fire support

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FIRE SUPPORT

Table of Contents:

I. Organization by Unit, pp. 2-3II. Key Terms Defined/FSCMs, pp. 4-8III. CDR’s Responsibilities in Top Down FS Planning, p. 9IV. Capabilities and Planning Considerations, pp. 10-15V. Fire Support Planning Process, pp. 16-18VI. Essential Fire Support Tasks, pp. 19-22VII. Staff Planning Tools, pp. 23-33VIII. Artillery and Mortars Effects, pp. 34-38

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FA BN 155 - MM SP

HHBFA BTRY

155 - MM SPServiceBattery

34/2/587

17/0/110 15/0/375 2/2/102

MAJOR EQUIPMENTHowitzer, medium, Self Propelled, 155 mm 18

Carrier, Cargo 18

Carrier, CP 9

FIST-V 12

COLT 6

Q-36 1

MECH/ARMOR DIVISIONS LIGHT DIVISIONS

FA BN 105 - MM TOWED

HHS FA BTRY 105 - MM (T)

MAJOR EQUIPMENTHowitzer, medium, Towed, 105 mm 18

HMMWVs 18

Q-36 Counter Battery Radar 1

36/3/405

27/3/1959/0/210

DS FA BATTALION ORGANIZATION

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Light Infantry Division105mm Towed Artillery(DS)105mm Towed Artillery(DS)

x 18 per DS Bn per BDE ( 6 per battery)

x 6 ( one battery )General Support to Div

155mm Towed Artillery(GS)155mm Towed Artillery(GS)

Airborne / Air Assault Division

No General Support Artillery to the Division

105mm Towed Artillery(DS)105mm Towed Artillery(DS)


(GS)(GS)

MTRsMTRs

60mm2 x CO

81mm4 at Bn

MTRsMTRs

60mm2 x CO

81mm4 at Bn

155mm SP Artillery(DS)155mm SP Artillery(DS)


x 6 ( one battery )x 18 General Support to Div

MLRS (GS)MLRS (GS)

Mech / Armor DivisionMTRsMTRs

Noneat CO

120mm4 at Bn

FIRE SUPPORT SYSTEMS AVAILABLE BY TYPE DIVISION

155mm Towed M198 Artillery155mm Towed M198 Artillery


Stryker BDE Combat TeamMTRsMTRs

FA Battalion 1 x Q-36 Radar 1 x Q-37 Radar

60mm2 x CO81mm4 x BN120mm2 x CO4 x BN

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Key Terms and DefinitionsFire Planning is a continuous process, usually top-down driven or initiated, of planning and coordinating fire support requirements. Central to

the process is the development and execution of essential fire support tasks (EFSTs). Conceptually, a fire plan is the logical sequence of executing EFSTs to support the concept of operation.

Targeting is the process of selecting targets and matching the response to them, taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It is a sub-process within the fire planning process specifically designed to manage only the DECIDE, DETECT, DELIVER and ASSESS (D3A) functions. Targeting occurs within the MDMP when the battle staff is developing an operations order (OPORD) (in this respect overlaying directly over many fire planning process functions) and occurs outside of the MDMP once the plan is completed (in this respect validating previous D3A decisions while planning for future D3A decisions).

High Value Targets(HVT) are targets deemed important to the enemy commander for the successful accomplishment of his mission. The loss of HVTs can be expected to contribute to a substantial degradation of an important enemy battlefield function. HVTs may or may not become High Payoff Targets (HPTs).

High Payoff Targets (HPTs) are HVTs that must be successfully acquired and attacked to contribute substantially to the success of friendly operations. They are developed on the basis of METT-T and are not dependent on the ability of the unit to acquire or attack them.

Essential Fire Support Task. A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan. A fully developed EFST has a task, purpose, method, and effects.

Concept of Fires. The logical sequence of EFSTs that integrated with the scheme of maneuver will accomplish the mission and achieve the commander's intent. Allocates in broad terms the fire support assets to achieve the EFSTs. The concept of fires is the basis of the fires paragraph.

Scheme of Fires. The detailed, logical sequence of targets and fire support events to find and attack the HPTs. It details how we expect to execute the fire support plan in accordance with the time and space of the battlefield to accomplish the commander's essential fire support tasks. The products of the fire support (FS) annex: fire support execution matrix (FSEM), target list/overlay, and/or a modified target synchronization matrix (TSM) articulate the scheme of fires.

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RADAR ZONESCritical Friendly Zones (CFZs)- An area, usually a friendly unit or location, that the maneuver commander designates as critical. It is used

to protect an asset whose loss would seriously jeopardize the mission. When the computer predicts that an enemy round will impact in a CFZ, the computer will report the location of the weapon that fired the round in precedence ahead of any other detection. Any location of a weapon firing into a CFZ will result in an immediate call for fire unless it is manually overridden by the radar operator. The CFZ provides for the most responsive submission of targets to the fire support system. The CFZ is the only zone that does not have to be in the search fan of the radar. Some examples where the commander may use CFZs are: battle positions (BPs), passage points, breach points, air-assault/airborne LZs and PZs, forward scout positions, support by fire positions, attack by fire positions, choke points along maneuver routes, and aviation forward arming and refueling point (FARPs).

Call for Fire Zones (CFFZs)- A CFFZ designates a search area forward of the FLOT that the maneuver commander wants suppressed, neutralized, or destroyed. An area designated as a CFFZ would likely be on enemy fire support positions and is closely tied to information developed during the IPB process and the HPTL. A CFFZ provides the second most responsive priority of request for fire generated by the radar. A target identified in a CFFZ will generate an FM;CFF Priority 2 message. However, the commander may upgrade this to a Priority 1 message for certain CFFZs. Some examples where a CFFZ may be used are: enemy mortar, artillery groups, and missile positions.

Artillery Target Intelligence Zones (ATIZs)- An area in enemy territory that the maneuver commander wishes to monitor closely. Any weapons acquired in this zone will be reported to the IFSAS/AFATDS computer ahead of any other target detection except CFZ and CFFZ, but the detection will only result in a target report. Examples where an ATIZ could be used are the same as for a CFFZ.

Censor Zones (CZs)- An area from which the commander wishes to ignore any target detection. CZs must be used very judiciously, since the computer does not report to the operator a round originating from a CZ. A CZ may be used to ignore a friendly artillery position that, because of its aspect angle to the radar, could be detected as enemy artillery. This situation could occur when an uneven FLOT exists or when friendly units are in enemy territory. A CZ may also be used when artillery fires in support of rear operations.

Radar Zone Rules 1. Any nine zones may be entered into the radar. 2. Define zones using 3 - 6 grids. 3. Zones can not touch or intersect each other. 4. No more then two zones can lie along the same search Azimuth. 5. All zones except CFZs must fall inside radar search sector

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BOUNDARIES BOTH PERMISSIVE (ENGAGE TGTS W/I BOUNDARIES) & RESTRICTIVE (CAN’T ENGAGE TGTS ACROSS)

PERMISSIVE MEASURESFIRE SPT COORD LINE: CORPS OR DIV LINE BEYOND WHICH ALL FIRES FSCL 2nd CORPS MAY BE FIRED WITH COORDINATION. FAILURE EFF 010530 Z JUN 94 TO COORDINATE DOES NOT PRECLUDE EN- GAGEMENT.

COORDINATED FIRE LINE: DIV OR BDE LINE BEYOND WHICH SURFACE CFL 9TH IN RGT TO SURFACE FIRES MAY BE FIRED W/O EFF 301245AUG64 COORDINATION

FREE FIRE AREA: CORPS OR DIV AREA WHERE ALL FIRES MAY BE FFA DELIVERED W/O COORDINATION 7TH ID

EFF 110001FEB94-130001FEB94

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES(ALL GRAPHICS ARE IN BLACK)

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RESTRICTIVE MEASURES

RESTRICTIVE FIRE LINE: RFL 2/9 IN BN OR HIGHER. LINE BETWEEN TWO 151200DEC 96 CONVERGING FORCES ACROSS WHICH NO FIRES (DIRECT/INDIRECT) OR THEIR EFFECTS MAY CROSS W/O COORDINATION W/ ESTABLISHING HQs

RESTRICTIVE FIRE AREA: BN OR HIGHER. AREA INTO WHICH RFA SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS ON FIRES 1/9 IN CANNOT BE EXCEEDED W/O COORDIN- EFF 201800AUG95 ATION W/ ESTABLISHING HQs NO DPICM

NO FIRE AREA: DIV OR HIGHER. AREA INTO WHICH NO NFA FIRES OR THEIR EFFECTS MAY BE DE- 3D INF DIV LIVERED W/O COORDINATION W/ EFF 091200JUN94 ESTABLISHING HQs

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES(continued)(ALL GRAPHICS ARE IN BLACK)

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RESTRICTIVE MEASURES (continued)

AIRSPACE COORDINATION AREA: ACA

FORMAL -- ESTABLISHED BY BDE OR HIGHER 4 MECH DIV. THREE DIMENSIONAL BLOCK MIN ALT: 400 OF AIRSPACE THAT PROVIDES LATERAL AND MAX ALT: 2700 ALTITUDE SEPARATION BETWEEN AIRCRAFT EFF 080600-080610 JUL94 AND OTHER FIRE SUPPORT ASSETS.

INFORMAL -- PREFERRED METHOD. ESTABLISHED USING LATERAL, ALTITUDE, OR TIME SEPARATION OR ANY COMBINATION. NORMALLY NOT DEPICTED ON A MAP OR OVERLAY

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES (continued)(ALL GRAPHICS ARE IN BLACK)

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UNDERSTAND HIGHER COMMANDER’S GUIDANCE FOR FIRE SUPPORT

INTEGRATE COMPANY MORTARS (IF AVAILABLE)

CONFIRM/REFINE TARGET LOCATIONS

ESTABLISH/VALIDATE TRIGGER POINTS/LINES FOR ENGAGEMENT

ASSIGN TARGET RESPONSIBILITIES

POSITION FORWARD OBSERVATION ASSETS

CHECK COMMUNICATIONS

REHEARSE FIRE SUPPORT PLAN WITH MANEUVER PLAN

VALIDATE FIRE SUPPORT WARNING ORDER

CHECK TERRAIN SKETCHES

NOMINATE TARGETS IF AUTHORIZED

COMPANY COMMANDER’S RESPONSIBILITY IN TOP DOWN FIRE PLANNING

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RATES OF FIRE

60MM -- MAX: 30 RNDS PER MIN SUST: 20 RNDS PER MIN UNLIMITED

81MM -- MAX: 30 RNDS PER MIN SUST: 15 RNDS PER MIN UNLIMITED

120MM -- MAX: 16 RNDS PER MIN FOR 1 MINSUST: 4 RNDS PER MIN UNLIMITED

MORTAR CAPABILITIES

PROJECTILE 60MM 81MM 120MM HE min 3490 5608 7200 max 70 83 200 ILLUM 3490 5100 7100 WP 3490 4500 7200 RP N/A 4875 N/A GAS N/A N/A N/A CS N/A N/A N/A

FPF SIZES

WEAPON SYSTEM # OF TUBES FPF SIZE

60MM 2 60 X 30

81MM 4 140 X 35

107MM 6 240 X 40

120MM 6 420 X 70

105MM 6 210 X 35

155MM 8 400 X 50

HOWITZER CAPABILITIES LIGHT INFANTRY: M119

PROJECTILE M119A1APERS* DIRECT FIRE ONLYHEP-T** DIRECT FIRE ONLY HE 14.3KMAPICM 11.5KMHE-RAP 19.1KMHC SMOKE 11.5KMWP 11.5KMILLUMINATION 11.5KM

*FLECHETTE RD; LIMITED SUPPLY**LIMITED SUPPLY; USED AGAINST LIGHT ARMORED VEHICLES AND BUNKERS

MAX/SUS RATE OF FIRE -- M119A1

6 RNDS/MIN FOR 2 MIN THEN 3 RNDS/MIN FOR 30 MIN THEN 1 RND/MIN

HOWITZER CAPABILITIES M109A6 (PALADIN)

PROJECTILE CHG8 CHG7W MAX RATE SUST RATEHE 18.1KM 14.7KM 4RDS/MIN FOR 1 RND/MIN

3 MIN FOR 60 MIN THEN .5 RDS/MIN

BB-DPICM 27.7 17.0DPICM* 17.8 14.4 M825 SMOKE 21.7 14.3COPPERHEAD*** 16.0 11.0ADAM/RAAM** 17.7 14.6ILLUMINATION 17.5 14.2HE-RAP 30.0 23.4

*CONTAINS 88 SUBMUNITIONS. EACH WILL PENETRATE 2.75” OF ARMORAND WILL PROCUCE ANTI-PERSONNEL FRAGMENTATION.

**FASCAM***FOOT PRINT CONSIDERATIONS: ANGLE “T” LESS THAN 800 MILS (45 DEGREES) DISTANCE FROM LASER TO TARGET: MOVING -- 3 KM STATIONARY - 5KM DISTANCE FROM HOWITZER TO TARGET: 16 KM

INDIRECT FIRE ASSETS - CAPABILITIES

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WEAPON RANGE (km)

MAX DPICM ILLUM RAP

NumberOfBomblets

RATEOFFIRESus/max

RATEOF

ILLUMRds/min

ILLUMAREA(dia.

meters)

SMOKEBUILDUP

TIME

AVG.BURNTIME

60mmM224

3.5 3.5 20/30rds/min

4 500m 1/2 min 1 min

81mmM29A1

4.8 3.9 8/25rds/min

2 360m 1/2 min 1 min

81mmM252

5.8 5.0 15/30rds/min

2 650m 1/2 min 1 min

107mmM30

6.8 5.5 3/9/18rds/min

1 800m 1/2 min 1 min

120mmM120

7.2 7.1 4/15

rds/min2 1500m 1/2 min 1 min

105mmM119A1

11.5 14.1 11.5 19.5 3/10rds/min

2 800m WP 1/2 minHC 1-1 1/2

1-1 1/23 min

155mmM198

18.3 18.0 17.5 30.1 2/4rds/min

1 1000m WP 1/2 minM825 1/2

1-1 1/25-10

155mmM109A5/A6

18.2 17.9 17.5 30.0 1/4rds/min

1 1000m WP 1/2 minM825 1/2

1-1 1/25-10

MLRSM270/270A1HIMARS

M26 Min: 10km Max: 32kmER Min: 13km Max: 45km

644518404

12 in 40seconds

ATACMSM270 IPDS/M270A1HIMARS

BLK I Min: 25km Max: 165kmBLK IA Min: 70km Max: 300kmBLK II Min: 35km Max: 140km

950APAM13 BATs

Artillery and Mortar Capabilities and limitations

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Risk Estimate Distances (REDs)

Item/System Description 1/10 PI 1/1,000 PI

1/3

RNG

2/3

RNG

MAX

RNG

1/3

RNG

2/3

RNG

MAX

RNG

M224 60mm Mortar 60 65 65 100 150 175

M29/M252 81mm Mortar 75 80 80 165 185 230

M120 120mm Mortar 100 100 100 150 300 400

M102/M119 105mm HE 85 85 90 175 200 275

M109/M198 155mm HE 100 100 125 200 280 450

M109/M198 155mm DPICM 210 225 250 450 450 600

NSFS MK-45 5”/54 gun 210 225 250 450 450 600

2.75” FFAR Rockets 160 160 160 200 200 200

CAUTIONThe provided risk-estimate distances are for combat use only and are not minimum safe distances for peacetime training use .

Risk-estimate distances allow the ground force commander to estimate the risk in terms of the percent of friendly casualties that may result from a strike against an enemy in close proximity to friendly elements. Risk-estimate distances are based on fragmentation patterns. The risk is expressed as the probability of incapacitation (PI), which is the probability that a soldier will suffer an incapacitating injury. Risk estimates were calculated using the following assumptions: 1. All cannon attacks are perpendicular to the FLOT. 2. An observer has adjusted the fires onto the target. (Unadjusted FFE fires may entail greater risk.) 3. The friendly troops are standing unprotected in the open, in winter clothing and helmet, and on a line perpendicular to the line of fire.

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Planning Unit Basic LoadsAMMUNITION MLRS 155mm BN 105mm BN 120mm PLT 81mm PLT 60mm PLT

HE 460 2304 704 336 456

HE RAP 1188 612

DPICM 2396

APICM 1152

CPHD 198

ILLUM 90 200 100 48 104

SMK 126 180

WP 200 96 140

MLRS DPICM684 (114

PODS)

ADAM-L 18

ADAM-S 126

RAAM-S 306

RAAM-L 54

BASEBLEED 414

Total684 (114

PODS)5376 4448 1004 480 700

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RadarsAN/TPQ-36

• Planning Ranges:– FA 14.5km– Mortars 18km– Rockets 24km

• Min Range - 750m • Search Sector 0230 to 1600mils (6400mils in

extended search mode)• Located 3-6km behind FLOT*• Emplacement Time 20 minutes• displacement Time 5 minutes• Air transport- CH47D, UH-60, C-130, C-

141

AN/TPQ-37

• Planning Ranges:– FA & Mortars 30km– Rockets 50km

• Min Range - 3km• Search Sector – 300 to 1600 mils• Located 8-12km behind FLOT* • Emplacement Time 30 minutes• displacement Time 15 minutes• Air transport- CH47D, C-141

Actual distances from the FLOT are METT-TC dependent and will vary with the tactical situation and commander’s guidance.

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DIRECT SUPPORT BATTALION MISSION PROCESSING TIMES

1ST VOLLEY 2-3 MINBATTERY 6 RDS = 36 RDS TOTAL = 2 MINBATTALION 2 RDS = 36 RDS TOTAL = 4-6 MIN

(DOES NOT INCLUDE CLEARANCE OF FIRES/FA TIME/TIME OF FLIGHT)

FASCAMPLANNED

REHEARSHEDBATTERY 40-45 MIN 20-25 MIN

FASCAM (400M X 400M)BATTALION 20-25 MIN 10-15 MIN

DIRECT SUPPORT BATTALION DISPLACEMENT TIMES

MARCH ORDER = 5 MIN ACHIEVE FIRING CAPABILITY = 15 MINROAD MARCH = 30 MIN TOTAL TIME = 45 MIN (WELL TRAINED UNIT) (10KM - 20KM/HR)

SMOKE (1000M FOR 10 MIN)ADJUSTMENT 5:30 - 11:30 2 PLTS TO BUILDBUILD- UP TIME :30 - 1:30 1 PLT TO SUSTAIN

TIME BEFORE SCREEN EFFECTIVE 6:00 - 13:00

FIRE SUPPORT RESPONSE TIMES

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Brigade

Develop Brigade EFSTs

Assign Responsibilities For Brigade EFSTs

Allocate Assets to Battalions/TFs

Verify Refinement

Rehearse & Execute

Develop Targets to Support Brigade EFSTs

Company/TM

Battalion/TF

Identify Requirements for Brigade EFSTs

Assign Responsibilities for Brigade EFSTs

Develop Battalion/TF EFSTs

Assign Responsibilities For Battalion/TF EFSTs

Allocate Assetsto Companies

Verify Refinement

Rehearse & Execute

Identify Requirements for Battalion/TF EFSTs

Assign Responsibilities for Battalion/TF EFSTs

Develop Company EFSTs

Assign Responsibilities For Company EFSTs

Rehearse & Execute

Identify Requirements for Division EFSTs

Assign Responsibilities for Division EFSTs

The Fire Planning Process

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MDMP STEPMDMP STEPINPUTSINPUTS ACTIONSACTIONS OUTPUTSOUTPUTS

• Higher WARNO or OPORD• Facts from FA Bn, ALO, Others• Facts from higher, lower, andadjacent FSE’s / FIST• IPB Products• Enemy COA from S-2• HVTs by enemy phase orcritical event

• Understand Higher Mnvr and FS Plan• Organize and Analyze facts• ID Specified and Implied Tasks• Translate Status of FS Assets into capabilities• Analyze effects of IPB on FS• Use above to develop draft EFSTs

• FSO protion of MA Brief Higher FS Plan Briefing Charts FS Status FS Capabilities/Limitations FS IPB Analysis FS Timeline• Recommend EFSTs• Commander Approves/ Modifies EFSTsand gives further FS Guidance

RECEIPT OF MISSION

MISSION ANALYSIS

COA DEVELOPMENTSee OUTPUTs from Step 1• Determine where to find and attack EFST formationsDetermine where to find and attack EFST formations

• ID HPTs in those formationsID HPTs in those formations• Quantify the effects for EFSTsQuantify the effects for EFSTs• Plan “Method” for EFSTsPlan “Method” for EFSTs Allocate TA Assets / Deliver AssetsAllocate TA Assets / Deliver Assets Integrate Triggers with Mnvr COAIntegrate Triggers with Mnvr COA• Use Battlefield CalulusUse Battlefield Calulus• Assist S-2 in R&S Development to support FSAssist S-2 in R&S Development to support FS

• For each COA developed: Concept of Fires Draft FSEM Draft TGT List / Overlay Draft TSM or modified TSM Collection / R&S Plan

COA ANALYSIS ANDCOA COMPARISON

COA APPROVAL ANDORDERS PRODUCTION

STAFF SUPERVISION

See OUTPUTs from Step 2

See OUTPUTs from Step 3

• Targeting Decisions : Finalize HPTL• Wargame FS Plan(s) VS enemy COAs• Modify / Refine Inputs as required• Refine and test FS plan

Final Drafts:• Fires paragraph• FS Annex FSEM TGT List/Overlay TSM (HPTL,AGM,TSS)

Approval briefing FS Plan briefed as part of each COA FSO presents analysis as part of battle staff

Commander: Selects, Approves, Modifies COAFSO: FS WARNO 3 Clean-up finalize & reproduce written products Prepare, rehearse, and issue OPORD FS Back brief Manage refinement FS Rehearsal

FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING PROCESS

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Enemy FormationEnemy Formation• Recon• Platoon• Company• Reserve• Dismounts• COPs• ADA• C2

• RISTA• Engineer Asset• Mortars• Med Arty Btry

Enemy CapabilityEnemy Capability• Maneuver• Direct Fire• Indirect Fire• Combat Power• Communicate• Observation

TA AssetTA Asset• Scouts• COLTs• UAV• Q36/37• GSR• SIGINT• FIST• TAR• Maneuver

Delivery AssetDelivery Asset• DS FA• MTRs• MLRS• R FA• GS FA/MLRS• CAS• NSFS

Desired Quantifiable EndstateDesired Quantifiable EndstateMethod of AssessmentMethod of Assessment•COLTs•UAV•Q36/37•GSR•SIGINT•FIST•TAR•Maneuver

DECIDEDECIDE DETECTDETECT DELIVERDELIVER ASSESSASSESS

DELAY DISRUPTLIMIT DESTROYFM 6-20-10

TARGETINGTARGETINGOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

TASKPURPOSE

TARGETINGMEETING

MDMP METHOD

Does munition match observer?Redundant OPs?Munition volume meet damage intent S,N,D?Survivability?

R & S PlanNAIsTAIs

EFFECTS

EFSTFiresParagraph

OBSERVATION PLAN

Harass SuppressNeutralize Destroy

FM 6-20-10

Degree of DamageDegree of DamageDuration of EffectsDuration of Effects

PIRHVTHPTL

AGM

UBL

RSR

CSR

LAND MANAGMENT

REATTACKREATTACKCRITERIACRITERIA

TGT LIST

FSEM

ATO

FIRE SUPPORT

FIRE SUPPORT TARGETING PROCESS

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ESSENTIAL FIRE SUPPORT TASK

• Prioritized list of things fire support must accomplish• A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a

combined arms operation. • Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his

tactical or operational plan• Expressed in terms of task, purpose, method, effects

“T-P-M-E”• TASK - Describes Targeting Objectives (delay, disrupt, limit,

destroy)• PURPOSE - Describes why the task contributes maneuver• METHOD - Describes how the task will be accomplished (Priority,

allocation, restriction)• EFFECTS - Quantify successful accomplishment of the task

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Essential Fire Support Task. A task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan. A fully developed EFST has a task, purpose, method, and effects.

TASK: Describes the targeting objective that fires must achieve against a specific enemy formation's function or capability. These formations are high-payoff targets (HPTs) or contain one or more HPTs. TASK is normally expressed in terms of objective, formation, and function.

• Objective. Targeting objectives such as disrupt, delay, limit or destroy (per FM 6-20-10). Other terms can be used as long as you and the FSCOORD share the same understanding of those terms.

• Formation. A specific element or sub-element of the enemy. Can specify a specific vehicle type or target category as long as the mutual meaning (between maneuver commander and FSCOORD/FSO is clear).

• Function. A capability of the formation that is needed for it (the enemy formation) to achieve its primary task and purpose.

PURPOSE: Describes the maneuver or operational purpose for the task. Normally described in terms of the maneuver purpose. This should identify as specifically as possible the friendly maneuver formation that will benefit from the targeting objective and describe in space and time what the objective will accomplish.METHOD: Describes how the task and purpose will be achieved. It ties the detect function to the deliver function in time and space and describes how to accomplish the task. Normally described in terms of priority, allocation and restriction. It is from the method of an EFST that subordinate units, including field artillery and target acquisition, get (some) of their essential tasks [essential field artillery tasks (EFAT) for artillery units].• Priority. For detection assets, it assigns priorities for named area of interest (NAIs), target area of interest (TAIs), engagement areas (EAs), and/or HPTs to find. For deliver assets, it assigns the priority of which HPT that system will primarily be used against.• Allocation. For both detection and deliver assets, it describes the allocation of assets to accomplish the EFST. • Restriction. Describes constraints - either requirements to do something; or prohibition on action. Normal considerations include ammunition restrictions and fire support coordinating measures.EFFECTS: Quantifying the successful accomplishment of the task - provides a guide to determine when we are done with the task. One measure of effects is to determine if the purpose was met. If multiple delivery assets are involved, it helps clarify what each must accomplish. Effects determination also provide the basis for the assess function of targeting and contribute to the decision of whether to re-attack the target.

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Example EFST 1 of 2

3.a. (2) Fires. Phase I. Counter-reconnaissance. Task.

Disrupt recon and C3 vehicles (ACRVs and BRDMs) of the 132nd MRR’s ability to identify and report our BPs and obstacle locations. Purpose. To allow the maximum surprise effects of fires in EA FLAME and to prevent effective early indirect fires against our BPs. Method. Pri- FA and mortar POF to TM B. Allo- COLTs 1 and 2 OPCON to TM B for Phase I and II. COLTs 3 and 4 OPCON to TF HQ for the entire operation. COLT 1 fires AB2000 (CPHD) when MRR recon is at VIC BM513. Alternate observer for AB2000 (CPHD) is COLT 2. Use DPICM against stationary enemy recon vehicles unless COLTs have a good CPHD target. TM B plans 1X mortar priority target. Rest- BDE CFL is PL BULLET. 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M). Effects. 2 ACRVs & 3 BRDMs recon vehicles destroyed west of PL SHOTGUN. Friendly BPs not identified by the enemy recon. Phase II. PL Shotgun. Task. Disrupt enemy long range AT and direct fires against TM B as it withdraws from counterrecon screen and delay lead MRC’s advance through Buffalo Gap. Purpose. To allow TM B to withdraw to the east of PL Shotgun and enable TF to engage lead MRCs with DPICM. Method. Pri- FA and mortar POF to TM B. Allo- TM B fires AB2700 (SMK-M), 10 minutes 500MX50M as it disengages from Buffalo Gap. Alternate observer for AB2700 is SCOUTs. As TM B clears PL Shotgun, they will fire AB1010 (FA FASCAM) 400Mx400M SD RAAMS/ADAMS, medium density. Alternate observer for AB1010 is SCOUTs. SCOUTs fire Group A10B behind FASCAM minefield after TM B clears PL SHOTGUN and lead MRC halts behind FASCAM. COLT 2 has one CPHD priority target. TM B has one mortar priority target AB2700. Rest- BDE CFL is PL BULLET. 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M). Effects. Enemy long range AT fires ineffective against TM B when withdrawing. Lead MRC delayed for 15 minutes in Buffalo Gap.

(Continued next page)

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Example EFST 2 of 2

Phase III. EA Flame.

Task. Disrupt the lead MRB’s ability to mass direct fires against BP 202, BP 101, and BP 303.

Purpose. To enable our TMs a direct fire advantage in EA Flame and the ability to destroy 70% of 132nd MRR in EA FLAME. Method. Pri-FA POF to TM A O/O TM TANK. Mortar POF to TM C.

Allo- COLTs 1 and 2 OPCON to TF HQ for Phases III and IV. TM A fires A1B when the lead MRC enters EA Flame. Alternate observer is TM TANK. TM A fires AB2002 FA FPF (300MX50M) if required. TF retains control of two CAS sorties for use in EA Flame. Informal ACA will be established by TF FSO & TF ALO. Complementary SEAD is provided by firing Group A1B.

Rest-BDE CFL shifts to PL SHOTGUN when TM B clears PL SHOTGUN. 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M).

Effects. Lead MRB unable to mass coordinated fires against BP 202, BP 101, and BP 303. 6 tanks, 8 BMPs, and 2 engineer vehicles destroyed.

Phase IV. Strong Point 1 and Counterattack. Task. Disrupt MRC sized formation from massing their combat power on SP1. Purpose. Allow TF 2-6 to maintain favorable force ratios vicinity SP1 and retain control of Cache Wye intersection. Method. Pri- Mortar POF to TM B. Allo- TM B allocated one mortar FPF. TM A fires AB2003 FA FPF (300MX50M) if required, alternate observer is TMA. Rest- 300M radius NFAs on COLT and Scout locations. Clear all smoke mission through 2nd BDE. FA priority targets and FPFs are battery sized (300MX50M). Mortar priority targets and FPFs are platoon sized (360MX60M). Effects. No enemy penetration of SP1, TM B maintains 80% combat power within SP1 There may be NO Essential Fire Support Tasks in a

particular phase.

Also, there may be more than one Essential Fire Support Taskin a particular phase.

23

Military Decision Making Process & Fire SupportINPUTS ACTIONS OUTPUTS CDRs INPUT NEXT ACTION

Mission

An

alysis

-Higher HQ OPORD -Facts from higher, lower, adjacent FSEs -IPB Products -Facts from FS assets

-Understand higher OPORD -Organize and analyze facts -Identify specified and implied tasks -Translate status of FS assets into capabilities -Analyze effects of IPB on FS -Develop Draft EFSTs

-FS portion of mission analysis brief

-Recommend EFSTs -Draft R&S plan

-Demand detail in the mission analysis briefing

-Approve or modify draft EFSTs

-Give your intent

-Give planning guidance, to include FS guidance, to the battle staff

-Modify outputs based on Cdr’s input

-Issue warning order (WARNO)

-Begin COA development -Develop fire support plan to support R&S plan

CO

A D

evelopm

ent

-FS portion of mission analysis brief

-Approved EFSTs

-Commander’s guidance for fire support

-Determine where to find and attack EFST formations -Identify HPTs in those formations

-Quantify effects for EFSTs

-Plan methods for EFSTs

-Allocate assets to acquire and attack -Integrate triggers with maneuver COA

-Use battle calculus

-Assist S2 in R&S plan development

For each COA develop a draft fire support plan that includes:

-Concept of fires

-Draft FSEM

-Draft target list

-Draft TSM or modified TSM

Approve or modify the draft EFSTs, as part of approving COAs, that will be analyzed in the next step.


-Issue WARNO

-Prepare for and conduct COA analysis

CO

A A

nalysis

For each COA to be wargamed:

-Concept of fires

-Draft FSEM

-Draft target list

-Draft TSM

-R&S Plan

-Requested EFSTs from subordinates

-Targeting decisions: finalize HPTL

-Wargame fire support plan(s) against enemy COAs

-Modify/refine inputs as required

-Refine and test fire support plan

Final drafts of:

-Fires paragraph

-Fire support annex to include:

-FSEM

-Target List

-Target overlay

-TSM or modified TSM

Approve wargame if not a participant


-Prepare COA decision briefing

CO

A A

pp

roval

-Fires paragraph

-Fire support annex to include:- FSEM -Target List -Target overlay -TSM or modified TSM

-Approval briefing

-Fire support plan briefed as part of each COA

-FSCOORD may present analysis as part of the staff

-Commander modifies or approves COA

-Issue WARNO

-Finalize fire support products

-Issue OPORD as part of the staff

-Conduct fire support backbriefs

-Demand detail in the COA approval briefing

-Approve/modify fire support plan as part of the approved COA

-Manage refinement

-Prepare OPORD and briefing products

-Conduct rehearsals

24

RESULTS OF FIRE SUPPORT MISSION ANALYSIS

• Fire Support Assets Available (Include DS/R/GSR FA, CAS, Mortars, IEW, COLT, etc.)

• Fire Support Capabilities (Number of Killer Missions*, Minutes of Smoke*, Number of FA Delivered FASCAM*)

• Availability of Fire Support Assets• Fire Support IPB (Effects of Terrain and

Weather on Fire Support Systems and Employment)

– Friendly– Enemy

• Established Fire Support Coordination Measures

• Recommended Fire Support Coordination Measures

• HPTs From Higher• Higher Commanders Attack Guidance and

Attack Criteria• Specified Fire Support Task From Higher• Implied Fire Support Tasks Form Higher• Recommended High Payoff Targets (HPTs)• Proposed Essential Fire Support Tasks

(EFSTs)• Fire Support Timeline*Parameters Determined By Unit SOP

COMMANDERS GUIDANCE FOR FIRE SUPPORT

• BLUF: Tell the FSO What You Want Fire Support To Do And What Your Priority Is

• Prioritized High Payoff Targets• Approved or Modified EFSTs in Logical

Sequence*– Task (Objective, Formation, Function)– Purpose (Tied To Maneuver Purpose)– Method

• Priority of Fires• Allocation of Priority Targets• Employment of Special Munitions (Changes to SOP)• Allocation of Targets• Allocation of COLTs/Strikers• Restrictions and Fire Support Coordination Measures

• Effects (Quantify Desired Results)• Positioning Considerations for Fire Support

Assets• Class V Planning Considerations

BDE Specific• Counterfire and Use of Radars

(Priorities,Allocation and Placement of Radar Zones)• Cueing Schedules

* Sub-Bullets Are Possible Format For INFO, Not Required Of Maneuver Commander - But Helpful to FSO

FIRE SUPPORT

BACK

25

FIELD ARTILLERY

DSRGSQ-36

Tactical Mission ModelUnit # of tubes Location EventAVAILABILITY

KILLER MISSIONSDPICM _____ x Company

_____ x Platoon CPHD _____ x MSNs HE (S) _____ x MSNs BnHE (D) _____ x MSNs Bn

FASCAM:400x400LOW 24/3 x____MED 48/6 x____HI 96/12 x____SD LD

927

1

3

2

SMOKE___x 1000m x 30min

ILLUM_____ MIN

FA CAPABILITIES

CASTYPE# SORTIESPUSH STRIP

NSFSTYPE SALT

MTRsTYPE HE WPILLUM#

RESTRICTIONS: RFIs

COLTs x _____TACP x _____ETAC x _____

# RDSPER TUBE

Appendix___ to Annex D toOPORD______________________

EventEventEvent

MISSION ANALYSIS - FIRE SPT ASSETS AVAILABLE

26

FIRE SUPPORT WARNING ORDER

MISSION DTGMISSIONSECTOR/BATTLE POSITION/OBJECTIVETASK ORGANIZATION WITH EFFECTIVE DTGTENTATIVE TIME SCHEDULE FOR MAJOR EVENTS (FS/MNVR)HIGHER HQ’s PLANNED TARGETS

BACK

27

UNDERSTAND AND ARTICULATE CDR’S GUIDANCE FOR EACH FS ASSET (PRIORITY OF THE TYPES OF TARGETS AND GUIDANCE AS TO THE EFFECTS DESIRED/REQUIRED)

PROVIDE PURPOSE, PRIORITY, ALLOCATION, AND RESTRICTION OF ASSETS AVAILABLE (FIELD ARTILLERY, MORTARS AND NGF, CAS IF AVAILABLE)

HIGH PAYOFF TGTS/ATTACK GUIDANCE MATRIX COLT EMPLOYMENT, POSITIONING,TARGET PRIORITIES, AND SECURITY CO/TM RESPONSIBILITIES FOR TARGETS/TARGET EXECUTION (PRIMARY AND BACK-UP

RESPONSIBILITIES)--OBSERVATION PLAN CLEARANCE OF FIRES (POSITIVE CONTROL) COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS (TARGET REFINEMENTS, PLANNING CUT-OFF TIMES,

ORGANIZATION OF FIST TEAMS IF NON-STANDARD) SEAD PLAN FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES (INCLUDE ON-ORDER MEASURES) AMMUNITION FIRING RESTRICTIONS (USE OF ILLUMINATION, SMOKE, DPICM, OR AMOUNT

OF AMMO TO BE FIRED/SAVED) CRITICAL COMMO CALL SIGNS AND FREQUENCIES NOT INCLUDED IN SOI (CO AND BN

EXTRACTS) REHEARSAL INSTRUCTIONS

BN/TF FIRE SUPPORT ORDERS BRIEF ESSENTIAL ELEMENT

BACK

28

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR ARTILLERY:

• FA MISSION STATEMENT (TASK AND PURPOSE) ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT (DS, R, GSR FA UNITS AVAILABLE) FA LOCATIONS (CURRENT AND PROPOSED) FA RANGES (DEPICTED AS RANGE FANS AND BASED UPON PREVAILING PROPELLENT CHG) FA AMMO STATUS (EXPRESSED IN BN VOLLEYS FOR HE/ICM, NUMBER OF FASCAM

MINEFIELD, NUMBER OF CPHD, MINUTES OF SMOKE AND ILLUM ) FA PRIORITY OF FIRES & ALLOCATION OF FA TGTS TO PLAN (PRIORITY TGTS, FPFs,

PREPLANNED)

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR MORTARS:

• MORTAR MISSION STATEMENT--PURPOSE AND PRIORITY OF FIRES MORTAR TUBES AND AMMO AVAILABLE MORTAR MOVEMENT/ OCCUPATION (PLT, SEC, ETC) MORTAR POSITIONS AND RANGE FANS MORTAR AMMO PRE-POSITIONING/RESUPPLY PLAN MORTAR AMMO STATUS (EXPRESSED IN NUMBER OF VOLLEYS FOR HE, NUMBER OF MINUTES

OF WP AND ILLUM) ALLOCATION OF MORTAR TGTS TO PLAN ( FPF, PRIORTIY TGTs, PREPLANNED)

BN/TF FIRE SUPPORT ORDERS BRIEF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (cont.)

BACK

29

FSO OPORD/REHEARSAL BRIEF COMMANDER’S GUIDANCE ACTIONS TO OCCUR ATTACK GUIDANCE ASSETS AVAILABLE PRIORITIES OF FIRE ALLOCATIONS PRIMARY/ALTERNATE TARGET

RESPONSIBILITIES OBSERVATION PLAN RADAR PLAN POSSIBLE REACTIONS TO ENEMY

INITIATIVES CONTROL MEASURES SIGNIFICANT EVENTS THAT ARE TO

OCCUR IN RELATION TO TIME OR PHASES OF AN OPERATION

BACK

FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX

ASSIGNS SPECIFIC FS RESPONSIBILITIES TO CO/TM CDR’S.

GRAPHICALLY DISPLAYS HOW THE FIRE SUPPORT PLAN SUPPORTS MANEUVER PLAN--SYNCHRONIZIES FIRE SUPPORT WITH MANEUVER.

IDENTIFIES WHO HAS BEEN ALLOCATED PRIORITY OF FIRES, PRIORITY TARGETS (AND WHEN THEY HAVE BOTH), AND FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES.

ASSIGNS TARGET EXECUTION RESPONSIBILITY -- OBSERVATION PLAN

WHEN APPROVED, THE FSEM BECOMES THE PRIMARY EXECUTION TOOL

30

LineNo TGT NumberDescription

a

Location Alt AttitudeL W Purpose

PrimaryAlternate

Observer Trigger Net

b c e f g h id

Appendix___ to Annex D toOPORD______________________ Page ______of______DTG_____________________________

TARGET LIST WORKSHEET

31

TFCNTRL

TEAMTANK

TEAMB

TEAMC

MTRPLT

FSCM

AA LD/LCPL

BUDPL

KING

1

A B C D E

2

3

4

5

64 CAS

FA POFFA PRI TGTAB 1009

AB2008

MORT POFMORT PRI TGT

GROUP A3BAB2009

AB1010

AB1011

POF TM C1 PRI TGT

SERIS JANE

MORT POFMORT PRI TGT

FA POFFA PRI TGT

POF TM B 1 PRI TGT

FPF

FA FPF

MORT FPF

AB 2010

CFL PL BUD EFF010001JUN

O/O CFL PL KINGRFL EFF 011800JUN

FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX (SAMPLE)

BACK

32

TFCNTRL

A CO

B CO

C CO

MTRPLT

FSCM

FIRE SUPPORT EXECUTION MATRIX (BLANK)

BACK

33

EVENTEVENT EVENTEVENT EVENTEVENT EVENTEVENT EVENTEVENTASSET STRENGTHUNITLOCATION Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:

Munition:Volume:Trigger:Effects:

Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


Enemy Formation

HVT/HPTs:


NOTE: ASSETS INCLUDE DS FA BN, R FA BN, GSR FA BN, GSR MLRS BN, CAS, AND NSFS

TARGET SYNCHRONIZATION MATRIX

34

60mm and 81mm HE EFFECTS60mm and 81mm HE EFFECTS

TRPS I/O (PLT)TRPS I/O (CO)TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(PLT)

TRPS DUG-IN (No OH )(CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(CO)

TRPS DUG-IN (W/OH )(PLT)

ARTILLERY

WHEELED VEH

APCs

TANKS

ROUNDS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108

- 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

2 3 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16

- - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

- 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1

- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 2 3

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

35

105mm Artillery and 120mm Mortar HE EFFECTS105mm Artillery and 120mm Mortar HE EFFECTS





ARTILLERY

WHEELED VEH

APCs

TANKS

ROUNDS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108

1 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11

3 6 12 15 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

- - 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

- 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 15

- - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3

- - - - - - 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2

- - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

36

105mm and 155mm APICM EFFECTS105mm and 155mm APICM EFFECTS





ARTILLERY

WHEELED VEH

APCs

TANKS

ROUNDS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108

4 6 8 9 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16

14 21 28 32 39 42 46 46 49 49 49 51 51 51 54 54 54 54

2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8

7 7 11 11 14 14 14 16 16 16 19 19 22 22 22 25 25 25

- - - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

- - - - - - 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

37

155mm HE EFFECTS155mm HE EFFECTS





ARTILLERY

WHEELED VEH

APCs

TANKS

ROUNDS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108

2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14

6 12 18 21 24 27 30 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

- 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7

1 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

- - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4

- 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7

- - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

- 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8

- - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

38

155mm DPICM EFFECTS155mm DPICM EFFECTS





ARTILLERY

WHEELED VEH

APCs

TANKS

ROUNDS 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108

3 6 9 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17

9 18 27 32 36 39 41 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9

3 6 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

- - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3

- 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7

- - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4

1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7

- - 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4

- - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

fire support

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