fish physiology and biochemistry mfsc syllabus - cifecife.edu.in/cife/pdf/fish physiology and...

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MFSc Program in

Fish Physiology &

Biochemistry - Syllabus

Central Institute of Fisheries Education

Mumbai

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MFSc (Fish Physiology & Biochemistry) Program Structure and Major Courses

Course No Titles Credits

Core Courses

1. FPB 501 Physiology of Digestion, Growth and

Energetics

2+1

2. FPB 502 FPB-502 Reproductive Physiology and

Endocrinology

2+1

3. FPB 503 FPB-503 Fish Biochemistry 2+1

4. FPB 504 FPB -504 Metabolism of Biomolecules 2+1

Optional Courses

1. FPB 505 Cardiovascular system and Respiratory

Physiology

2+1

2. FPB 506 Immunophysiology 1+1

3. FPB 507 Cellular and Molecular physiology 2+1

4. FPB 508 Sensory Physiology 1+1

5. FPB 509 Physiology of Fish Behaviour 1+1

6. FPB 510 Pharmaco-Physiology of Aquaculture

Drugs

1+1

7. FPB 511 Physiology of Excretion and

Osmoregulation.

1+1

8. FPB 512 Ecophysiology of Fishes 1+1

9. FPB 513 Experimental Techniques in

Biochemistry

1+1

10. FPB 514 Biochemistry of Enzymes, Vitamins,

Minerals and Hormones.

2+1

11. FPB 515 Diagnostic Biochemistry

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FPB- 501 Physiology of Digestion, Growth and Energetics (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the various aspects of growth and energy budget

in fish and shellfish.

• Concept of growth, determination of age and growth, correlation of

growth in relation to body weight and length, food and feeding

biology, growth curve, feed ingestion and feeding mechanism;

• Digestive systems of fish and shell fish; Digestive organs and and

their functions

• Digestive enzymes, digestion of carbohydrates, lipid and proteins,

absorption and assimilation of nutrients; growth metabolism

(anabolism and catabolism), biotic and abiotic factors affecting

growth

• Factors affecting digestibility and transport of nutrients

• Role of minerals and vitamins in growth regulation.

• Hormonal factors controlling growth.

• Insulin- like Growth factor (IGF) or Somatostatin and role of

Insulin on growth

• Role of nutrients in growth and Growth stimulators

Practicals:

Estimation of AST; Estimation of ALT; Thyroxine/ Tyrosine assay;

Insulin- like Growth Factor (IGF); Acid- base estimations of gut system.

Estimation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestive enzymes.

Determination of growth and age by otolith and fish scale analysis.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Muscle Development and Growth, Vol. 18 by William S. Hoar

• Fish Biomechanics by Robert E. Shadwick and George V. Lauder

• The Physiology of Fishes by David H. Evans.

• Fish Physiology By William Stewart Hoar and D. J. Randall

• Comparative Animal Physiology by C. L. Prosser, W. B Sounders

co., Philadelphia

Journals:

• Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition

• Fish physiology and Biochemistry

• Journal of muscle research and cell motility

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Research Area :

• Mechanism and control of growth

• Role of insulin like growth factors

• Role of nutrient on growth

FPB-502: Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with basic concepts of reproduction in fish and

reproductive technology

• Reproductive systems: male and female of fish and shellfish,

primary and secondary sex characters, bisexual reproduction,

hermaphroditism, gynogenesis, androgenesis, inter-sexes, breeding

pattern, breeding season, Gonadal development, process of

oogenesis; spermatogenesis, metabolic changes during oogenesis

and spermatogenesis, Sex steroids and sex differentiation. Factors

affecting sex differentiation. Sex reversal in fish, factors affecting

sex reversal, parental care.

• Physiology of hypothalamo-hypophyseal system.

• Mechanism of hormone synthesis, release, transport and action.

• Hormone receptors and their characteristics.

• Neuroendocrine regulation of gametogenesis, maturation and

ovulation processes.

• Neuro- endocrine system in crustacean and molluscs and its role in

control of reproduction.

• Pheromones and reproductive behaviour.

• Role of nutrition in fish reproduction.

• Environmental factors influencing reproduction.

• Cryopreservation of gametes and mechanism of fertilization.

• Reproductive biotechnology for accelerating breeding and

spawning.

Practicals:

• Dissection and display of reproductive system (male and female).

• Identification of primary and secondary sex characters.

• Estimation of fecundity, Gonado- somatic index (GSI)

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• Extraction of hormones, isolation, purification and characterization.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Breeding and seed production of Fin Fish and Shellfish by P.C.

Thomas.



• Comparative neuroendocrinology of invertebrates by Highman

and Hill

Journals:

• Journal of Experimental Biology

• Journal of Fish physiology and Biochemistry.


Research Area:

• Hormonal control of fish reproduction

• Isolation and characterization of Gonadotropin

• Nutritional strategies of fish reproduction

• Cryopreservation of gamets

FPB- 503 Fish Biochemistry (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the biochemical functions of different

biomolecules.

• Definition, classification and biological significance of proteins; Amino acids: structure, classification, acid-base properties, stereoisomerisms and chemical reactions;

• Structure of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary; denaturation.

• Definition, classification and biological significance of lipids, fatty acids: structure, properties and chemical reactions; Saponification, iodine number and peroxide value of fats

• Structure, properties and functions of phospholipids, prostaglandins, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and steroids

• Definition, classification and biological significance of carbohydrates; Chemical reactions; stereoisomerisms and mutarotation, structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides

• Structure, functions and properties of nucleic acids; Structure of

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purines, pyrimidine; DNA and RNA; Watson and Crick model of DNA.

Practicals:

Extraction and purification of proteins and lipids

Isolation, purification and characterization of nucleic acids

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and

nucleic acids.

Quantitative estimation of biomolecules by spectrophotometric methods

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes by Hochachka • Principles of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson and Michael M.

Cox • Fish Physiology By William Stewart Hoar and D. J. Randall

Journals:

• Fish physiology and Biochemistry.


• Journal of Biology.

Research Area:

• Biosynthesis of PUFA.

• Isolation and characterization of genes

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FPB-504 Metabolism of Biomolecules (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the metabolism of different biomolecules. • Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis and its control • TCA cycle: different steps, stoichiometry and control • Alternate pathways of carbohydrate metabolism • pentose phosphate pathway and guconeogenesis; • Glycogen metabolism; Regulation of blood glucose; Oxidative

phosphorylation; Redox potential; • Respiratory chain and its enzyme system; ATP synthesis; • Lipid metabolism: biosynthesis and beta oxidation of fatty acids;

Generation of acetyl CoA, NADH/NADPH and FADH2; • Control of fatty acid metabolism; • Protein and amino acid metabolism: biosynthesis of protein; • Oxidative and non-oxidative degradation of amino acids,

transamination and deamination; Urea cycle • Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids; • Nucleic acids metabolism: purine and pyrimidine metabolism; • Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides;

Intermediary metabolism: • integration of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.

Practicals:

End product estimation of aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate and lactate) Enzyme assay for LDH, MDH, ALT and nucleases Estimation of phospholipids.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:


Cox • Outline of Biochemistry by Conn. Stumpf, Bruening and Doi:

• Harper’s biochemistry by Murray et al.

Journals:

• Fish physiology and Biochemistry.


• Journal of Biology.

Research Area:

• Role of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins on metabolism during

stress

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FPB-505 Cardio-vascular system and Respiratory Physiology (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the dynamics of cardiovascular system and

adaptation of the salt transporting mechanism in fish and their physiology.

• Types of heart, morphological structure, blood vascular system.

Lymph and lymphatic circulation. Regulation of cardiac activity,

Neural and autoregulatory control of heart and haemodynamics,

cardiac output, circulation time, blood pressure.

• Definition of respiration, basal metabolic rate (BMR), external

respiration, internal respiration. Types of respiratory organs, gill

structure

• Respiratory pigments and their functions.

• Mechanism of gaseous exchange, CO2 transport, countercurrent

principle, water flow across the gills, respiratory pumps, pump

musculature and skeleton, ammonia quotient.

• Chloride cells and their role in respiration.

• Respiratory metabolism, energy budget and expenditure in relation

to environmental conditions and stress

• Metabolic effect in response to environmental factors (biotic and

abiotic).

• Hypoxia and metabolic rate, anoxic layers and habitats

• Oxygen requirements at larval stages

Practicals:

• Assay of Na+-K+ ATPase activity. Study of rate of oxygen

consumption in relation to abiotic factors (pH, temperature,

salinity).

• Differential count of blood cells and estimation of haemoglobin

concentration, haematocrit value.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Responses of Fish to Environmental Changes by Walter Chavin

• Control Processes in Fish Physiology by J. C. Rankin, T. J. Pitcher



• Comparative Animal Physiology by C. L. Prosser, W. B Sounders

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co., Philadelphia

Journals:

• Journal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry

• Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology.

Research Area

• Osmoregulation

• Mechanism of gaseous exchange

• Hypoxia as endocrine disrupters

FPB- 506 Immunophysiology (1+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with different aspects Immunostimulants and their

effect on fish immunity, stress resistance and disease resistance.

• Basic principles of immune system in fishes and shell fishes.

• Immuno-stimulant, immunomodulation.

• Role of nutraceuticals viz., levan, β- glucan, w3- fatty acid,

levanisole, nucleotide, alginates, bovine lactoferine, etc. on fish/

shellfish immunity and mechanism of their action.

• Principles of stress resistance, stress tolerance. Challenge study.

• Endocrine control of immune system.

Practicals:

Lysozyme activity. Estimation of NBT. Estimation of CBC. Estimation of

prophenol oxidase. Estimation of superoxide dismutase. Estimation of

IgM.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

The Fish immune System, Organisms, Pathogen and Environment By

Iwama, G and Nakanishi.

Immunochemistry by Carel J. Van Oss and Mare H. V. Van Regenmortel

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes by Hochachka The Physiology Of Fishes by David H. Evans

Outline of Biochemistry by Conn. Stumpf, Bruening and Doi:

Harper’s biochemistry by Murray et al.

Journals:

Fish and Shellfish Immunology.

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Journal of Fish Diseases.

Journal of Immunopharmacology.

Research Area:

• Identification and application of nutraceuticals on immunity

• Endocrine control of immunity

FPB-507 Cellular and Molecular physiology (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the cellular signaling cascades and other various

molecular physiology.

• Protein sequencing, cell signaling and trafficking

• Sensor molecules and bioactive peptides; C-reactive protein,

• Structure, functions and expression of heat shock; antifreeze and

metallothionenes proteins;

• Cross protection, mechanism of action of cross protection.

• Biochemical mechanism of thermogenesis.

• Adaptation mechanism during thermal extremes; metabolic

reactions during starvation and stress; gene splicing and mutation.

• DNA probes and nucleotide sequencing; gene expression and

cloning; recombinant DNA and DNA fingerprinting. DNA damage.

• Factors affecting gene expression. Fish cell culture and stem cells.

Practicals:

Quantification of HSP. DNA damage by Comet assay. Quantification of C-

reactive protein. Gene sequencing. Amino acid sequencing.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

Fish Biomechanics by Robert E. Shadwick and George V. Lauder

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes by Hochachka Stress- Inducible Cellular Responses by U. Fiege, R. Morimoto, I. Yahara

Journals: Journal of Experimental Biology

Journal of Fish physiology and Biochemistry

Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition.

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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology

Research Area:

• Identification and characterization of thermo tolerance gene

• Mechanism on cell signaling

• Adaptive mechanism to altered environment

FPB-508 Sensory Physiology (1+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the different sensory organs and functional

mechanism in fish and shellfish.

• Overview of Sense organs and their functions in fishes and shell

fishes

• Action potential, synapse, Neurotransmitters, impulse transmission,

Excitation-contraction coupling

• Hearing mechanism and specialization.

• Hearing threshold.

• Auditory behavior and ecology.

• Olfactory system and role in migration.

• Electroreception, chemoreception in fish.

• Physiology of photoreceptors and pineal.

• Effector and motor function, Motor behavior and locomotion.

• Bioluminiscence , Chromatophores

Practicals:

Practical on chemoreception using different feeding attractants. Behavioral

studies with respect to temperature and noise. Study of reflex action.

Effect of spinal nerve transection on melanophore behaviour. Effect of

optic nerve transection on melanophore behaviour in response to

background colour.

Chromatophores response in relation to background colour, light,

temperature, etc.

Chromatophores response in relation to eye stalk ablation.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

Fish Neurobiology by R. Glenn Northcutt, Roger E. Davis

Electroreception by Theodore Bullock

Sensory Systems Neuroscience: Fish Physiology, Vol. 25 by

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Toshiaki J. Hara

The Physiology Of Fishes by David H. Evans,

Fish Physiology By William Stewart Hoar and D. J. Randall

Journals:

Journal of Neuroscience

Experimentia

Chemical Senses

Journal of Comparative Neurology.

Research Area:

• Bioluminiscence , Chromatophores

• Chromatophores response in relation to eye stalk ablation.

FPB-509 Physiology of Fish Behaviour (1+1)

Objective Theory

To acquaint students on physiology of behaviour

• Concepts on fish behavior and regulatory mechanism-alarm reaction-transduction mechanism

• Domestication processes communicative behavior. Locomotion behavior

• Sexual behavior. Predatory avoidance. Parental and neonatal behavior

• Behavior due to environmental partition • Chemical signals to evoke feeding behavior • Adaptation mechanism in altered environment

Practicals

• Tagging Studies. • Audio visual recording of behavior in simulated experiment

Suggested Readings.

Books:

Behaviour of Teleost Fishes by T. J. Pitcher

Fish Cognition and Behavior byCulum Brown, Kevin Laland

The Physiology Of Fishes by David H. Evans

Journals: Journal of Animal Ecology Journal of Fish Biology Journal of Fish Behaviour Research Area:

• Behavioural studies during reproduction • Behavioural pattern in altered environment

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FPB-510 Pharmaco-Physiology of Aquaculture Drugs (1+1)

Objective Theory

To acquaint students with the aquaculture drugs and their delivery mechanism.

• An introduction to pharmaco-dynamic agents • Anaesthetics • Chemotherapeutic agents: antiprotozoal agents, ectoparasiticide,

antihelmenthic • Antibacterial drugs • Delivery system of drugs • ISO standards of levels of drugs.

Practical

• Estimation of residual level of different drugs • Pharamaco-kinetics.

Suggested Readings

Books: Applied fish pharmacology by K. M. Traos Brown Fish medicine by M. K. Stockoff Journals: European Journal of Pharmacology Immunopharmacology

Research Area: • Metabolism and Pharmaco- kinetics of drugs

FPB-511 Physiology of Excretion and Osmoregulation (1+1)

Objective

Theory

To acquaint students with the physiology of excretion and osmoregulation in fish and shellfish.

• Definition of excretion and Osmoregulation

• Excretory organs in fish and shellfish and their functions

• Mechanism of excretion of nitrogenous waste, water and ion balance

• Urea cycle

• Chloride shift mechanism

• Mechanism of osmotic and ionic regulation

• Osmoregulation in migratory animals

• Stenohaline and Euryhaline animals and their tolerance capacity

• Endocrine control of osmoregulation

Practical • Estimation of osmolarity in blood samples

• Estimation of osmolarity in relation to different salinities.

• Estimation of ammonia in blood and water samples.

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Suggested

Readings

Books

The Physiology of Fishes by David Evans.

Fish Physiology by William Stewart Hoar and D. J. Randall vol. I

Comparative Animal Physiology by C. L. Prosser, W. B. Saunders co.,

Philladelphia.

Journals

• Journal of Fish Biology

• Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology

• Journal of Fish physiology and Biochemistry

• Journal of Experimental Biology


Research Area:

• Protein requirement studies based on nitrogen excretion

• Osmotic and ionic regulation in altered environment

FPB-512 Ecophysiology of Fishes (1+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with an insight into physiology of fish in response to

changes in the aquatic environment both in wild population and in

captivity.

• Fish and shellfish habitats in different ecological niches.

• Environmental factors affecting fish physiology and endocrine

disruptors

• Adaptive and detoxification mechanism

• Global warming and its impact on fish and shellfish physiology.

• Thermal eco-physiology.

• Stress in fish and heat shock protein (HSP).

• Response of fish and shellfish during hypoxia and the role of

cardiovascular and ventillary system.

• Physiological adaptations during migration.

• Natural and anthropogenic sources of radioactivity in the aquatic

environment. Use of radioisotopes in tracer techniques for

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metabolic studies.

• Distribution of radioactive substances in water.

• International radiological limits for the export and import of aquatic

products.

• The role of food chains in concentration of radionucleides by

aquatic organisms.

• Effect of radioactive substances. Threat of radioactive

contamination to aquatic animal life.

Practicals:

• Estimate threshold of thermal tolerance and salinity tolerance.

Estimation of LC 50 of pollutants.

• Estimation of stress enzymes, isozymes. Estimation of cortisol in

serum/plasma.

• Use of isotopes in tracer techniques for metabolic studies.

Quantification of Tritium and other radioisotope levels from the

aquatic animals.

• Quantification of radioisotopes in fish/ shellfish tissues and in

aquatic environment.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Responses of Fish to Environmental Changes by Walter Chavin

• Fish Ecophysiology by J. Cliff Rankin and Frank B. Jensen

• Heat Shock Proteins from Bacteria to Man by M. J. Schlesinger, M.

• Stress- Inducible Cellular Responses by U. Fiege, R. Morimoto, I. Yahara

• Stress and Fish by A. D. Pickering • Water Pollution And Fish Physiology Heath Alan G

• The Physiology Of Fishes by David H. Evans

• Environmental Biology by Jobling M.

• Water Pollution And Fish Physiology Heath Alan G

Journals:

• Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health • Journal of Ecology, Ecosystems and Ecophysiology • Fish physiology and Biochemistry

• Journal of Thermal Biology • Journal of Experimental Biology

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• Journal of Fish physiology and Biochemistry

• Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition.

• Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology

• Environmental Contamination and Toxicology • Toxicology Letters

Research Area:

• Thermo-tolerance polygon.

• Heat shock protein

• Adaptation mechanisms

FPB-513 Experimental Techniques in Biochemistry (1+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with different experimental techniques in the fish

Biochemistry.

• Theory and application of colorimetry and spectrophotometry; Beer-Lambert's law; Calibration plot;

• Basic principles of chromatography; Theory and applications of paper, affinity, column, thin layer, ion-exchange, size exclusion and gas chromatography;

• HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography); Factors affecting chromatographic resolutions, resolving power and retention time; Methods of preparing biological samples for chromatographic analysis;

• Theory and applications of electrophoresis; Gel electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids;

• Determination of molecular weight of proteins and nucleic acids; Principle and uses of ultracentrifugation;

• Types of rotors and their applications; Beta scintillation counters and uses of radio isotopes in fisheries research.

Practicals:

Quantitative estimation of biomolecules by spectrophotometric methods;

Estimation of proteins by different methods (Lowry, Biuret, Bradford);

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography; Qualitative and

quantitative estimation of fatty acids by gas chromatography; Separation

of proteins and nucleic acids by gel electrophoresis; Application of swing

out and fixed angle rotors in ultra centrifugation.

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Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Experimental Techniques in Biochemistry by J. M. Braver • Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry and Biochemistry by P. S. • Diamond and R.F. Denman • Methods for Fish Biology by C. B. Schreck and P. B. Moyle

Journals:

Journal of Research Methods and Methodological Issues

Research Area:

• Development of new methods for quantification of biomolecules

FPB-514 Biochemistry of Enzymes, Vitamins, Minerals and Hormones (2+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the different aspects of enzymes, vitamins, minerals and hormones.

• Nomenclature, classification and structure of enzymes • Active site; Concepts of activation energy • Transition state and enzyme-substrate complex; Units of enzyme

activity • Factors affecting enzyme activity; • Enzyme kinetics; Km and Vmax values; Lineweaver and Burke

Plots; • Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition; • Ribozymes; Immobilized and restriction enzymes; • Structure and properties of water and fat soluble vitamins; • Vitamins as coenzymes and prosthetic groups; • Metabolic changes associated with hypo and hyper-vitaminosis; • Biosynthesis of vitamins; Biological significance of important

minerals (calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, manganese, selenium, cobalt, sodium, potassium, iron)

• Classification and functional properties of different hormones; Structure of peptide and steroid hormones; Biosynthesis, secretion and metabolic role of hormones

• Mechanism of hormone action. Practicals:

Assay of enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase, transaminases);

Quantitative estimation of vitamin A; Estimation of serum calcium and

phosphorous; Analysis of peptides from fish pituitary homogenate.

Suggested

Readings :

Books:



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Journals:

• Fish physiology and Biochemistry. • Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition • Journal of Biology.

Research Area:

• Enzyme kinetics

• Isozymes

• Enzyme action during stress

• Role vitamin and hormone on growth

FPB-515: Diagnostic Biochemistry (1+1)

Objective

Theory:

To acquaint students with the different aspects of biochemical diagnostic Techniques.

• OIE (Office of the international epizootics) listed diseases of finfish and shellfish in the world and their approved diagnostic methods;

• Enzymes and isoenzymes of clinical significance; • Metabolic disorders related to carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic

acid metabolism in fishes; • Biochemical markers for EUS, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia,

enteritis and spring viraemia in carp; Bacterial kidney diseases (BKD) and WSSV diagnosis;

• Biochemical indicators for stress; Biochemical techniques for identification of liver diseases, bone disorder and pesticide poisoning; Molecular basis of autoimmunity;

• Detoxification mechanisms of gill, liver and kidney; DNA fingerprinting and its applications in clinical biochemistry.

Practicals:

Specimen collection, identification, transport, delivery, preparation and preservation of samples; Estimation of blood glucose, albumin and globulin; Identification of pathogens by PCR and DNA fingerprinting in finfish and shellfish; Disease diagnosis by histopathology, histochemistry and X-ray techniques; Liver and plasma enzyme assay (GOT, GPT, ALP and AChE); Analysis of stress proteins. .

Suggested

Readings :

Books:

• Experimental Techniques in Biochemistry by J. M. Braver • Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry and Biochemistry by P. S. Diamondand R.F. Denman • Methods for Fish Biology by C. B. Schreck and P. B. Moyle • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes by Hochachka • Principles of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson and Michael M.


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Journals:

• Journal of Research Methods and Methodological Issues • Journal of Experimental Biology



Research Area:

• Isolation and identification of WSSV.

• Development of monoclonal antibody

• Development of vaccines.

fish physiology and biochemistry mfsc syllabus - cifecife.edu.in/cife/pdf/fish physiology and...

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