fisiologi endokrin 2
TRANSCRIPT
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FISIOLOGI ENDOKRIN
dr. Fadly Wirawan , S.Ked
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PANDANGAN UMUMSISTEM ENDOKRIN
Fisiologi Endokrin
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Pengertian hormon
Substansi kimia yang disekresi oleh sel ke dalam cairan tubuh dan mempunyai fungsi kontrol terhadap sel-sel lainnya
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Fungsi hormon
Reproduksi Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Homeostasis Pengaturan pengadaan energi
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Klasifikasi hormon
Steroid
estrogen, progesteron, testosteron, cortisol, aldosteron
Turunan asam amino tyrosin
tiroksin, triiodotyronin, epinefrin dan norepinefrin
Protein/peptida
hormon hipofise ant dan post, insulin, glukagon, PTH dsb
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Feedback negatif
Kelenjar endokrin secara alami mempunyai tendensi untuk over sekresi hormonnya
Akibatnya, hormon akan banyak diproduksi untuk merangsang organ target
Organ target akan berfungsi Ketika fungsi sudah terlalu banyak
terbentuk untuk menekan produksi kelenjar endokrin
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Reseptor
Hormon bergantung pada adanya reseptor
Fungsi reseptor Membedakan hormon dan lainnya Mengatur sinyal hormonal menjadi respon
seluler yang tepat
Lokasi reseptor pada sel Membran sel (hormon protein) Sitoplasma (hormon steroid) Inti sel (hormon tiroid)
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Mekanisme kerja
Perubahan permeabilitas membran Aktivasi enzim intraselluler Aktivasi gen-gen
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HIPOTHALAMUS &HIPOFISE
Fisiologi Endokrin
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Hormon hipothalamus
Corticotropin releasing hormon (CRH) Gonadotropin releasing hormon (GnRH) Thyrotropin releasing hormon (TRH) Prolactin releasing factor (PRF) Growth hormon inhibiting hormon (GHIH) Prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF) MSH releasing factor (MSH-RF) MSH inhibiting factor (MSH-IF) Oxitosin
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Hipofise anterior
Growth hormon (GH) Adrenocorticotropin hormon
(ACTH) Thyroid stimulating hormon (TSH) Follicle stimulating hormon (FSH) Luteinizing hormon (LH) Prolactin
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Hipofise posterior
Antidiuretik hormon (ADH) Oxytosin
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KELENJAR TIROID
Fisiologi Endokrin
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Hormon yang dihasilkan
Tiroksin (T4) Triiodotyronin (T3) Calcitonin
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Glandula tiroid
Sekresi tiroksin (T4) 90 %
sekresi triiodotironin (T3) 10 % Diperifer T4 diubah menjadi T3 T3 empat kali lebih poten dari T4 Terdapat follikel-follikel yang berisi
glikoprotein (thyroglobulin)
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Sumber iodium
Diet 500 μg/hari Deiodinasi 75 μg/hari
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Efek fisiologis hormon tiroid
pertumbuhan↑ Metabolisme ↑ Efek kardiovaskuler ↑ Hemopoetik ↑ Pernapasan ↑ Aktivitas saluran cerna ↑ SSP ↑ Suhu tubuh ↑
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KELENJAR PANKREAS
Fisiologi Endokrin
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Pulau langerhans
Sel A glukagon Sel B insulin Sel D somatostatin Sel F pancreatic polipeptida
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Efek insulin terhadap karbohidrat
Menghambat glikogenolisis Meningkatkan pemasukan glukosa Meningkatkan glikogenesis
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Insulin thd lemak
Meningkatkan pemasukan glukosa menjadi trigleserida
Mencegah hidrolisis trigleserida menjadi glukosa
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Insulin terhadap protein
Meningkatkan pengangkutan asam amino ke dalam sel
Meningkatkan translasi RNA messengger untuk menghasilkan protein
Menghambat katabolisme protein Menekan glukoneogenesis
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Efek glukagon
Meningkatkan glikogenolisis di hati Meningkatkan glukoneogenesis di
hati Mengaktifkan lipase sel lemak
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Efek somatostatin
Menekan sekresi insulin dan glukagon
Menurunkan gerakan lambung, duodenum dan kandung empedu
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KELENJAR ADRENAL
Fisiologi Endokrin
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Hormon yang dihasilkan
Korteks
zona glomerulosa (15%) aldosterone
zona fascikulata (75%) cortisol
zona retikularis (10%) androgen Medulla
sel khromafin hasilkan katekolamin
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Efek kortisol
Terhadap metabolisme meningkatkan glukoneogenesis di hati mengurangi penggunaan glukosa oleh
sel lipolisis pada jar. Adiposa Terhadap kardiovaskuler meningkatkan curah jantung meningkatkan tonus pemb. Darah
perifer
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Terhadap imunologi
anti inflamasi Terhadap SSP
kelebihan : nafsu makan meningkat, libido menurun, insomnia
kekurangan (addison): apatis, depresi,nafsu makan menurun
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Efek katekolamin
Terhadap kardiovaskuler frekwensi dan kekuatan jantung meningkat β1 vasokonstriksi pemb. Darah α1 vasodilatasi pemb. Darah otot rangka & hati
β2 Terhadap otot polos kontraksi uterus α1 & relaksasi uterus β2 relaksasi otot sal cerna & kandung kemih relaksasi otot trakhea Metabolisme glikogenolisis meningkat dan lipolisis
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HORMON PENGATURMINERALISASI
Fisiologi Endokrin
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Paratiroid hormon
Absorbsi kalsium dan fosfat dari tulang
Mengurangi eskresi kalsium oleh ginjal