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First International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Page 33
NASA' S TERAHERTZ TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DR. MARTIN SOKOLOSKIDepartment of PhysicsDrexel University
andOffice of Aeronautics, Exploration and Technology
NASA Headquarters
DR. CARL A. KUKKONENDirector
Center for Space Microelectronics TechnologyJet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
Abstract
NASA is developing submillimeter (terahertz) receivers foruse in astrophysics, the study of planetary atmospheres and forEarth observation. The science objectives include the under-standing of star formation, the interstellar medium, galacticformation, the composition of planetary atmospheres, and ozonedepletion in the Earth's atmosphere. Since the Earth's atmosphereis opaque in most of the submillimeter region, observations mustbe done from space.
Because submillimeter technology has no significant groundapplications, the receiver technology is not available. The NASAOffice of Aeronautics, Exploration and Technology is vigorouslypursuing a multi-year effort to develop the components needed fora submillimeter heterodyne receiver. The critical componentsinclude the antenna, local oscillator and mixer. The technicalchallenges arise due to the high frequency and short wavelength ofthe radiation.
Because waveguides and waveguide arrays are difficult tofabricate at these wavelengths, quasi-optical antenna techniquesare being actively pursued. The local oscillator is a majorchallenge, because a terahertz is an order of magnitude higherthan frequencies obtainable with conventional electronics. Novelstructures such as resonant tunneling devices are used asfundamental oscillators and as frequency multipliers.
The mixer elements being investigated are solid-state planarSchottky diodes for Earth observations and superconducting-insulating-superconducting (SIS) tunnel junctions for low-noisecryogenic astrophysical telescopes.
The University of Michigan Center for Space TerahertzTechnology was established by NASA to help develop additionalexpertise and students trained in this area.
Page 34 First International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is
developing submillimeter (terahertz) receivers for use in
astrophysics, the study of planetary atmospheres and for Earth
observation. The science objectives include the understanding of
star formation, the interstellar medium, galactic formation, the
composition of planetary atmospheres, and ozone depletion in the
Earth's atmosphere. Since the Earth's atmosphere is opaque in
most of the submillimeter region, observations must be done from
space.
For reference, the wavelength of 1 THz (1000 GHz) radiation
in free space is one-third of a millimeter or 333 pm. The
frequency is 30 times higher than "standard radio waves" used in
radars, yet 30 times lower than the frequencies of "standard
infrared photons." Technology is available for radar frequencies
and detectors are also available in the infrared. However, the
technology needed for the terahertz region (0.3-30 THz) has not
yet been developed.
There are two reasons for the lack of technology. First,
the frequency regime is intrinsically very difficult. The photon
energies are small relative to the energy gaps of opto-electronic
semiconductors, but the frequencies lie beyond the frequency
range accessible with conventional semiconductor electronic
devices. Secondly, since the Earth's atmosphere is largely
opaque in the terahertz region, there has not been a demand for
terahertz receivers for terrestrial applications, and there is no
current commercial application of terahertz technology.
The terahertz frequency range is important to NASA because
molecular species important in atmospheric chemistry, such as
ozone and chlorine oxide, and other molecules found in the
interstellar medium, have radiative emissions in this range. The
sharp emission lines can be detected readily by a heterodyne
receiver. The frequency of an emission line identifies the
species; the intensity gives abundance, and the relative
intensity of two lines from the same molecule yields the
temperature. In addition, Doppler-shifted deviations from
laboratory spectra gives information about the dynamics of the
interstellar medium.
First International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Page 35
The NASA Office of Aeronautics, Exploration and Technologyis developing technology for potential future terahertz spacemissions such as the ozone depletion experiment on the Earth
Observing System (Eos), the Submillimeter Explorer, theSubmillimeter Imaging Line Survey and the Large DeployableReflector. The focus is on solid-state receiver components that
are compact, low power and space-qualifiable.
Limited terahertz data can be obtained from the Earth by
observing from high mountains, balloons or aircraft to get above
much of the atmosphere, and using frequency bands where the
atmospheric absorption is minimum. These Earth-based
observations allow the technology to be demonstrated in real
systems before actual use in space.
The technology needed to study ozone depletion of the
Earth's atmosphere differs from that needed for astrophysics. In
ozone depletion studies, the atmospheric signal strength is
relatively large, but accurate measurements must be made
continuously for 5-10 years to detect small changes. The long
mission lifetime precludes the use of stored cryogen
refrigeration and dictates that receivers must operate at 65-
125K. This leads to a requirement for semiconductor mixers,
local oscillators and multipliers, which have limited sensi-
tivity.
A major effort is devoted to improving semiconductor
Schottky diode mixer efficiency, and extending performance to
higher frequencies. The Microwave Limb Sounder, to be flown on
the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in 1992, operates
at 200 GHz. The Eos experiment will be at 650 GHz. Schottky
diode mixers require substantial local oscillator power, and this
is also a major challenge at 650 GHz.
The signal strengths for astrophysics missions are very
small, and ultimate sensitivity is required. This dictates large
antennas, and ultra-low noise receivers. Most astrophysical
missions will need to carry liquid helium to accommodate use of
ultra-sensitive superconducting mixers. The mixer is a super-
conducting-insulating-superconducting tunnel junction coupled
Page 36 First International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology
with the appropriate tuning elements. Lead-based tunnel
junctions have been demonstrated on Earth, but lead junctions
have very short life time and cannot be space qualified. The
focus of the development effort is on niobium nitride, which is a
refractory material and NbN junctions have extremely long life.
Currently NbN mixers have shown good performance to 200 GHz, with
a theoretical limit of 1.5 THz. The major advantages of super-
conducting mixers are that they have extremely low noise and
require much lower local oscillator power than a Schottky diode
mixer.
Since astrophysical quantities are not changing rapidly,
the mission life requirement is dictated only by the level of
"sky search" desired. The science return will be significantly
enhanced by array technology being developed by NASA, which willallow arrays of submillimeter receivers to take data in parallel.Current receivers, operating up to 200 GHz or so, all usewaveguide technology inherited from the radar community. It isdifficult to machine waveguides for terahertz frequencies and itis even more difficult to build waveguide arrays. This is themotivation for the NASA effort in quasi-optical approaches, whichutilize lenses, and integrated antenna/mixer structures tofacilitate arrays.
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