fish nutrition, the basics - san diego tropical...
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Fish Nutrition, The Basics What We Put in our Fish and Why
Paul A. Curtis, AquaSolver LLC
2255 Seaquest Trail, Escondido, CA, 92029 760-518-8170, www.aquasolver.com
For The: San Diego Tropical Fish Society
August 10, 2014
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Why is Nutrition Important
• Hardiness • Growth • Normal Development, WSB Juvenile • Gamete Quality, WSB Brood • Disease Resistance, β-Glucans • Life and Death During Development
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What We Feed
• Dry Prepared Diets • Flake, Pellets, Home Made
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What We Feed
• Live Feeds • Rotifers, Artemia, Copepods
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What We Feed
• Frozen Thawed feeds • Sardines, Mackerel, Squid, Shrimp, Brine Shrimp
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Live Foods
• Mostly used in larval rearing • Larvae will eat a dry diet buy not
metabolized • What do live food provide
• Nutrition • Gut enzymes • Gut bacteria
• What live foods used by you?
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Types of Live Foods
• Paramecia • Rotifers, 225µm • Brine Shrimp, 450 µm • Moina • Daphnia • Copepods (predacious?)
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Paramecium
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Rotifer
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Brine Shrimp Nauplii
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Brine Shrimp Cyst Harvest
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Moina and Daphnia
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Live Food Enrichment
• Why Enrich? • Live foods can be nutrient limiting • Bolster nutrient value of feed, HUFA’s • Life or Death to marine larvae !
• Enrich With What? • Fats, Proteins and Vitamins • Many commercial products
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Brine Shrimp Hatch and Enrichment Procedure
• Hatch 24 hrs at 28ºC and 20-30 ppt • 12 hours after hatch begin feeding and can
start to enrich • Some “Directions” have enrichment after
hatch, no-no
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Ads and Disads of Live Feeds
• Ads. • Fish like them • Necessary • Can enrich to suit
• Disads. • Expensive • Labor intensive • Can be nutrient limiting • Can be unreliable
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Frozen Thawed Foods
• Use Sardines, Squid, Anchovies, Mackerel • Can be deficient in vitamins due to freezing
damage degradation • Can supplement with tablets or other
supplements • Hubbs solution! Injections.
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Prepared Diet Production Methods and Feeding
• Types of Production Methods • Steam Pelleted • Extruded • Expanded • Flaked • Other, gelatin, sausage etc.
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Steam Pelleting
• Made With Steam (100° to 180° for 35 sec) and Little Pressure
• Binders make ingredients stick together • One of oldest methods of pelleting • Grinding and blending of ingredients • Forced through a die after heating • Pellets cut to length • Blown dry to 8% - 10% moisture
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Steam Pelleting Ads
• Less loss of vitamins and other nutrients • Low energy to make • Initial less cost • Smaller mills available for on site
manufacture
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Steam Pelleting Disads.
• Less digestible diets • Large amount of fines • Sinking feeds only • Lower feed conversion • Large minimum pellet size (2.4 mm) • Most fat is 20% in diet • Not as durable in warm water
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Extruded Diets
• High Pressure and Heat (300°) Applied • Mash placed an barrel of machine and water added • High heat, pressure and friction applied • Starch gelatinized as binder • Forced through die with less pressure on other side
so expands • Air introduced to control buoyancy • Moisture 10-15% so dried to 10% • Screened to remove fines and fat added to reduce
dust and increase fat level
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Extruded Diets Ads.• Expansion controlled so buoyancy controlled • Can have fat levels higher than 20% • High temps increase nutrient availability and
increases feed conversions • Better digestibility less waste • Carbohydrate is binder so no fillers needed • Structural integrity allows for smaller pellet size • No fines, durable pellet and uniform size • No sharp edges
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Extruded Diets Disads.• Degradation of vitamins, medications and other
nutrients can be high • Higher manufacturing costs • Cost of shipping more as pellet density is less
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Flaked Feeds
• Mostly aquarium feeds • Very finely crushed and made into slurry • Made into thin film on screen, baked and
made into flakes • Formulations often quite different than
commercial fish diets
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What is Important for Proper Nutrition
• Protein • Fat • Carbohydrate • Ash • Vitamins • Minerals • Moisture • Energy
Tested with Proximate Analysis and is on label.
Bomb Calorimeter
Bomb Calorimeter
Drying Oven
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Energy
• All fish require base energy content • All fat, protein and carbohydrates have
energy and varies with digestibility of ingredient
• Energy needed for digestion • Fish have variable use for different
ingredients, eg. Cellulose vs fish protein
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Protein
• Most expensive component • Building Blocks for growth, Amino Acids • Key Ingredient in Diets • Affect palatability and Performance • Quality and Quantity Important
• Plant and Animal meals
• Usually included at 25%-50% • ~22 amino acids and 10 are Essential
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Essential Amino Acids
• Arginine • Histidine • Isoleucine • Leucine • Lysine
• Methionine (Cystine) • Phenyalanine (Tyrosine) • Threonine • Tryptophane • Valine
Can’t Be Synthesized, Must get from diet
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Deficiencies of Essentials
• Methionine • Cataracts
• Tryptophane • Scoliosis, Fin erosion
• Lysine • Fin Erosion, Mortality
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Where Do We Get It From? Protein
!• Fish Meal Best, Most Common Source
Various Sources and Fish Commodity, Capelin, Anchovy, Herring Peru, Mexico, Canada producers Produced how?
• Plant and Other Animal Sources • Rendered feather and Blood meals • Corn and Soybean • Not as good a source, less digestible
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Lipids (Fats)
• Inexpensive, Source cost varies • Type of fat important • HUFA’s most important
• Larvae, life or death
• Type and amount often customized • High energy salmonids, high HUFA larval
• Usually 10%-25% in diets
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Fatty Acids
• Saturated FA • No double bonds in chain
• Unsaturated FA • At least one double bond
• Polyunsaturated FA • More than one double bond • HUFA’s included in this group
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PUFA’s Essential
• Three most important groups are • Omega 3 (ω3), Linolenic acids • Omega 6 (ω6), Linoleic acids • Omega 9 (ω9), Olenic acids
• Essential Groups • ω3 are primary essential fatty acids • Most common deficiency of DHA and EPA
• Docosahexanoic acid, DHA, 22:6 n-3 • Eicosapentanoic acid, EPA, 20:5 n-3
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Sources of Lipid for Diets• Fish Oil, Best source • Beef Tallow, mostly saturated • Corn oil • Canola oil
Deficiency, Total and Essentials• Increased disease incidence • Unexplained Mortality
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Carbohydrates
• Not essential and very cheap • Many fish can not utilize well and excess can
cause disorders • Some species makes a good energy source • Sugars, Wheat (cellulose), Starch, other
grains • Not a component of the natural diet • Usually at around 12%-25% in diets
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Ash
• Non digestible component of diet • Mostly bone from fish meal and other
minerals • Level usually 9% in diet
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Moisture
• Amount of water in diet • Can vary from feed to feed and
manufacturer • Usually around 8%-10%
• Soft-Moist around 15%
• Higher moisture, faster degradation
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Vitamins• Most important to balance in diet • 2 Groups
• Water Soluble – C, B’s, inositol, choline – Short retention time, leaching
• Fat Soluble – A, E, D, K – Long retention time, storage
• E and C antioxidants protect fats • Required amount vary between vitamins
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Many Deficiencies Associated with Vitamin Deficiencies
• Fat Soluble !• A: exophthalmia, edema, eye lesions, ascites • D: tetany, lipoid liver, calcium imbalance • E: depigmentation, ascites, muscular dystrophy • K: prolonged clotting, anemia, hemorrhagic gills
and eyes
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• Water Soluble !• B1 Thiamine: nervous disorder, Loss Equilib,
Convulsions, hyperirritability
• B2 Riboflavin: lethargy, dark skin, spinal def., photophobia
• B3 Niacin: skin fin gut lesions, photosensitivity, sunburn, ascites
• B4 Pantothenic acid: clubbed gills, distended opercula
• B5 Pyridoxine: nervous disorders, convulsions, spiral swimming
• B12: reduced growth, anemia
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• Water Soluble (cont.) !• C Ascorbic Acid: intramuscular hemorrhaging,
distorted gills, spinal deformaties, ascites, impaired healing, increase infections
• Biotin: degenerative gills, skin lesions, muscle atrophy, convulsions
• Folic Acid: lethargy, slow growth, dark, anemia • Choline: fatty liver, exophthalmia, distended
abdomen, hemorrhagic gut and kidney • Inositol: dark, distended abdomen, fin erosion
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Minerals
• Macro and Micro Minerals • Some are essential though in small
quantities • Many toxic but required in small amounts • Fish can absorb many from water • Seawater contains many minerals
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Major Requirement
• Calcium • Phosphorous (essential for growth) • Magnesium • Sodium • Potassium • Chlorine (chloride) • Sulfur
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Trace Minerals• Iron • Copper • Zinc • Manganese • Selenium • Iodine • Cobalt • Fluorine
• Molybdenum • Aluminum • Nickel • Vanadium • Silicon • Tin • Chromium • Etc…….
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Mineral Deficiencies
• Calcium and phosphorous: poor growth, bone development impaired
• Magnesium: poor growth, anorexia, lethargy, flaccid muscles, increased mortality
• Iron: anemia • Selenium: decreased growth, muscle dystrophy
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Mineral Deficiencies cont.
• Copper: growth depression, anemia • Iodine: goiter, thyroid dysfunction • Zinc: decreased growth • Manganese: decreased growth, abnormal tail
growth, spinal fusion
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Diet Formulation
• Very species specific • Ingredients and vitamin requirements very
specific to species and age • Biology of animal will generally dictate need
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Carp and Tilapia
• Long Guts, Grazers • Can digest more difficult to digest
ingredients; starch cellulose • Digest plant proteins better • High cellulose and less protein • Cheap diets
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Catfish• Moderate gut length, Scroungers and
predators • Can utilize some plant protein • Can use low protein feeds if fed to satiation;
grower 24-28%, Fry 50%, fingerling 35% • Cheap feeds
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Salmon and Trout
• Short guts, Pisciverous • Can not utilize plant proteins • Need 45% protein and 15% fat • Do not use carbohydrates well • Energy from protein and fat • Expensive diets
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Other Feed Concerns
• Storage should not exceed 75° • Should last 6 months, dry diet, Moist diets
less; Vit E and C • Fat rancidity • Vitamin degradation
• Type of diet for age and stage of development • Fry vs. fingerling vs. grower vs. finishing
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Broodstock Feeding
• Your eggs are only as good as your brood feed
• Brood are often overlooked and thus produce poor quality eggs
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Feeding First Feeds, Dry
• Feed sizes vs. size of fish • Salmon, trout and catfish eat dry first feeding
• Marine fish need live feeds • Weaning to dry feed is goal in hatchery
• Why wean; improved growth and efficiency • Wet vs. Dry
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