkler !ead
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Frangi+le ,l+ !ead
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frangi+le+l+
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fsi+lelink
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Chemical pellet
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S i kl ! d
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Sprinkler !eads
Storage Ca+inet(
e3tra headssprinler %rench
Cabinets hold a minim#m of si3 sprinlers
and sprinler %rench in accordance %ithNFP!L*=1
2ess than = heads min K spares= M *, heads min * spares
ore than * heads min / spares
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Control Val&esControl Val&es
Control
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ControlVal&es
6SO Val&ePost Indicator Val&e (PIV)Post Indicator Val&e !ssembly(PIV!)
6peratin$ Val&es OS&Y securedin openposition by
chain & lock
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6#tside Scre% and oe(6SO) Val&e
Post IndicatorVal&e (PIV)
Monitored
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5all Post Indicator
Val&e (5PIV)
Post IndicatorVal&e !ssembly
(PIV!)
Water-o% Alarms
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Water-o% Alarms
0ydra#lic or lectrical7
%arn of %ater mo&ement insystem,hydra#lic alarm so#nds local,electrical alarm so#nds local and
"re alarm system1
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Fire DepartmentFire Department
ConnectionConnection
Fire Department
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Fire DepartmentConnection .FDC/
Connection #s#ally by9passes control &al&e7system can be #sed re$ardless ofposition control &al&e is in1
2ocation;sho#ld be one located near mainentrance of b#ildin$,
others may be located at &ario#slocations aro#nd b#ildin$,for #se by additional companies,%hen system is di&ided into
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allo%s FD to p#mp supplemental%ater,shall be &isible and reco$ni
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What it looks like
Fi D t t
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Safety consideration;
Do not p#t yo#r hands in the FDC toclear debris o#t, beca#se it may haðe presence of;
broen $lass,sharp metal,#sed dr#$ needles,e&en a bee-s nest
Fire DepartmentConnection .FDC/
Fire Department
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Dic#lties may be enco#ntered %ith theFDC7
These dic#lties may incl#de;missin$ or ti$ht caps,defecti&e or incompatible threads,debris st#ed into the connection,female s%i&els o#t9of9ro#nd,fro
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Cans, bottles, balls, metalsand dr#$ needles ha&ebeen sho&ed into FDC-s1
Don-t #se yo#r hands toclean it o#t
Fire DepartmentConnection .FDC/
If the FDC is not#sable, notify the ICthat %ater can not bes#pplied to the system1
Fire Department
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Some 8emedies7 ro1en swi$els2 dee#ti$e #lapper0
a spare male cap sho#ld be carried in thee&ent it becomes necessary to cap one sideof the FDC to pre&ent an o#to% of %aterd#e to a malf#nctionin$ clapper &al&e,connectin$ a second line is another
sol#tion,tap the s%i&els %ith a spanner %rench toloosen paint, dirt, etc1,t%ist the s#pply hose / to H left t#rns,
insert and t#rn to the ri$ht,
Fire DepartmentConnection .FDC/
Fire Department
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any FDC-s are e'#ipped %ith eithermetallic or plastic &andal proof caps,
these caps are #s#ally attached %ithscre% eyes placed o&er the pin l#$s on thefemale s%i&el,
both metal and plastic caps are remo&edby striin$ the center of the cap %ith a tool,caps can also be remo&ed by pryin$ oneof the scre% eyes o the pin l#$1
Fire DepartmentConnection .FDC/
Fire Department
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Some FD-s #se sec#ritycaps, respondin$m#t#al aid
departments, withoutthe key, %ill not be ableto remo&e the capEE11
Qno3 re$istered FD ssho#ld re'#est e3traeys for their m#t#alaid departments,
KNOX
KEY
Fire DepartmentConnection .FDC/
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Sprinkler SystemSprinkler SystemFailresFailres
Sprinkler System Failres
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Sprinkler System Failres
There are threeprincipal ca#ses of#nsatisfactory sprinler performance7
*1 ! closed &al&e in the %ater s#pply,
1 Inade'#ate %ater s#pply deli&ery,=1 6cc#pancy chan$es ne$atin$ the
system desi$n1
Pre9plannin$, inspections, propermaintenance and testin$ sho#ld correct theseproblems1
Sprinkler System Failres
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6ne of the leadin$ ca#ses of sprinlersystem ineecti&eness occ#rs %hen stora$econtents or con"$#rations chan$e and thesystem is not altered to match the ne%ha
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FD 0perationsFD 0perations
FD 0perations
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5e connect to the FDC in case of
ins#cient %ater s#pply or many headsopened ta3in$ the system,
Apon arri&al, stretch a s#pply line to the
FDC, b#t don-t char$e it #ntil con"rmed%orin$ "re,
5hene&er possible, a#$ment the system
%ith t%o dierent p#mpers,
Char$e the line, start p#mp press#re at *H
psi #nless system is posted for a dierent
FD 0perations
FD 0perations
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If hose lines are #sed for "re"$htin$, %aterfor the system sho#ld be taen from so#rcesthat do not red#ce sprinler protection,
Verify %ater is o%in$ from the system, ifnot, chec if control &al&es are open, ha&e aFF %ith a radio positioned at the &al&e,
If present, sh#t the system do%n by #sin$ asectional or oor control &al&es instead of themain control &al&e,
FD 0perations
FD 0perations
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If system is connected to a potable %aters#pply, a&oid draftin$ from open %ater so#rces#nless baco% protection is installed,
Anless ta$$ed /losed or Repair, anycontrol &al&es not open, sho#ld be reported tothe "re in&esti$ators oce,
FD 0perations
Smmary
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Ne&er sh#t the system do%n to impro&e&isibility,
Don-t sh#t the system do%n #ntil "re has
been e3tin$#ished,
Notify the IC if %ater can not be s#pplied tothe system d#e to defecti&e FDC,
2astly, a properly desi$ned, installed,maintained and FD a#$mented system cans#pply %ater directly to the "re in a more
eecti&e manner than man#al "re
Smmary
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Thank 1oThank 1o
2estions32estions3