first edition landscape products - oaks pavers · parking lots, streetscapes, architectural...

PLANNING | DESIGN | INSTALLATION | MAINTENANCE SUPPOR T FOR COMMERCIAL LANDSCAPE PROJEC TS

LANDSCAPE PRODUCTS

COMMERCIAL RESOURCE GUIDE

FIRS

T ED

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Landscape features can offer more than aesthetic elements. They can

provide an integral site solution by solving regulatory, budgetary and/

or constraint issues for a commercial development. Our goal is to help

design professionals and regulatory agencies realize the potential

benefits of landscape features. This Resource Guide was developed with

three objectives in mind:

1 Outline the specific tools and resources available to help you

with site solutions - from planning to maintenance stages.

See Applications & Solutions Section page 4 - 27.

2 Answer common questions about site solutions using

Oaks products.

3 Identify which Oaks products are suitable and/or structurally

appropriate for different types of applications: pedestrian plazas,

parking lots, streetscapes, architectural features or retaining walls.

See Product Solutions Section, page 28 - 45.

At Oaks, our responsibility to landscape design professionals goes far

beyond manufacturing quality pavers and retaining wall products. You

can count on us to be your trusted resource during every phase of your

project – from planning to design to construction to maintenance!

we’re here to help you by understanding your needs...

DESIGN/EVALUATION• ASCE, ICPI and NCMA

Manuals & Software

• Capital & Life Cycle Costing Software

SPECIFICATION TENDER• CSA and ASTM Standards

• Sample Specifications, Patterns, CAD details

• Direct design assistance complete with stamped drawings

CONSTRUCTION• Oaks Inspection

Checklists

• ICPI/NCMA Contractor Certification Training

MAINTENANCE• Oaks Maintenance

Guides

• Product Quality Reports

• Warranty

PLANNING• Oaks Resource Guide

• Comprehensive library of supporting documentation

we have the resources to help you every step of the way!

02

COMMERCIAL RESOURCE GUIDE 03

Oaks is committed to being your trusted source for expert information and collateral on design systems that incorporate our complete line

of landscape products. In order to stay current on the most up to date advancements and technology, Oaks is actively involved in trade

and standards associations such as ASCE, ICPI, NCMA, CSA and ASTM. We have also created a number of tools to ensure that the design,

installation and maintenance of your landscape project is easier, more economical, and of the highest quality.

Please contact us if you would like more information on any of the ideas presented in this Resource Guide. We would be happy to discuss

possible alternatives or arrange an in-office lunch and learn.

04

applications & solutionsOaks Segmental Pavement Systems are developed for

various degrees of traffic, mosaic and Living Street appeal,

permeable pavement applications and northern climates,

with consideration for pedestrian safety and wheelchair

accessibility. Whether your intent is to enhance an

entranceway, build a staircase or manage grades, Oaks

Wall Products offer you design solutions for a variety of

wall classifications. This section will guide you through

making the right choices for your project, including

detailed installation techniques, design tips, capital/life

cycle costing and maintenance considerations.

in this sectionSegmental Concrete Pavement Systems . . . . . . . . .06

Traffic Defines Product Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07

Creating Patterns, Mosaics & Living Streets . . . . . . . . . .08

Structural Design of Interlocking Concrete Pavements . . . .09

Safe Pavements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Capital and Life Cycle Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

What is a Permeable Pavement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Structural & Hydraulic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Hydraulic Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Storm Water Quality Treatment Train . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Designing for Northern Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Capital and Maintenance Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Segmental Retaining and Architectural Walls . . . . .18

Using Architectural Walls to Define Outdoor Spaces . . . . .20

Positive First Impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Increasing Usable Space with SRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Drainage Design and Water Considerations . . . . . . . .23

Incorporating Barriers & Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Constructing Ramps, Staircases & Seating . . . . . . . . .25

Thinking Outside the Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

APPLICATIONS & SOLUTIONS 05

Paver: Avenue Series

segmental concrete pavement systems

Oaks Pavers can also be installed as an overlay on top of existing

concrete or asphalt. Below is a preliminary guide to the four main

overlay types - Sand Set, Stone Set, Mortar Set, and Bituminous Set.

Please contact us for CAD details, material specifications and testing

requirements, and installation instructions. Information on structural

design can be found on Page 9.

06

Concrete Pavers or Slabs

Joint Material

Bedding Layer

Dense Graded Base

Dense Graded Sub-Base

Compacted Soil Subgrade

Underdrain (optional based on subgrade soil type)

Geotextile (optional based on subgrade soil type)

Concrete Curb

WHAT MAKES UP A SEGMENTAL PAVEMENT. . .

BEDDING MATERIAL SPECIAL NOTES APPLICATIONS

SAND SET25 mm (1”) of bedding sand

Stabilized jointing material recommended. Drain holes required through underlying asphalt or concrete.

Roof decks, pedestrian plazas, low traffic areas

STONE SETMin 25 mm (1”) of ASTM #8 open graded stone

Similar to a permeable paver application (See page 12). Collection drains need to include side slots.

Roof decks, pedestrian plazas, low traffic areas

BITUMINOUS SET18 mm (3/4”) of sand/bitum mix

Bitum mix adheres pavers to the underlying asphalt or concrete. Stabilized jointing material recommended. Tighter product manufacturing tolerance required.

High traffic areas, crosswalks

MORTAR SET18 mm (3/4”) of latex mortar

Use only over concrete. Mortar adheres pavers to concrete, and fills joints. Control joints need to extend to the pavement surface.

Interior applications

Oaks Segmental Concrete Pavement Systems typically consist of concrete pavers or slabs over an aggregate base (see below).

By definition, pavers are smaller, thicker units (surface area less than 0.09 m2 and aspect ratio less than 4 in Canada). Slabs

are larger and thinner (surface area greater than or equal to 0.09 m2 and aspect ratio greater than or equal to 4 in Canada).

For the sake of simplicity, all of our products are defined as “pavers”, and the system is defined as a “segmental pavement”.

PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

PEDESTRIAN PLAZAS As long as there is no vehicle traffic, there are no restrictions on the product used. However, special handling equipment may be required for larger scale slabs.

traffic defines product choicesBecause of the wide variety of paver sizes and thicknesses

available, it is important to know which products can be used

in different applications. For your convenience, we have

identified six primary commercial Pavement Classifications,

each distinguished by the amount of traffic and/or the weight

of the vehicles involved. This in turn dictates the dimensions of

the pavers that can be used (application icons are used in the

Product Selection pages), the degree of interlock required (see

page 8 – Creating Patterns and Mosaics) and the thickness of

the base/sub base (see page 9 - Structural Analysis).

EMERGENCY & MAINTENANCE ACCESS ROUTESAlthough primarily used by pedestrians, the occasional use by vehicles calls for a minimum thickness and aspect ratio to avoid cracking.

MAIN STREETSThrough traffic in downtown cores with general vehicle mix. Speed limit less than 55 km/hr (35 mph).

RESIDENTIAL ROADS Provide access to single and multi family residential properties, with occasional truck, construction or bus traffic.

INDUSTRIAL AREAS Frequent low speed heavy vehicle traffic and/or bulk material storage. Special consideration given to dynamic and point loads.


PARKING LOTSWhether it is an office building or a mall, parking lots are primarily used by passenger cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs, but can be subject to the occasional delivery truck.

Paver: Presidio

creating patterns, mosaics & living streets

08

One of the main reasons that Oaks Segmental Pavements are

used by design professionals is the variety of colors, sizes and

textures available. You can create everything from simple patterns

to complex mosaics.

When reviewing your options, it is important to note that some

of our products come pre-blended with multiple-sized pieces in

a bundle, while other products have several separately-packaged

size, color and/or texture options that can be blended on site

based on the design. The Product Summary pages indicate which

products come in pre-blended or separately packaged bundles.

Living streets and public spaces involve urban planning and

design that focuses on prioritizing people and creating a sense of

place. Signs and curbs are eliminated by using colors and mosaics

to convey the message, making areas more open for children to

play and clear of obstacles for the elderly.

HERE ARE SOME SIMPLE RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN CREATING PATTERNS AND MOSAICS:1. Only use products approved for the given application (see Page 7

Pavement Classifications).

2. As the amount and weight of traffic increases, so to does the required

degree of interlock – the pavement needs to be able to distribute

the forces exerted by starting, stopping and turning vehicles. Avoid

extended seams. Sample laying patterns are available upon request

or online at OAKSpavers.com.

3. In vehicular areas, avoid cut pieces less than 1/3rd the original paver

length or cut longitudinally (see Illustration A). The cut pieces may

be significantly weaker than a full-sized paver.

4. Avoid placing the cut face of a block against an adjacent edge

restraint (see Illustration B). Cut faces should be positioned against

an adjacent block chamfer to reduce visual impacts and prevent

surface spalling.

MACHINE INSTALLATION: Some of our products are manufactured in pre-set patterns for optional machine installation (see the

adjacent icon). Mechanical installation can reduce costs significantly for projects over 1,000 square metres (10,000 square feet).

Please contact us for product-specific stitching details and more information about mechanical installation.

Note: These blocks are re-oriented and combinded with half blocks to minimize small and/or slender cuts.

Illustration A

Illustration B

X

Pavers: Ridgefield Plus with Centurion

structural design of interlocking concrete pavementsThe American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), in cooperation

with the Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI),

created ASCE 58-10 to “establish structural design standards

for interlocking concrete pavements”. The Standard includes

guidelines for Segmental Pavements consisting of untreated

(dense graded aggregate), asphalt treated, and cement

treated bases over a range of native soil types.

Additional manuals and software available include:

• Interlocking Concrete Pavement Structural Design Program

• Port and Industrial Pavement Design with Concrete Pavers,

A Comprehensive Guide, Second Edition (2012)

• Airfield Pavement Design with Concrete Pavers,

A Comprehensive Guide, Fourth Edition (2010)


AGGREGATE TESTINGThe aggregates used in these Segmental Pavements, particularly the jointing and bedding materials, play a critical role in the long-term

performance of pavement. Material gradations should conform to CSA A23.1 or ASTM C33, with some modifications to the fines component.

Durability of the aggregates should be assessed using a Micro-Deval test as defined in CSA A 23.2-23A or ASTM D 7428-08. The maximum

recommended loss is 8%. Particle angularity and shape should be evaluated using ASTM D2488, with a majority of the particles being sharp

angular stone. Additional information is available on these test methods, as well as contact information for laboratories that conduct the tests.

BRIDGES AND WEIGHTSThere is some confusion in the design community about the

application of bridge standards such as the Ontario Bridge Design

Code (OBDC), CAN/CSA-S6-06 or AASHTO H-20/ HS-20 to Segmental

Pavement design. It is important to note that these standards

calculate design moments on suspended members, where pavers sit

on a fully supportive base. In other words, bridge design codes do

not apply.

In terms of axle weights, the front drive axle of some fire trucks has

the highest allowable tire pressure of 0.89 MPa (130 psi). Pavers made

in conformance with CSA A231.2 must have an average compressive

strength of at least 50 Mpa - or over 55 times the tire surface pressure

- to ensure that pavers will not be crushed under the weight.

safe pavements - slips, trips & wheelchair accessibilityThe Ontario “Integrated Accessibility Standards Regulation” and US “Standards for Accessible Design” were both created

to “identify, remove, and prevent barriers so that people with disabilities have more opportunities to participate in everyday life”.

The following criteria apply to areas where Segmental Pavements are commonly used, such as sidewalks, walkways, ramps,

stairs, curb ramps and rest areas:

10

FIRM AND STABLE SURFACEA firm surface is one that resists indentation. Segmental Pavements easily meet these criteria when installed and maintained correctly.

In fact, they are identified in pavement standards throughout the world as a suitable surface. To help ensure the long term performance of

our pavements, Oaks has created Inspection Checklists and Maintenance Guides full of helpful tips and hints. For example, one of the most

important rules is to keep the joints full. Because jointing sand can become washed out or removed over time, it needs to be replaced to

maintain interlock. Consider using a stabilized jointing material in areas of frequent cleaning, on high slopes, near downspouts, or self draining

systems like Permeable Pavements in areas prone to surface water accumulation (more information on page 12).

SLIP RESISTANT SURFACEThroughout North America, there is a switch being made to dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF)

testing using a Digital Tribometer. The minimum recommended DCOF for a level surface expected to be

walked upon in wet conditions is 0.42. DCOF test results are available for our various product finishes.

If you are considering sealing a product, we recommend obtaining test results for the specific product,

finish (standard or matrix) and sealer type to ensure compliance.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS ALSO AVAILABLE ON THESE RELATED TOPICS:• Light reflectance values of pavers – visual contrast for ramps and

tactile surfaces.

• Wheelchair compatibility of pavers – chamfer widths and paver

patterns that minimize exposure limits on manual and electric

powered wheelchairs.

• Skid resistance of pavers in vehicular applications.

• Snow melting systems for Segmental Pavements.

MINIMAL OPENINGS, SPACES OR GAPSOpenings must not allow passage of an object with a diameter of more than 20 mm (in Ontario) / 13 mm (in US). This principle is intended to

minimize injuries that could occur when castors or tips of canes become stuck in wider openings, such as ventilation grates. Unfortunately,

these opening sizes do not consider small-tipped high heels. Spacing details are available for all of our standard and permeable pavers, to help

you identify suitable alternatives on a project- by-project basis.

Paver: Avenue Series


capital & life cycle costing

CAPITAL COSTOver the years, some designers and builders have been reluctant to

use Segmental Pavements because of their perceived capital cost.

While it is true that pavers have traditionally had a higher initial

capital cost than asphalt, there have been advances in product

design and installation practices intended to minimize this gap -

most notably pre-patterned products coupled with task-oriented

tools and equipment. Screeding devices or modified asphalt

spreading machines can place a bedding layer within hours. Clamps

and suction devices allow one person to move and install even the

largest product. And mechanised brooms or sweepers can spread

the jointing material and quickly fill the joints. Productivity rates are 3

to 6 times faster for a mechanical crew than a equivalent-sized hand

install crew. Working with our qualified contractor network, Oaks can

help you develop capital cost estimates for your project.

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISThe Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has described life cycle

cost analysis (LCCA) as “an analysis technique that builds on the well-

founded principles of economic analysis to evaluate the overall long-

term economic efficiencies between competing alternative investment

options”. It has long been accepted that maintenance and rehabilitation

costs - not just initial capital costs - should be considered when

conducting an LCCA for pavements. “Life Cycle Cost Management of

Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements – Methodology Report and

Software” was developed by Applied Research Associated of Toronto

to conduct LCCA for different pavement options including asphalt,

cast-in-place concrete and segmental pavements. Please contact us

for copies of the report and the software.

UTILITY MAINTENANCESegmental pavements offer the advantage of being able to remove

and reinstate the wearing course, which can reduce labour, disposal

and material replacement costs. There is no need for short-term

patching products, and there are no changes to the area’s overall

appearance when complete. This alone can save significant costs. We

have guidance documents available, outlining how to perform utility

maintenance for Segmental Pavements.

Additional manuals and software that are available:• Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement Distress Manual - an

equivalent of the manual used to objectively rate the pavement

condition of asphalt and concrete surfaces.

• Asset Management and Pavement Performance Prediction through

Pavement Condition Index (Report and Software)

what is the expected service life of a sidewalk?

Source: Federation of Canadian Municipalities

Concrete80 years

Pavers80 years

Asphalt40 years

Paver: Hydr’eau Pave

PERMEABLE: Although certain pavers are specifically designated as permeable (identified by the adjacent icon), traditional pavers can also be used by opening up the joint width to accept permeable jointing material. Permeable pavers can also be used in traditional applications by filling the joints with stabilized jointing material. One of the challenges of constructing Permeable Pavements is sourcing the proper open-graded aggregate materials. Oaks staff can work with you to identify and evaluate the options and assess their feasibility.

12

what is a permeable pavement?Although Permeable Pavements are considered to be a relatively

new Low Impact Development (LID) strategy, they have actually

been around for centuries as a way to collect, filter and harvest

rainwater. Some of the benefits of Permeable Pavements include:

Associated benefits may include:

1. On-site storm water quantity management

2. Improved water quality

3. Groundwater and tree root zone recharge

4. Reduced hydraulic, erosion and thermal impacts to receiving waters.

5. Possible elimination of traditional storm water management infrastructure.

Concrete Pavers or Slabs

Permeable

Joint Material Open Graded Bedding Layer

Open Graded Base Resevoir

Open Graded Sub-base

Underdrain (optional in Full-Infiltration systems)

Soil Subgrade (Uncompacted for Full- and Partial- Infiltration systems, compacted for No- Infiltration systems)

Geotextile (optional) in Full- or Partial-Infiltration systems, liner in No-Infiltration systems

PERMEABLE PAVEMENT TYPESThere are three main types of Permeable Pavement designs: Full-Infiltration, Partial-Infiltration and No-Infiltration. Each type denotes the respective amount of water that infiltrates into the native sub-grade. To put it simply, Full- Infiltration systems are used where native soils are predominately sand or gravel (quickly draining). Partial-Infiltration design is best where native soils are predominately silts or certain clays (slower draining). No-Infiltration systems are used over very low permeability, swelling or contaminated soils, or where water harvesting is an objective. The main components of a Permeable Pavement are shown below.

Concrete Curb

Water harvesting in Venice Courtyards

Paver: Enviro Midori


structural & hydraulic design

In order to be effective, Permeable Pavements must be designed to provide sufficient structural capacity to accommodate

anticipated vehicle loadings while dealing with storm water falling directly or flowing from adjacent impervious surfaces onto

the pavement area. Having consulted on Permeable Pavement projects throughout North America, Oaks staff can help you with

initial site evaluations and preliminary designs. We also have manuals and software from ASCA and ICPI to guide you through

the detailed structural and hydraulic design of the site-specific Permeable Pavement.

TIP #1Infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity are not the same thing. Infiltration rate is a measure

of vertical flow through unsaturated soil resulting from gravitational effects. Hydraulic

conductivity is the lateral flow through saturated soils resulting from pressure gradients. The

“Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Supplementary Guidelines to the Ontario

Building Code” provides a graphical comparison between the two, with infiltration rates

being orders of magnitude higher.

TIP # 2Permeable Pavements can work over low-infiltrating soils like silts and clays. The adjacent table

shows sample infiltration rates for different soils. Silty Clay for example allows for 36 mm of water

infiltration per day, which is at or near the 95th percentile for storm events in central North

America. In other words, a Partial-Infiltration system designed to retain one day of infiltration

would experience no runoff in most storms.

TIP #3Although the infiltration rates in the table can be used for initial site evaluations, on-site

infiltration testing should be done to determine design values. We recommend a double-

ring infiltrometer or permeameter test - at the bottom elevation of the proposed sub-base

and at least 1.5 metres (5 feet) below, with two results to assess any variability in sub-grade

soil conditions. Reduce the results by a minimum of 50% to accommodate for construction

impacts and potential accumulation of sediments over the lifespan of the Permeable

Pavement. As an example, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority requires reductions

between 60% and 88%, depending on the variability of the results at the two elevations.

TIP #4In the structural analysis for infiltrating systems, use native (uncompacted) and saturated

soil strengths. For higher traffic applications, it may be necessary to balance between soil

strength and infiltration rate. DO NOT scarify the sub-grade if it is adversely impacted during

construction. This will result in post-construction settlement.

TIP #5Roof water and storm water from adjacent impervious surfaces can, in some regulatory

areas, be directed to the Permeable Pavement. Depending on the flow rate(s) and potential

level of contamination, a receiving structure may be required. Feel free to consult with Oaks

staff for more information about available alternatives. Guelph Permeameter Testing (photo courtesy of Aquafor Beech)

SOIL TYPE INFILTRATION RATE (mm/hour)

SAND 210

SANDY SILT 26

SILT 7

SILTY CLAY 1.5

CLAY 0.5

Source: Porous Pavements

SCS CURVE NUMBER METHODCurve Numbers (CNs) are used by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to calculate the runoff volume from portions of the site based on the native soil type (classified as Type A through D) and cover details (ranging from woods to paved parking lots/roofs). A composite number can be generated from the multiple CNs from across the site using an area-weighted formula. The resulting CN is then used in the adjacent

chart to identify the entire site’s direct runoff based on the rainfall rate.

Comparing a Permeable Pavement to a bathtub, there is no overflow as long as the ‘total amount of water added (rainfall plus run-on)’ does not exceed the ‘drain pipe discharge (infiltration) during the contributing period’ plus ‘the storage volume of the actual tub’. Only if the limits are exceeded does excess water exit via the emergency overflow (underdrain) or, under extreme conditions, overtop the tub (runoff ).

Putting this in mathematical form, replace the Initial Abstraction (Ia) in the TR-55 formula with the ‘total infiltration during the contribution period’ plus ‘the reservoir storage’. The ‘potential maximum runoff after runoff (S)’ is set to zero. You can then calculate the Runoff Volume (Q) based on different Rainfall (R) amounts, as shown in the adjacent chart. We can help you create a similar chart for your site-specific Permeable Pavement design.

hydraulic modelling

Storm water programs throughout North America include provisions to either control and treat a certain volume of storm water

runoff or control the peak storm water discharge rate. Modelling is conducted to calculate and compare pre-development

conditions, post-development conditions (uncontrolled), and post development conditions with BMP practices in place. Listed

below are the common modelling methods used and the details of how Permeable Pavements work within their parameters.

RATIONAL METHODThis method (Kuichling, 1889) is used to determine peak runoff rates

based on a composite Runoff Coefficient “C” for the site. A runoff

coefficient is the percentage of rainfall that becomes runoff based on

the surface type. For example, a wooded area with surface ponding

would have a runoff coefficient of 0.15, while the value of an inclined

roof would be 1.0. Due to its simplicity, one of the main limitations of the

Rational Method is that it does not apply to areas that have significant

storage areas (such as Permeable Pavements). Instead of using the

Rational Method to calculate a surface-based peak flow, we recommend

a standard orifice equation (see diagram) to calculate the discharge from

the Permeable Pavement reservoir.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

la>P la<P

In�ltration = 5 mm/hrStorage depth = 50 mm Resulting

design curve

14

Curve number =

100

9590

8580

75

7065

60

55

50

45

40

121110987654321 00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Dire

ct ru

noff

(Q),

inch

es

Rainfall (P), inches

(P–Ia)2

Q=(P–I

a)+S

HO

R, A= πR2

Q

Inputs

Overflow

Storage Volume

Drain Pipe Discharge

Q = CDA``````2gHo√


storm water quality treatment train

Storm water entering the Permeable Pavement can contain any

number of pollutants, depending on where it falls. Parking lots can

contribute particulate, de-icing salts and oil drippings; roofs can

add heavy metals and thermally heated water; grassed areas can

contribute nutrients from vegetation, fertilizers and animal droppings.

Permeable Pavements can help to manage certain pollutants.

As storm water flows between permeable pavers, suspended solids

and adsorbed contaminants such as phosphorus and hydrocarbons

are filtered out by the jointing material. Like choosing a furnace

filter, different ASTM gradations of jointing material can be used to

capture a desired percentage or particulate size of suspended solids.

Microbial action, volatilization and denitrification can all occur to

certain degrees in the reservoir layers, depending on the storm

water retention time. Some No-Infiltration systems are being

designed with permanent sumps to totally contain low-flow high-

concentration (first flush) events. Other Full- and Partial-Infiltration

systems include sand in the bottom-most sub-base aggregates to

enhance biological activity.

From a storm water regulatory perspective, infiltration into sub-

grade soils is important because contaminants contained within

infiltrated storm water are not being discharged into the municipal

storm water system. In other words, if 100% of the water infiltrates,

a mass balance analysis would show no release of contaminants.

There is an underlying assumption that additional treatment is

occurring in the sub-grade soils so that the underlying groundwater

is not being adversely impacted.

The use of Permeable Pavements is becoming popular in treatment

train approaches. For example, using the Permeable Pavement base

and sub-base for temporary storage, water can

be slowly discharged to a secondary

treatment device designed to

extract certain contaminants. The

treatment train approach offers

two main benefits: design of

the secondary device can be

reduced to handle controlled

flows (instead of having to

design for potential direct

peak flows); the extraction

of suspended solids by the

Permeable Pavement increases

the lifespan of the secondary devices.

Excessive temperatures are another form of

water pollution. Storm water can be heated when it flows over

dark roofs or pavements, and while being stored in above ground

facilities. Lighter colored pavers and underground storage can help

minimize thermal heating, preventing harm to aquatic life residing

in the receiving water.

Infiltration

Filtration

Microbial Action, Volatilazation, Denitrification

designing for northern climatesBecause winter conditions place unique demands on Permeable

Pavements, extensive research has been done by the TRCA, the

University of New Hampshire and the US EPA among others to

evaluate how they perform in cold climates. These are are some

of the findings.

SNOW AND ICE COVER Surface accumulations of snow can occur on Permeable Pavement in the

winter. Snow has to melt before it can infiltrate. As with any other paving

surface, if Permeable Pavement is is not cleared before traffic drives on

the surface, snow packing and ice formation may occur. To prevent

ice formation, we recommend traditional snow plowing followed by

spreading traction control aggregate as required. Instead of sand, spread

the same aggregate used in the Permeable Paver joints.

SURFACE INFILTRATION RATES Except when packed ice is present on the surface (as noted above), surface Infiltration rates of Permeable Pavement are not adversely impacted in cold climates. Although the jointing and reservoir aggregates

may become frozen, they still maintain their porosity and permeability.

FROST PENETRATION Road construction protocol calls for a non-frost susceptible material for a percentage of the frost penetration depth. Because Permeable Pavement profiles use non-frost susceptible materials (i.e. open graded aggregates) and are normally deeper than non permeable profiles, most Permeable Pavements in cold climates have not shown any slumping or frost heaving after years of monitoring.

Where water may be detained for an extended period of time or sub-grade soils are prone to differential frost heave (silts), deepening the road profile can be considered. If water freezes in the reservoir, it can expand into the open voids of the base/sub-base without heaving the pavement. Base/sub-base aggregates are also not likely to develop frost lenses (which cause differential frost heave) due to the lack of fines. Permeable Pavement reservoirs tend to thaw more rapidly due

to infiltrating melt water.

winter data showed permeable pavement systems function well even

during freezing temperatures.Source: TRCA

16

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Days

Fros

t dep

th b

elow

pav

emen

t sur

face

(ft)

Porous Asphalt

Dense Asphalt

Subgrade

Source: Porous Pavements

Applying anti-icing or pre-wetting chemicals to Permeable Pavement is not recommended. Anti-icing agents, which melt snow before it can become compacted into ice, will likely infiltrate the system before a storm and impact local groundwater systems. And their magnesium or calcium chloride ingredients chemically attack the cement bond, causing the pavers to disintegrate. If the use of de-icing salts is required, as in the case of a zero ice policy, it is important to note an observation from the University of New Hampshire Stormwater Center: the use of de-icing salts resulted in a 75% average reduction in annual salt. Initial melt water was able to drain, leaving no standing water to re-freeze on the surface.

Paver: Classic Series

capital & maintenance costs

CAPITAL COST ANALYSIS To prepare a true capital cost comparison between Permeable Pavements and traditional practices, three areas of the development need to be considered:

1. Road Infrastructure – permeable pavers are installed the same way as standard pavers, with significant cost saving through mechanical installation (see Page 11).

2. Storm Water Infrastucture – Permeable Pavements can reduce and even eliminate the need for traditional storm water infrastructure. The entire pavement surface is one large catch basin/filter, with base/sub-base aggregates providing retention/detention and lateral flow where required.

3. Income Generating Footprint – when retention/detention ponds are used, they can take up a lot of property. Consider the profitability of that portion of land if it were available for development, as well as its possible effects on property values. Oaks can provide you with capital cost comparison spreadsheets to help identify the different cost components that should be considered.


MAINTENANCE COST ANALYSIS This chart outlines the recommended maintenance program for Permeable Pavements. Preventative maintenance prolongs the performance

of the system and prevents problems from developing. Remedial maintenance is done when a performance problem or safety concern

needs to be corrected. Typically, operation and maintenance for Permeable Pavements are less annually than for traditional Grey Strategies.

Case studies of the actual maintenance costs for Permeable Pavement installations, maintenance instructions and copies of ASTM C1781 for

infiltration testing are available upon request.

PREVENTATIVE MAINTENACNE FREQUENCYMaintain perimeter vegetation OngoingVacuum sweep surface debris Twice annuallyReplenish joint material Material >13 mm from surfaceCheck outlets are clear of debris OngoingREMEDIAL MAINTENANCERepair ruts or deformations Ruts >13 mm from gradeReset shifted pavers Paver >6 mm above gradeRe-stripping of lines As requiredReplace broken pavers As requiredPower vacuum surface and replenish jointing material Infiltration <250 mm/hr or surface ponding observedClean out underdrains As required

LIFE CYCLE/BENEFIT COST ANALYSISWe recommend using the TRCA Report “Assessment of Life Cycle Costs

for Low Impact Development Storm Water Management Practices”

and the “Low Impact Development Costing Tool” at the site-specific

level. These were developed to help assess the design, installation,

maintenance and rehabilitation costs over a 50 year period, based on

northern conditions. We can help you work through the analysis to

determine if Permeable Pavements can save you money.

A number of reports are available for reference at the municipal level.

For example, the Philadelphia Water Department determined that

Low Impact Development initiatives would provide 20 times the

benefits of traditional storm water infrastructure of an equal value.

LID practice life cycle costs were between 35 and 77% less than

conventianalSource: TRCA

segmental retaining & architectural walls

Coping Units

Retained Soil

Compacted Reinforced Soil Zone

Low Permeability Soil

Topsoil

Segmental block walls and reinforced soil have been used for centuries. (The most famous application is the Great Wall of China.)

Today’s Segmental Retaining and Architectural Walls are a modern version of this age-old technology. The diagram below lists

the parts of a typical Segmental Retaining Wall, while diagrams adjacent show the five primary commercial Wall Classifications.

Icons identify where each wall product is recommended for use in the Product Selections pages.

18

TIERED WALLS For each wall to be independent of the other, tiered walls need to be built using a 2:1 ratio, with the upper wall built a distance away from the lower wall of at least twice the height of the lower wall. As well, the upper wall must be equal to or less than the height of the lower wall. Although this is a general rule of thumb, exceptions do exist.

When the distance between the lower and upper walls is less than twice the height of the lower wall, the walls become structurally dependent on each other. In this situation, it is important to take into account global stability - the resistance to overall mass movement of the whole segmental retaining wall system in a circular or sliding mode.

Wall Batter (angle back from vertical)

Wall Units

Foundation Soil

Leveling Pad

Drain Pipe

Gravel Fill(formerly drainage layer)

Geosynthetic Reinforcement

Less than 2 x H

H

Dependent Terraced Walls Independent Terraced Walls

H

Medium Distance of 2 x H

WALL CLASSIFICATIONS

FREESTANDINGFreestanding walls are short, vertical architectural features finished on both sides - typically small sitting or divider walls. This is not the same as barrier walls (see Page 26), which are two retaining walls leaned into one another.

GRAVITYSimple (single depth) Gravity walls depend on the mass of the individual wall units dry-stacked on top of one another to hold back the earth behind the wall. Due to the limited mass, these are typically restricted to low retaining walls.

GEOGRIDGeogrid (soil) Reinforced walls include multiple layers of geogrid reinforcement sandwiched between the wall units and extending back into the compacted reinforced soil zone. They are used when the limitations of a conventional Gravity wall are exceeded.

MULTI DEPTH GRAVITY Multi Depth Gravity walls use products of at least two different depths to increase the overall mass of the wall. (Note: there must be a connection between the rows of wall units). A simple analysis can determine whether Geogrid or Multi Depth Gravity walls are more economical.

STABILIZED BACKFILLThe Stabilized Backfill system is a unique solution commonly used when lot lines, rock outcroppings or other obstructions limit the amount of excavation that can be done, or to provide enhanced stabilization for fences situated close to the back of the wall.


DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1. Design Wall Height - usually expressed as the amount of visible wall. All walls require a certain amount of embedment to enhance their

stability. Embedment depth should be increased over weak soils, where a slope is at or near the toe of the wall, in waterfront applications,

or in seismically active areas.

2. Native Soil Type – can impact the bearing capacity (ability of the foundation soil to support the wall), the shear resistance (angle at which

the soil pushes against the wall) and the unit weight (the mass of material pushing against the wall). Depending on the type, native soil

can also be used in the Compacted Reinforced Fill Zone - a less costly alternative to importing granular material.

3. Surcharges Above the Wall - can include anything within a distance of twice the wall height, such as native soil slopes, pedestrian or

vehicular traffic, buildings, bulk storage, snow storage, pools, etc., which can exert additional pressure on the wall.

4. Barriers or Fences at the Top of the Wall. Please refer to Page 24 for details.

5. Water and Drainage. The implications of surface water flow above the wall, groundwater flow behind the wall, or water movement at the

toe of the wall are covered in more detail on Page 23.

This is a partial list of considerations, and is not meant to be all-inclusive. A comprehensive review of segmental retaining wall design is covered

in the NCMA publication “Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls”. Given the potential complexity of wall designs, Oaks can offer you an

initial design review (for estimating purposes) or prepare site-specific engineered stamped drawings.

For batter, alignment and installation

options, go to page 41 of the Product

Selections section.

using architectural walls to define outdoor spacesArchitectural walls are an easy way to delineate an outdoor patio,

separate patios and gardens, create a cozy courtyard in which

residents, customers and staff can sit and relax, or simply provide

extra seating. These are just a few examples of what can be done.

The very nature of architectural walls makes them an economical

alternative to veneered masonry walls.

20Photos courtesy of Anchor Wall

Estimating charts, CAD details, specifications and installation instructions for Oaks Wall products are available upon request.

The TorpedoTM Base shown here was developed by Anchor Wall as an efficient and easy way to install footings for architectural walls. Oaks has videos available that show how this innovative product can save you time and money.


positive first impressionsSegmental blocks can enhance the character of a site by creating simple entrance features, planter boxes, pillars and low garden walls. They can also manage troublesome grade changes and, using tiered walls, provide for pockets of color and life. Raised planter areas also help protect vegetation by discouraging pedestrians from walking in the area.

First impressions are important. People

are more likely to enter an establishment

if the entrance is inviting. Entrance

features can also take on a grand scale,

conveying a sense of prestige.

Photos courtesy of Anchor Wall

In this example, the existing slope needed to be adjusted to provide

convenient parking for the patrons – convenient meaning they did not

have to navigate steep slopes with their shopping carts.

A large percentage of the footprint of a typical storm water retention

pond is made up of gradual side slopes. Retaining walls can replace

sloped areas that would have had limited functional purpose, optimizing

the water storage depth over the remaining pond footprint, and even

creating aesthetically pleasing features.


Developing on the original slope would have been possible in the

above example, but more property required for access routes would

have resulted in fewer units. The cost of the wall was offset by the

increased revenue generated by the additional units.

Designs like these can be complex. Oaks can help you solve your project

challenges and develop construction documents for you. Design

software, sample specifications and CAD details are also available.

A retaining wall is defined as “a structure designed and constructed to

resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired change in ground

elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil” (NCMA). Choosing

to use a retaining wall comes down to one simple question – will the

cost of the wall be offset by the value of the usable land, the savings

in subsequent land development, or the functional benefits gained

at the site?

Retaining walls can become a part of the functionality of the site by

providing dramatic grade changes over short distances (below).

increasing usable space with segmental retaining walls


drainage design & water considerationsImproper management of surface water can cause erosion.

When water infiltrates a Gravel Fill or Reinforced Soil Zone, it

can overload a wall. Drainage swales made of low to negligible

permeability materials such as clay, plastic liners or concrete can

divert water around the back of the wall (see below). Scuppers

can provide for controlled flows over the crest of the wall, but

they need to include proper erosion control features at the

toe of the wall. Drainage inlets can collect water and direct it

towards storm water facilities or out the face of the wall.

Photos courtesy of Anchor Wall

WATER CAN INCREASE THE PRESSURE BEHIND A WALL BY 2.5 TIMES!Groundwater can weaken foundation soils supporting the wall, clog drain pipes , and increase external loads on the wall. Blanket or chimney drains may be required to divert groundwater around the wall structure (see below).

When using walls for shoreline stabilization or erosion / sedimentation control along stream banks, some unique considerations need to be addressed in the wall design, such as: erosion at the toe of the wall; potential build up of hydrostatic pressure behind the wall (especially when rapid water level draw down occurs); the forces of waves and ice sheet flows exerted on the face of the wall.

3’ Swale8”

min.

Wall Block

Compacted Infill

Impermeable Concreate or Asphalt Lining

Topsoil

Free-draining Aggregate

Wall Block

3’ Swale lined with vegetation

Low-permeability Clay Soil

Geomembrane Lining (optional)

Compacted Infill

8” min.

Grade Surface to Prevent Ponding

Coping Block

Wall Block

Finished Grade

12” of Free-Draining Aggregate


Filter Fabric

Blanket Drain 6” Min. Chimney Drain

(Extend to H x 0.7 or Max. Elevation of Ground

Water Rise)

H x 0.7

Potential Ground Water Detail

Drainage Swale Details

4”Drain Pipe (Elevation Varies)


incorporating barriers & fencesWhenever a barrier or fence is placed above a retaining wall,

there is a potential for overturning at the post location. A car can

strike the barrier, snow could be pushed against the fence, or

blowing wind can exert pressure on the barrier. For these reasons,

minimum setback requirements are usually applied, ranging from

0.3 to 1.0 meters. The further the setback, the greater the wall face

area and layers of grid available to resist the overturning action.

Being a solid structural backfill, stabilized backfill is much more rigid than granular fill. This rigidity distributes the overturning action over a greater area, allowing the fence or barrier to be moved closer to the wall face. An example is provided here.

Some property owners want to minimize the footprint by having the fence directly behind the wall. Sleeve-it (see adjacent) uses the mass of the soil on the horizontal leg to offset some of the overturning forces.

IMPORTANT When a fence is within the Reinforce Soil Zone, install sono tubes during wall construction. This will prevent damage to the grid resulting from sleeves being punched or augured through the reinforced zone. Wrap the geogrid around the sono tube. Cut only the cross members of the grid, not the strength members. Provide at least 25 mm (1”) clearance between the inside of the sleeve and the outside of the post to allow for mortar and grout.

Installing a fence or railing within the block itself is the most challenging application. Depending on the type of wall product, the clearance requirements and the fence details, some options include:

• Surface mounting the railing to the coping

• Side mounting the railing to the wall blocks

• Coring into the wall blocks and grouting the fence posts into place

• Coring through the wall and installing sono tubes below the wall

Like the theatres of ancient Greece, a series

of small retaining walls can be used to create

a simple amphitheatre built into a slope.

Bleacher seating can be designed using a

second retaining wall on the backside to

create the elevated area. For either application,

make sure that the rise of each wall is short

enough so as not to require a railing per local

building code.

APPLICATIONS & SOLUTIONS 25Photos courtesy of Anchor Wall

constructing ramps, staircases & seatingIt is common to build staircases using segmental retaining wall blocks.

Staircases can be freestanding, extending into, protruding out of, or

running adjacent to a retaining wall. However, shoddy installation

practices, such as poor compaction of the aggregates below stair

treads, cause some concern. To ensure long term stability of the end

product, Oaks continues to work closely with several municipalities to

develop design and installation guidelines for these types of staircases.

Ramps are an economical method of providing accessibility

compliance to grade changes. Architectural and retaining walls are

often used to contour along the outside of a gentle entranceway ramp,

or to provide the actual grade change for elevated ramp structures.

Wall: Ortana Plus


thinking outside the boxThe structural integrity of segmental retaining walls continues to

gain legitimacy because of proven performance. Transportation

agencies are beginning to approve segmental retaining walls

for use in both bridge supports and tunnel headwalls. Oaks

can provide product testing reports to verify compliance to

quality requirements, ensure that designs exceed enhanced

safety factors, coordinate delivery to meet tight construction

schedules, and identify options for optimal aesthetic appeal.

Dual retaining walls tied together with geogrid reinforcement or

stabilized by a reinforced concrete core (adjacent) can be used to

create a sturdy noise or security barrier. In the diagram to the right, the

use of a reinforced core allowed the system to be approved as a traffic

barrier by the local roads department.

The above project was built over a single weekend, preventing

disruption to nearby businesses.


VerticaTM Stone Cut Block

with 4° Batter

Pre-Cast Cap

Sidewalk

Reinforced Concrete

Traffic Barrier Wall

APPLICATIONS & SOLUTIONS 27Photos courtesy of Anchor Wall

Back to back retaining walls created a land bridge through this 60 foot

deep ravine. This is the same technique used to build the Great Wall

of China.

VerticaTM Stone Cut Block

with 4° Batter

Finished Grade

Free-Draining Aggregate


Compacted Native Backfill

Double-Sided Land Bridge

product solutionsOwing to the range of colors, sizes, thicknesses, textures and

applications available, Oaks Products are the preferred choice

of design professionals. This section will guide you through

making the right choices for your segmental pavement or

wall design application, including product selection, color

palettes and applications. With all Oaks Products, we are

always available to assist you with any special requirements

of your project, such as soil type, barrier construction or

water management.

in this sectionPaver & Permeable Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-39

Paver Icon Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Paver Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Presidio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Enviro Midori. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Villanova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Hydr’eau Pave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Avenue Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Turf-Slab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Enviro Passagio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Centurion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Ridgefield Plus & Ridgefield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Wexford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Colonnade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Classic Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Monterey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Rialto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Freestanding & Segmental Retaining Walls . . . . 40-45

Wall Icon Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Wall Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

BrisaTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

MatizTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Ortana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Ortana Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

ProterraTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

VerticaTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

28

Note: For Special Order products, minimum quantities apply – consult with your local Oaks Representative for details. Allow 4 to 6 weeks for production upon receipt by Oaks of a Purchase Order.

PRODUCT SOLUTIONS 29

Paver: Avenue Series, Wall: Ortana

STONE NAME

COLOR NAME COLOR NAME COLOR NAME COLOR NAME

product name (thickness)

Stone NameWidth 000 mm (0.0”)Length 000 mm (0.0”)Pieces/layer: 00Coverage/layer: 00%

COLOR NAME


BUNDLE (IF APPLICABLE)





STONE NAME

STONE NAME


STONE NAME


how to use this sectionTells you the paver name & thickness

Tells you which country has this paver available as a stock item

Tells you if this product has any environmental accredations

If the specific color swatch can apply towards LEED credits, it will be indicated with this icon and the SRI rating

#

Tells you the Traffic Load and Installation Method for the specific paver unit or bundle

Tells you the colors available within the product line

Tells you the individual stone sizes available and bundling options

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

paver icon legend

#

30

PAVER TRAFFIC LOADENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE

PEDESTRIAN PLAZAS

RESIDENTIAL DRIVEWAYS

EMERGENCY & MAINTENANCE ACCESS

PARKING LOTS

RESIDENTIAL ROADS

MAINSTREETS

INDUSTRIAL AREAS

CAN APPLY FOR LEED CREDITS

PERMEABLE PAVER

SOLAR REFLECTANCE INDEX (SRI)

INSTALLATION METHODS

MACHINE INSTALLED


paver summaryWidth(s) in millimeters

Length(s) in millimeters

Paver Thickness

AVENUE SERIES - PAGE 34

4x8 Herringbone 100 100, 200 80 • • • • • • •4x8 100 100, 200 80 • • • • • • •8x8 200 200 80 • • • • • • •8x12 200 300 80 • • • •12x12 300 300 80 • • • •12x16 300 400 80 • •CENTURION - PAGE 35

Combo (CAN only) 70, 140, 210 140, 210, 280 70 • •Combo (US only) 70, 140 140 70 • • • •Standard 140 210 70 • • • •Jumbo 210 280 70 • •Quad 280 280 70 • •Double Jumbo 280 420 70 • •CLASSIC SERIES - PAGE 38

4x8 Herrigbone (CAN only) 100 100, 200 60 • •4x8 100 100, 200 60 • •8x8 (CAN only) 200 200 60 • •12x12 (CAN only) 300 300 60 • •COLONNADE - PAGE 37

Combo 75, 150 150 60 • •6x9 150 225 60 • •9x9 225 225 60 • •9x12 225 300 60 • •ENVIRO MIDORI - PAGE 32

Herringbone 120 120, 240 80 • • • • • • •Random 120, 240 240, 360 80 • • •ENVIRO PASSAGIO - PAGE 34

Combo 125 152, 190, 228, 266 70 • •HYDR'EAU PAVE - PAGE 33

Combo 100, 200 100, 200, 300 80 • • • •MONTEREY - PAGE 39

8x16 Small Rectangle 200 400 50 •Random 300, 400, 600 400, 600 50 •16x32 Large Rectangle 400 800 50 •PRESIDIO - PAGE 32

Rectangle Stone 168 336 80 • • •Combo 126, 168 301, 401, 501 80 • •RIALTO - PAGE 39

Random 200, 400 400, 600 50 •16x24 Rectangle 400 600 50 •RIDGEFIELD PLUS / RIDGEFIELD - PAGE 36

Small Combo 100, 200 200, 300 70 • •Large Combo 200, 300 300, 400 70 • •12x12 Large Stone 300 300 70 • •TURF-SLAB - PAGE 34

400 600 80 • •VILLANOVA - PAGE 33

Rectangle 199 398 80 • •Combo 398 398, 597 80 • •WEXFORD - PAGE 37

Half Stone 106 175 70 • • • •Square 175 175 70 • • • •Standard Stone 175 210 70 • • • •Extra Large Stone 210 350 70 • •

paver & permeable products

32

CHAMPAGNE -Herringbone

MILANO -Herringbone

MARBLE GREY -Herringbone

42 34 30

HERRINGBONE BUNDLE RANDOM BUNDLE

enviro midori (80 mm)

5x10 Stone Width 120 mm (4.72”)Length 240 mm (9.45”)Pieces/layer: 10Coverage/layer: 25%


10x15 Stone Width 240 mm (9.45”)Length 360 (14.17”)Pieces/layer: 4Coverage/layer: 30%

5x5 StoneWidth 120 mm (4.72”)Length 120 mm (4.72”)Pieces/layer: 7Coverage/layer: 11.1%

5x10 Stone Width 120 mm (4.72”)Length 240 mm (9.45”)Pieces/layer: 28Coverage/layer: 88.9%

CHAMPAGNE -Random

MILANO - Random

MARBLE GREY -Random

42 34 30

Herringbong Bundle Layout by Layer Random Bundle Layout by Layer

Stone 1Width 126 mm (4.96”)Length 301 mm (11.85”)Pieces/layer: 4Coverage/layer: 15.0%

Stone 2Width 126 mm (4.96”)Length 401 mm (15.79”)Pieces/layer: 4Coverage/layer: 20%





COMBO BUNDLE

1

2

3

4

6

5

BUFF CHAMPAGNE MARBLE GREY ONYX (Border)

presidio (80 mm)

Rectangle StoneWidth 168 mm (6.61”)Length 336 mm (13.23”)Pieces/layer: 15Coverage/layer: 100%

RECTANGLE

Combo Bundle Layout by Layer

41 42 30

MATRIX FINISH - RAVENSTONE BLACK (Border)



GOLDEN ASH SILVERSAND ONYX (Border)

COMBO RANDOM BUNDLE

hydr’eau pave (80 mm)




4x4 StoneWidth 100 mm (3.94”)Length 100 mm (3.94”)Pieces/layer: 1Coverage/layer: 1% Combo Bundle Layout by Layer

31

MARBLE GREY GOLDEN ASH TUNDRA

COMBO BUNDLE

villanova (80 mm)

Square StoneWidth 398 mm (15.67”)Length 398 mm (15.67”)Pieces/layer: 3Coverage/layer: 40%

Large Rectangle StoneWidth 398 mm (15.67”)Length 597 mm (23.5”)Pieces/layer: 3Coverage/layer: 60%

Rectangle StoneWidth 199 mm (7.83”)Length 398 mm (15.67”)Pieces/layer: 15Coverage/layer: 100%

Onyx available in Rectangle Stone only. Ideal for soldier coursing or banding.

CHAMPAGNE ONYX (Border)

RECTANGLE

30 32 42


34

COMBO BUNDLE

COLLEGE RED SAFARI SALEM

enviro passagio (70 mm)




Stone 1Width 125 mm (4.92”)Length 152 mm (5.98”)Pieces/layer: 9Coverage/layer: 15.4% Combo Bundle Layout by Layer

1

12

32

3

3

3

34

4 14

2

CHARCOAL EXECUTIVE GREYFIELD TIMBERWOOD

8X8

avenue series (80 mm) SPECIAL ORDER ONLY

12x12 StoneWidth 300 mm (11.81”)Length 300 mm (11.81”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 100%


4X8 HERRINGBONE BUNDLE



12X12 12X16


8X12


4X8 STANDARD BUNDLE



MATRIX FINISH -RAVENSTONE BLACK (Border)

Call for custom colors.

turf-slab (80 mm)

Width 400 mm (15.75”)Length 600 mm (23.62”)Pieces/layer: 5Coverage/layer: 100%

Available in Natural color only.

TYPICAL USES: Cottage Parking / Emergency & Service Vehicle Access Routes / Slope Erosion Protection / Retention Pond Linings and Vehicular Access Roads / Ditch & Channel Linings / Low Use Turf Areas for Overflow Parking / Environmentally Sensitive Area Erosion Protection / Small Lake Boat Launching Ramps



SANDALWOOD EXECUTIVE BUFF MIX DARK OAK (Border) ONYX (Border)

STANDARD

EXECUTIVE CHAMPAGNE MILANO DARK OAK (Border)

centurion (70 mm)

Quad StoneWidth 1280 mm (11.02”)Length 280 mm (11.02”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 100%

ONYX (Border)

Standard Stone Width 140 mm (5.51”)Length 210 mm (8.27”)Pieces/layer: 42Coverage/layer: 100%

COMBO BUNDLE

Jumbo StoneWidth 210 mm (8.27”)Lenth 280 mm (11.02”)Pieces/layer: 6Coverage/layer: 35.3%

Square StoneWidth 140 mm (5.51”)Length 140 mm (5.51”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 23.5%

Small StoneWidth 70 mm (2.76”)Length 140 mm (5.51”)Pieces/layer: 6Coverage/layer: 5.9%

Standard StoneWidth 140 mm (5.51”)Length 210 mm (8.27”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 35.3%

QUAD

DOUBLE JUMBO

Double Jumbo StoneWidth 280 mm (11.02”)Length 420 mm (16.54”)Pieces/layer: 9Coverage/layer: 100%

JUMBO

Jumbo StoneWidth 210 mm (8.27”)Length 280 mm (11.02”)Pieces/layer: 16Coverage/layer: 100%

STANDARD

centurion (70 mm)

Quad StoneWidth 1280 mm (11.02”)Length 280 mm (11.02”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 100%

Standard Stone Width 140 mm (5.51”)Length 210 mm (8.27”)Pieces/layer: 42Coverage/layer: 100%

OPTIONAL COMBO BUNDLE

Square StoneWidth 140 mm (5.51”)Length 140 mm (5.51”)Pieces/layer: 38Coverage/layer: 79.2%

Small StoneWidth 70 mm (2.76”)Length 140 mm (5.51”)Pieces/layer: 20Coverage/layer: 20.8%

QUAD

DOUBLE JUMBO

Double Jumbo StoneWidth 280 mm (11.02”)Length 420 mm (16.54”)Pieces/layer: 9Coverage/layer: 100%

JUMBO

Jumbo StoneWidth 210 mm (8.27”)Length 280 mm (11.02”)Pieces/layer: 16Coverage/layer: 100%

42 34

37


SMALL COMBO BUNDLE

EXECUTIVE CEDAR BLEND SANDSTONE VAUGHAN

ridgefield plus (70 mm)




LARGE COMBO BUNDLE




12X12 LARGE SQUARE


SANDALWOOD DRAMBUIE MAPLE BLEND SILVERSAND

ridgefield (70 mm)

36

SMALL COMBO BUNDLE




LARGE COMBO BUNDLE




12X12 LARGE SQUARE


31



HALF STONE

SANTA FE MAPLE BLEND GREY GRANITE SANDALWOOD

wexford (70 mm)

Square StoneWidth 175 mm (6.89”)Length 175 mm (6.89”)Pieces/layer: 35Coverage/layer: 100%

Half StoneWidth 106 mm (4.17”)Length 175 mm (6.89”)Pieces/layer: 56Coverage/layer: 100%

Standard StoneWidth 175 mm (6.89”)Length 210mm (8.27”)Pieces/layer: 30Coverage/layer: 100%

Extra Large StoneWidth 210mm (8.27”)Length 350 mm (13.78”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 100%

SQUARE STONE STANDARD STONE HALF STONE

DARK OAK (Border)Half Stone only

ONYX (Border)Half Stone only

30

SILVERSAND TIMBERWOOD GREYFIELD MAHOGANY DARK OAK (Border)

colonnade (70 mm)

COMBO BUNDLE



6X9 9X9 9X12




ONYX (Border)

31

GREYFIELD SANDSTONETIMBERWOOD MAHOGANYSANDALWOOD

colonnade (70 mm)

DARK OAK (Border) ONYX (Border)

SILVERSAND

31

NOTE: Colonnade bundle configurations are identical in both Canada and the US, colors as indicated above.


38

COLONIAL GREYFIELD TIMBERWOOD NORTHERN

classic series (60 mm)

4x8 StoneWidth 100 mm (3.94”)Length 200 mm (7.87”)Pieces/layer: 53Coverage/layer: 98.1%** Two 4x4 stones/layer

4X8

CHARCOAL PIONEER

GREYFIELD HARVEST CHARCOAL Available in 4x8 only

HERITAGE

classic series (60 mm)

HERRINGBONE BUNDLE


4x8 StoneWidth 100 mm (3.94”)Length 200 mm (7.87”)Pieces/layer: 53Coverage/layer: 98.1%** Two 4x4 stones/layer

4X8 12X12 - SPECIAL ORDER ONLY8X8 - SPECIAL ORDER ONLY



NORTHERNAvailable in 4x8 only

4x4 StoneWidth 100 mm (3.94”)Width 100 mm (3.94”)Pieces/layer: 6Coverage/layer: 6.8%



CHAMPAGNE GOLDEN ASH MARBLE GREY MILANO

rialto (50 mm)

RECTANGLE BUNDLE



RANDOM BUNDLE



42 30 34

TWEED WICKER WILLOW ONYX

monterey (50 mm)

SMALL RECTANGLE

8x16 Small Rectangle StoneWidth 200 mm (7.87”)Length 400 mm (15.75”)Pieces/layer: 12Coverage/layer: 100%

12X24 Stone Width 300 mm (11.81”)Length 600 mm (23.62”)Pieces/layer: 2Coverage/layer: 30%

COMBO BUNDLE

16X16 Stone Width 400 mm (15.75”)Length 400 mm (15.75”) Pieces/layer: 3Coverage/layer: 40%

24X24 Stone Width 600 mm (23.62”)Length 600 mm (23.62”)Pieces/layer: 1Coverage/layer: 30%

LARGE RECTANGLE

16x32 Large Rectangle StoneWidth 400 mm (15.75”)Length 800 mm (31.50”)Pieces/layer: 3Coverage/layer: 100%

UNIT NAME-BUNDLE

COLOR NAME COLOR NAME COLOR NAME COLOR NAME

product name

Unit NameWidth 000 mm (0”)Height 000 mm (0”)Depth 000 mm (0”)Setback: 0Connector Type: Description

COLOR NAME


UNIT NAME-BUNDLEUNIT NAME-BUNDLE


how to use this sectionTells you the wall name

Tells you which country has this wall available as a stock item

Tells you the colors available within the product line

Tells you the Wall Type, Alignment and Installation Options for the specific unit or bundle

Tells you the individual unit sizes available, setback (batter), connector type and bundling options

Unit Image

Unit Image

Unit Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

Swatch Image

wall icon legend

40

WALL TYPE ALIGNMENT

FREESTANDING

SINGLE-DEPTH GRAVITY

MULTI DEPTH GRAVITY

STABILIZED BACKFILL

STRAIGHT WALL

CURVED WALL

INSTALLATION OPTIONS

MACHINE INSTALLED

GEOGRID REINFORCED

CHOOSING THE RIGHT WALL FOR YOUR PROJECTIn this section, we have included batter, alignment and installation options

to further assist in selecting the correct wall for your given application.

Please note for 0 degree (vertical) batter walls, we recommend placing a

slight back slope to the levelling pad to accommodate forward rotation of

the wall during installation; contact Oaks for more details.

Connector Type

Batter Options

BRISATM - PAGE 42

Freestanding Glue 0° • • •Retainining Rear bottom lip 9.5° • • • •MATIZTM - PAGE 42

Freestanding Glue 0° • • •Retainining Rear bottom lip 9.5° • • • •OTANA - PAGE 43

Standard/Tapered Split tongue 0° or 7° • • • • • •Extended Split tongue 0° or 7° • • •OTRANA PLUS - PAGE 44

Standard/Tapered Split tongue 0° or 7° • • • • • •Extended Split tongue 0° or 7° • • •PROTERRATM - PAGE 45

Split tongue 0°, 8° or 16° • • • • • •VERTICATM - PAGE 45

Single tongue 4° • • • • •


wall summary

wall products

GREYFIELD DRIFTWOOD

brisaTM wall

RETAINING WALL - COMBO BUNDLEFREESTANDING WALL - COMBO BUNDLE

6x6 UnitWidth 152 mm (6”)Height 152 mm (6”)Depth 203 mm (8”)Setback: 9.5°Connector Type: Rear bottome lipPieces/Cube: 15Coverage: 12.5%



6x6 UnitWidth 152 mm (6”)Height 152 mm (6”)Depth 127 mm (5”)Setback: 0°Connector Type: None - GluePieces/Cube: 30Coverage: 12.5%



42

CHARCOAL MOONLIGHT

matizTM wall

RETAINING WALL - COMBO BUNDLEFREESTANDING WALL - COMBO BUNDLE







Coping EndWidth 343 mm (13.5”)Height 76 mm (3”)Depth 203 mm (8”)Finished on front, back and one side

Corner/Column UnitWidth 425 mm (16.75”)Height 152 mm (6”)Depth 203 mm (8”)Finished on front and one side

Wall EndWidth 203 mm (8”)Height 152 mm (6”)Depth 279 mm (11”) Finished on front, back and one side

Torpedo Base UnitsWidth 279 mm (11”)Height 102mm (4”)Depth 400 mm (15.75”)

brisa & matizTM accessory units

Double Sided CopingFront: Width 343 mm (13.5”)Height 76 mm (3”)Depth 203 mm (8”)Back:Depth 178 mm (7”)Finished on front and back

wall products


NATURAL HAVANA

ortana

STANDARD UNIT

ortana

TIMBERWOOD DESERT GREYFIELD MAHOGANY

Extended UnitWidth 200 mm (7.87”)Height 150 mm (5.91”)Depth 457 mm (17.99”)Setback: 0° or 7°Connector Type: Split Tongue

Standard UnitWidth 200 mm (7.87”)Height 150 mm (5.91”)Depth 300 mm (11.81”)Setback: 0° or 7°Connector Type: Split Tongue

Tapered UnitWidth 200 mm (7.87”)Height 150 mm (5.91”)Depth 300 mm (11.81”)Setback: 0° or 7°Connector Type: Split Tongue

EXTENDED UNITTAPERED UNIT

NATURAL BROWN TIMBERWOOD DESERT GREYFIELD COLONIAL

STANDARD UNIT



TAPERED UNIT

ortana accessory units

2’ Split-Face Coping UnitWidth 610 mm (24.02”)Height 75 mm (2.95”)Depth 300 mm (11.81”)

90o Corner UnitWidth 300 mm (11.81”)Height 150 mm (5.91”)Depth 200 mm (7.87”)Split face front and one side

1’ Split-Face Coping UnitWidth 305 mm (12”)Height 75 mm (2.95”)Depth 300 mm (11.81”)

wall products

44

HAVANA MAHOGANY

ortana plus

STANDARD UNIT

ortana plus

TIMBERWOOD DESERT GREYFIELD

Extended UnitWidth 200 mm (7.87”)Height 150 mm (5.91”)Depth 457 mm (17.99”)Setback: 0° or 7°Connector Type: Split Tongue



EXTENDED UNITTAPERED UNIT

COLONIAL BROWN TIMBERWOOD DESERT GREYFIELD

STANDARD UNIT



TAPERED UNIT

ortana plus accessory units

90o Corner UnitWidth 300 mm (11.81”)Height 150 mm (5.91”)Depth 200 mm (7.87”)Split face on front and one side

1’ Split-Face Coping UnitWidth 305 mm (12”)Height 75 mm (2.95”)Depth 300 mm (11.81”)

Triple UnitWidth 1000 mm (39.37”)Height 185 mm (7.28”) Depth 1125 mm (44.29”)Setback: 0°, 8° or 16°Connector Type: Split Tongue

Standard UnitWidth 1000 mm (39.37” ) Height 185 mm (7.28”) Depth 375 mm (14.76 “)Setback: 0°, 8° or 16°Connector Type: Split Tongue

Double UnitWidth 1000 mm (39.37”)Height 185 mm (7.28”) Depth 750 mm (29.52”) Setback: 0°, 8° or 16°Connector Type: Split Tongue

wall products


NATURAL - Textured

GREYFIELD - Textured

proterraTM

STANDARD UNIT

verticaTM wall

TIMBERWOOD - Textured

NATURAL - Smooth

GREYFIELD - Smooth

TRIPLE UNITDOUBLE UNIT

Standard UnitWidth 457 mm (18”)Height 203 mm (8”)Depth 279mm (11”)Setback: 4°Connector Type: Single Tongue

STANDARD UNIT

NATURAL TIMBERWOOD GREYFIELD

TIMBERWOOD - Smooth

Standard Corner Unit Width 875mm (34.44”)Height 185mm (7.28”)Depth 375mm (14.76”)Split-face on front and one side

Coping-Step UnitWidth 1000 mm (39.37”)Height 185 mm (7.28”) Depth 430 mm (16.92”)

CopingFront:Width 457 mm (18”) Height 101 mm (4”)Depth 330 mm (13”)

Back:Width 304 mm (12”) Split-face on front and back

ACCESSORY UNITS

ACCESSORY UNITS

CornerWidth 457 mm (18”)Height 203 mm (8”)Depth 229 mm (9”)Split face on front and one side

Corner Coping UnitWidth 875 mm (34.44”)Height 185 mm (7.28”)Depth 430 mm (16.92”)Split-face on front and one side

A N I N T E G R A T E D M A S O N R Y & L A N D S C A P E S O L U T I O N S C O M P A N Y

BramptonBrick.com 1.800.GO.BRICK (462-7425)

Can Your Concrete Do This?

InternationalGST Global Sealer

Technologies

InternationalGST Global Sealer

TechnologiesThe World’s Most Amazing Cementitious Patch and Overlay Product!

™

• Fiber reinforced: Superior flexural and tensile strength as thin as 1/4”

• High ductility, allowing the overlay or patch to ‘FLEX’ without failure

• Superior tensile strain capacity of other cement-based products

• 10 times the bond strength of other fiber based mortars for superior crack resistance

• Prevents the propagation of existing cracks through the surface

• Resists de-icing salts, freeze/thaw

• Highly impermeable, high abrasion resistance

Elephant Armor™ can be applied directly over ‘alligator skin’ asphalt without deconstruction.

Concrete overlay without deconstructing the failed substrate.

before

before

after

after

Concrete repairs are made possible in remote or difficult sites with Elephant Armor™.

Use Elephant Armor™ to create outdoor furnishings, counter-tops, simulated stonework etc.

Overhead repairs are easy with Elephant Armor™, forming is not required.

Elephant Armor™ can be troweled, rolled, sprayed, stamped and stained.

after

after

before

before

Available in Three Formulations – Just Add Water

Bridge RepairCulverts

Sidewalk RepairICF Coating

Wall RepairCurb Repair

Structural UnderlaymentAlligatored (broken) Asphalt

Pot HolesDecorative Overlay

Flex Without Failure

Can Your Concrete Do This?

4000 PSI in 4 hours

before

www.OAKSpavers.com

Product representations shown in this publication are intended to convey the general color, texture and appearance of the prodcut. Variations may occur in the manufacturing and printing process. Always select from an actual procut sample.

Brampton 225 Wanless Drive Brampton, ON L7A 1E9 1.800.709.OAKS (6257)

Brockville 3007 County Rd. #29 PO Box 143 Brockville, ON K6V 5V2 Phone: (613) 342-9815 Fax: (613) 342-3606

Hillsdale 2108 Flos Road Four East, Hillsdale, ON L0L 1V0 Phone: (705) 835-5600 Fax: (613) 835-3333

Markham 455 Rodick Road Markham, ON L6G 1B2 Phone: (905) 475-5900 Fax: (905) 479-2894

Montréal 1 Place du Commerce, suite 420 Verdun (Nuns’ Island), QC H3E 1A2 Phone: (514) 768-1325 Fax: (514) 768-5973

Detroit 51744 Pontiac Trail Wixom, MI 48393 Phone: (248) 684-5004 Fax: (248) 684-2726

Farmersburg 1256 East County Rd. 950 N. Farmersburg, IN 47850 Phone: (812) 397-2190 Fax: (812) 397-5183

Brampton Brick Limited

OAKSpavers.com 1.800.709.OAKS (6257) (Canada) 1.800.876.OAKS (6257) (USA)

CA/USA5K/07/15

On the cover: Ridgefield Plus with Centurion

first edition landscape products - oaks pavers · parking lots, streetscapes, architectural...

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