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8/12/2019 Fistum Dormansi Primings Cute Abis (2)

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PRACTICUM REPORT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

GERMINATION AND DORMANCY

BY

GROUP 4

Diska Alfionita D. !!"!#$44%!4&

C'ai()nis'a Dianin* T. !!"!#$44%!+&

So(ai,a Afni Y. !!"!#$44%!#&

INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE

YOGYA-ARTA STATE UNIERSITY

$%!$

1/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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DORMANCY AND SEED GERMINATION

A. OB0ECTIE

1. To know some kind of seed germination responses to environmental factors (water,

temperature, ligt, cemicals, etc.!.

". To know te rate of seed germination #$ skin tickness.

%. To know te limits of te water needs in te germination of a seed.

B. BASIC THEORY

!. GERMINATION

Germination #$ an e&pert is a protrusion of root morpological canges suc

institutions (radicle!. 'or a farmer, is te emergence of seedling germination.

Tecnicall$, germination is te #eginning of te emergence of active growt tat

produces seed coat fragments and seedling emergence (alia, "))1* 1)1!.

+ccording u$itno (")1)*-1!, germination is a process in wic te radicle

(em#r$onic root! e&tends outward troug te seed coat. Beind te appearance of

s$mptoms radicle morpolog$, te p$siological processes occur#iokemis

comple&, referred to as a p$siological process of germination. /$siologicall$, te

process of germination takes place in several stages following important*

1. 0ater a#sorption

". eta#olic #reakdown of food reserve material

%. Transport material to te #reakdown of te endosperm em#r$o activel$ growing

4. Te process of reforming process new materials

-. 2espiration

3. Growt

eeds will #e grown in te fruit. nce of ripe fruit and seeds removed, usuall$

seeds dormant for long or sort. Tis means tat altoug te seeds are getting

enoug water and good conditions to conduct germination, te seed will not

germinate. ormanc$ can #e caused #$ te formation of cemical compounds

ini#iting te grain surface, te lack of antigens tat are important or caused #$ a

ard seed coat so tat water and o&$gen can not enter. ormanc$ can #e removed in

various wa$s suc as #$ free5ing, e&tend te period of cooling, e&tended e&posure to

te cold, provide ig umidit$ in te presence of o&$gen, intensive warming up

(#urned!, troug te gut of #irds or mammals, is done mecanicall$ (sanding, split!,

"/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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or left overgrown musrooms (rad6at asmitamiard6a, 1773* %33!.

If te conditions necessar$ to eliminate dormanc$ is running, te em#r$o will #egin

to make gi##erellins and c$tokinins, wic is needed to surpass te growt

ini#itor$ effects of emplo$ment (growt ini#itor! so tat growt can #egin. If at

tat time, given te seed water it will sprout (rad6at asmitamiard6a, 1773* %38!.

an$ of te factors tat control seed germination process, #ot internal and

e&ternal. Internall$ te germination process is determined #$ te #alance #etween

promoters and ini#itors of germination, particularl$ gi##erellin acid (G+! and

a#skisat acid (+B+!. E&ternal factors in te process of germination include water,

temperature, umidit$, ligt, and te presence of certain cemical compounds tat

act as ini#itors of germination (u$itno, ")1)*-1-"!.

+ccording alia ("))1* 1)11)"!, an earl$ and intermediate fitoormon

germination processes are important for some growt ormone activit$. 'itoormon

include*

1. Gi##erellins wic serves to activate $drol$tic en5$mes in digestion.

". 9$tokines function to stimulate cell division tat emerged roots and soots

institutions institutions. E&pansion in koleori5a (root tip! appears due to

cell enlargement.

%. +u&in serves to enance te growt due to enlargement koleori5a, roots

organi5ations and institutions soots and genot$ping activities (orientation

on te growt of roots and soots is true regardless of te orientation of te

seed!.

0ater is an important factor in te process of seed germination, #ecause

#efore te process of seed germination in te state de$drated. :ormall$ seeds

contain appro&imatel$ -"); of te total weigt, so tat #efore te process of seed

germination #egins to a#sor# water. Te earl$ stages of germination was taking

water rapidl$, called im#i#ition. Tere are indications tat up to a certain critical

moisture content, grain growt will not occur. If water is removed #efore it reaces a

critical point, ten te seeds will not #e damaged.


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cemical $drol$sis and s$ntesis. itosis pins at te 1"t and reaced a peak at te

13. ntogen$ germination followed two distinct meta#olic pases, ie te en5$matic

$drol$sis of food reserves stored, and te s$ntesis of new tissue from te

$drol$5ed compounds suc as sugars, amino acids, fatt$ acids, and minerals are

released (alia, "))1* 1)1!.

In addition to water, o&$gen is also a criticall$ important factor in te

germination process. eta#olic rate of earl$ germination performed anaero#icall$,

#ut after te seed coat rupture and o&$gen diffuses into te germination continued

aero#icall$. In addition, te rigt temperature is also re>uired in te process of

germination. eeds usuall$ will not germinate #elow a certain temperature tat is

specific to a species (rad6at asmitamiard6a, 1773* %38%3=!.

?igt is also essential for te germination of some seeds. mall seeds tat ave

onl$ ver$ little food reserves to support te growt of te earl$ em#r$o

memerluakan peru#aanuntuk are autotrops. If te seeds are planted too deep in te

ground, it will run out of food #efore reacing te surface reserve tana, and sprouts

are likel$ to die #ecause te$ do not ave time potos$ntesi5e. 'or te seeds of a

group like tis, te ligt is ver$ important tat germination sould occur on te

surface or near te surface. In addition, te merupakna ditokrom pigment sensitive to

ligt pla$s an important role in te germination of seeds of certain species (rad6at

asmitamiard6a, 1773* %38!.

Germination (Germination Ing.! is an earl$ stage of development of a plant,

especiall$ te seed plants. In tis stage, te em#r$o in te seed wic was originall$

located on a dormant condition e&perience a num#er of p$siological canges tat

cause it to develop into a $oung plant. @oung plants are known as sprouts. prouts is

a plant (sporop$te! $oung newl$ developed from te em#r$onic stage in te seed.

tage of development is called germination and is a critical stage in te life of plants.

prouts are usuall$ divided into tree main parts* te radicle (em#r$onic root!,

ipokotil, and cot$ledons (leaves te institution!. Two classes of flowering plants are

distinguised from te copped leaves of te institution* monocots and dikotil. eed

plants open more varied in copped institution. prouts pine for e&ample can ave

up to eigt leaves te institution. ome flowering plants ave no cot$ledons, and

called akotiledon. (0ikipedia, sprouts* "7A11A"))=!

4/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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source * ttpAAperkecam#aan.wikipedia.wiki.id

Germination #egins wit te uptake of water from te environment around te seeds,

good soil, air, and oter media. Te cange o#served is te growing si5e of te socalled seed

im#i#ition pase (meaning to drink!. eeds a#sor# water from te surrounding

environment, #ot from land and air (in te form of dew or moisture. Effect tat occurs is due

to te growing si5e of te seed CCDcell #iolog$! cellFF enlarged em#r$o cells! and #eans

soften. Te process is purel$ p$sical. Te presence of water in te cells activates a num#er

of en5$mes earl$ germination. 'itoormon a#scisic acid levels decreased, wile gi##erellin

increases. Based on te stud$ of gene e&pression in te model plant +ra#idopsis taliana is

known tat te germination loci regulating em#r$o maturation, suc as a#scisic acid

insensitive % (+BI%!, fusca % ('us%!, and ?eaf$ cot$ledon 1 (?E91! decreased role

(downregulated! and vice versa loci tat promote germination increased role (upregulated!, as

GIBBE2E?I9 +9I 1 (G+1!, G+", G+%, G+I, E2+1, street vendors, /@, and ?@. It is

well known tat in te normal germination process a group of transcription factors tat

regulate au&in (called +u&in 2esponse 'actors, +2's! suppressed #$ mi2:+ control cange

stimulates cell division in te active conduct of mitosis, suc as at te end of te radicle.

9onse>uentl$ radicle si5e #igger and te skin or sell of te pressed seeds, wic eventuall$

#roke. +t tis stage te necessar$ prere>uisites tat sell #eans are soft enoug for te

em#r$os to #e #roken. (wikipedia, germination* "7A11A"))=!

-/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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source * ttpAAperkecam#aan.com

$. DORMANCY

ormanc$ can #e defined as a state of latent growt and meta#olism, wic

can #e caused #$ eiter environmental conditions or #$ a factor of te plant itself.

Te network ad failed to grow despite te often dormant in a state of ideal (rad6at

asmitamiard6a, 1773* %77!.

ela$ed growt or resting state is a condition tat lasts for a limited period

and, despite ongoing state support for germination. Tecnicall$, wen te dormant

seed is p$sicall$ or p$siologicall$ separated from te parent plant. ormanc$ ends

wen conditions favora#le for pertum#uaan. uiesen (not moving! is a descriptive

term for a #reak #ecause te seeds are less conducive to a germination (growt ripen

in storage!. ormant seeds are seeds tat failed to germinate wen placed in an

environment tat supports oter plant seed germination (alia, "))1*1)3!.

ormanc$ is a mecanism to defend itself against ver$ low temperatures

(free5ing! in te winter, or a drougt in te summer wic is an important part in te

3/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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life of a plant, dormanc$ must #e running at te rigt time, and #reak free or #reak it

wen te conditions are possi#le to initiate growt (rad6at, 1773* %77!.

ormanc$ is not onl$ pentidakaktifan meta#olic processes, #ut also often

involves te development of organs or speciali5ed materials. an$ comple& events

associated wit dormanc$, suc as aging, and tresing te leaves on te trees.

ormanc$ is a programmed developmental events memerlukann specific

meta#olism to stop meta#olic activit$. (rad6at, 1773* 4))!.

ormanc$ occurs in man$ forms. an$ seeds dormant for a period of time

after leaving te fruit. Trees sed teir leaves to avoid danger at te time te air

#ecame cold and dr$ and te ground free5es. an$ tunm#uan wet, te top die

during te winter or drougt, wile te part tat is under te ground like a #ul#,

kormus, #ul#s remain alive #ut dormant (rad6at, 1773* %77!.

+ccording to alia ("))1*1)8!, dormanc$ class include*

1! $oung em#r$o, as in rcidaceae sp.

"! seed skintigt, as in ?eguminoseae impervious to water, and are

impervious to " Graminae.

%! kin mecanicall$ resistant seeds, as in certain species of Graminae and

species tat ave saped ard sell nuts.

4! /$siological, as a wide range of species, te seeds contain growt

ini#itors or stimulants suppl$ growt in te em#r$o sac, seed coat, or usk

tat are not important enoug to go troug te process of germination

materials.

Te process to #e a#le to germinate can #e o#tained troug te maturation of

te parent plant, dr$ing in storage, or simpl$ aging in dr$ storage. Instead tere

was a prolonged cooling demand or set of conditions, suc as temperature

canges, radiation c$cle, te salt, #leacing, or removal of te usk.


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are transported to te soots and ini#its growt. Tis ini#ition can #e removed #$

an induction da$ (long da$! or #$ giving gi##erellic acid (rad6at, 1773* 4))!.

Basicall$ cooling itself, is not important in inducing dormanc$, and dormanc$

will not #e induced #$ te presence of a sort da$ wen te temperature is too low to

carr$ out an active meta#olism.


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wit (long da$!. Tis was due to long and sort da$s related to an alleged fitikrom

control agent (rad6at, 1773* 4)%!.

a. S11, Do(2an3

Te simplest e&ample of te dormanc$ is a ard seed coat tat prevents te

a#sorption of o&$gen or water. + ard seed coat commonl$ found in mem#ers of

te famil$ 'a#aceae (?eguminosae!, e&cept for peas and #eans. In some species,

water and o&$gen can not penetrate certain seeds #ecause te entrance #locked #$ a

stopper suc as a cork (stopper strofiolar! in a small ole (aperture strofiolar! in a

nut sell. 0en te seeds sakensaken, sometimes lock off so tat germination

can take place. Te treatment is called socks (alis#ur$, 177-* 178!.

olving #arrier called te seed coat scarification or scratcing using knives,

files, and sandpaper. In nature scratces can occur due to work micro#es, wereas

te e&perts use alcool or oter solvents to eliminate fat wa&$ su#stance tat

sometimes inder water to enter (alis#ur$, 177-* 178!.

If te seeds are removed from te fruit, dried, and planted, te seed will soon

germinate. smotil potential in fruit 6uice too negative for germination. In addition,

tere is a specific ini#itor suc as +B+ in te endosperm of te seed growing

alfalfa, wic serves as a #arrier to em#r$o germination (alis#ur$, 177-* 17=!.

Germination ini#itors are not onl$ found in te seeds, #ut also in te leaves,

roots, and oter plant parts. 0en carried out plants or released during litter

decomposition, compounds tat can ini#it perkecam#aa# alelopati seed or root

development around te parent plant (alis#ur$, 177-* 17=!.

Te em#r$os of some species grow ver$ rapidl$ #$ transferring car#on and

nitrogen compounds from food storage cells during initial cooling. Ini#itor lost

during initial cooling, and te ormonal triggers suc as gi##erellins or c$tokinins

grow pooled. Initial cooling can increase te potential untum s$ntesi5e

gi##erellins. +u&in does not significantl$ affect te germination, #ut often replace

all cooling gi##erellin (alis#ur$, 177-* 177"))!.

#. Bud dormanc$

Bud dormanc$ almost alwa$s develops #efore te formation of colors in te

fall and dr$ing leaves. Buds of various trees stop growing in te middle of summer,

sometimes going #ack sowed sligt growt in late summer #efore entering into

full dormanc$ in te fall. 'lower #uds tat will grow te following season usuall$

form on te fruit trees in te middle of summer. Green leaves and will #e activel$

7/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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farmed until te earl$ fall wen te leaves #egin to dr$ up during te da$ in

response to a sort, clear, and cold. +long wit te loss of clorop$ll, $ellow and

orange carotenoid pigments #ecome visi#le, and antoc$anin s$ntesi5ed. Te fruit

is often cooked during tis time. 2esilience frost also formed in response to low

temperatures and sort da$s (alis#ur$, 177-* "))!.

Jnavaila#ilit$ of water often accelerates te formation of dormanc$, as te

limited mineral nutrients especiall$ nitrogen. It is important for species tat enter

dormanc$ #efore ter6adina$ ig temperatures and drougt in te tropics or arid

climates. Te esta#lisment is known for its dormanc$ in response to canges in

da$ lengt and temperature canges in te soil (alis#ur$, 177-* ")1!.

Bud dormanc$ dormanc$ precede te last part true and it can #e easil$

reversed #$ moderate temperature and da$ lengt. uires special treatment to end (alis#ur$, 177-* ")1!.

orpolog$ pla$s an important role in te penomenon of dormanc$.

ormant #uds usuall$ ave a ver$ sort segments and t$picall$ leaves turn called

#ud scales. cales prevents dr$ing, #locking eat loss for a wile, and restrict te

movement of o&$gen into meristem #elow. Bud scales are also responsive to ligt

mempunai space and oter functions (alis#ur$, 177-* ")1!.

Treatment of some cemical compounds in te #ud dormanc$ can end. +s "

kloroetanol (9l9for man$ $ears. 0en administered in te form of steam, tis compound ma$

terminate dormanc$ of fruit trees. +noter treatment is #$ soaking plant parts in a

tu# of warm water 4)o9 to -)o9 for 1- seconds. /eme#rian gi##erellin end #ud

dormanc$ in man$ plantleaf fall, will also end te dormanc$ of seeds tat re>uire

low temperatures, and causes flowering in plants tat re>uire low temperatures

(alis#ur$, 177-* ")"!.

E&perts fisiolologi seed germination is usuall$ set as a series of events

#eginning wit te end in view of im#i#ition and radicle (root institutions, or on

some seeds, cot$ledon A ipokotil! or emerged troug te skin lengtwise grain.

(Bew and Black, 17=".17=4K a$er, 1784!. eeds can remain via#le (alive!, #ut

was una#le to germinate or grow for several reasons* e&ternal conditions or

conditions in an eas$ to understand is an em#r$o tat as not reaced te maturit$

1)/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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to #e a#le to germinate morpolog$ (eg on some mem#ers rcidaceae!. nl$ time

tat allowed tis growing maturit$. (ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 174!

To distinguis #etween tese different circumstances, seed p$siologists use

te two terms* uisen, te seeds wen conditions are not a#le to #ekecam#a

simpl$ #ecause te conditions outside are not appropriate (eg, seeds are too dr$ or

too cold!, and dormanc$ of te seeds tat failed to germinate conditions #ecause

conditions in, altoug e&ternal conditions (eg temperature, umidit$, and

atmosperic! is appropriate. (ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 17417-!

Tere is a pro#lem wit tat nomenclature. ormant seeds to germinate is

often induced #$ canges in te environment, suc as ligt or low temperature

period. 0ere can we draw te line on te conditions stated as appropriate

e&ternal conditionsM ?GI also tere is te sense tat te conditions inside tat is

alwa$s a #arrier. (If water is limiting, ten tere is sortage of water in te seed

em#r$o cells adlam.! In oter words, #e$ond simpl$ allowing germination

conditions #$ affecting te conditions inside. 0ere even more correct to sa$ te

#asic conditions rater tan to rel$ on te word appropriate. o we can call as a

condition of seed dormanc$ wen seeds fail to germinate toug* Tere are >uite a

lot of moisture out, #eans paired to a common set of atmosperic conditions on te

ground, and te temperature is in te range t$picall$ associated wit p$siological

activit$. (ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p 17-!

B. 9lassification of eed ormanc$

eed dormanc$ associated wit efforts to dela$ seed germination, until te

time and environmental conditions makes it possi#le to carr$ out te process.

ormanc$ ma$ occur in te seed coat and em#r$o. eeds are ripe and read$ to

germinate and need a place to grow climatic conditions suita#le to #reak dormanc$

and #egin te process of germination. /retreatment scarification used to #reak seed

coat dormanc$, wile stratification is used to overcome em#r$o dormanc$.

ormanc$ is classified into various categories #ased on te causes,

mecanisms and forms. (uiscence!* o#struction of active growt due to

unfavora#le environmental conditions

11/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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". Imnate dormanc$ (rest!* dormanc$ caused #$ circumstances or conditions

in te organs of te seeds temselves

#. Based on te mecanism of seed dormanc$ in

1. Te p$sical mecanism

+n ini#itor$ mecanism of dormanc$ due to seed te organ itselfK divided

into*

1. mecanical* te em#r$o does not develop #ecause of limited p$sical

". /$sical* water a#sorption disrupted due to te impermea#le seed coat

%. cemistr$* te seed A fruit contains a cemical ini#itor

".ekanisme p$siological

ormanc$ is caused #$ te occurrence of resistance in p$siological

processesK divided into*

1. potodormanc$* p$siological processes in seeds is ampered #$ te

presence of ligt

". immature em#r$os* p$siological process is ampered #$ te condition of

te seed em#r$o is not A not $et ripe

%. termodormanc$* p$siological processes in seeds ampered #$

temperature

c. Based on te form of dormanc$

eed coat impermea#le to airA"

1. /art impermea#le seed* mem#rane seeds, seed coat, nucellus, pericarp,

endocarp

". Impermea#ilit$ can #e caused #$ te deposition of an assortment of

su#stances (eg cutin, su#erin, lignin! in te mem#rane.

%.


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1. 0en tere a#scission (a#scission of te fruit from te stem!, te em#r$o

still as not completed its development pase. Eg* Gnetum gnemon (melin6o!

". Em#r$os ave not differentiated

%. Te em#r$os are morpologicall$ welldeveloped, #ut it still takes time to

acieve te perfect sape and si5e.

Because immature em#r$o dormanc$ can #e #roken #$ a low

temperature treatment and cemicals. (uire postarvest ripening (afterripening! in dr$ storage

+fterripening dormanc$ #ecause te need for tis can #e #roken #$ ig

temperature treatment and stripping te skin.

eeds need low temperatures

pecies common in temperate regions, suc as apples and 'amilia 2osaceae.

ormanc$ is naturall$ occurs in a wa$* seeds dormant during te fall, winter

e&ceed one, and onl$ germinate te following spring. ormanc$ #ecause seeds will

need a low temperature can #e #roken #$ giving lowtemperature treatment, te

provision of aeration and im#i#ition.

Te caracteristics of seeds tat ave dormanc$ are*

4. if te skin is peeled, te em#r$o grows

-. em#r$o dormanc$ e&perience tat can onl$ #e #roken #$ low temperatures

3. em#r$os are not dormant at low temperatures, #ut te seed germination

process still re>uires a lower temperature

8. germination occurs witout giving a low temperature, #ut seedlings grow

dwarf

=. roots come out in te spring, #ut te new epicot$l out ne&t spring (after

e&ceeding te winter!

eeds are ligt sensitive

?igt affects germination in tree wa$s, namel$ te intensit$ (>uantit$! of

ligt, ligt >ualit$ (wavelengt! and fotoperiodisitas (long da$!.


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eeds positivel$ poto#lastic stored in conditions of im#i#ition in te dark

for a long period of time will #ecome unresponsive to ligt, and tis is called

skotodormant. In contrast, seeds tat are negativel$ poto#lastic #e potodormant

wen su#6ected to ligt. Bot dormanc$ can #e #roken #$ low temperatures.

Germination is causing te red area of te spectrum (redK 3-) nm!, wereas

te infrared (far redK 8%) nm! ini#it germination. Te effects of tese two regions

in te spectrum are mutuall$ antagonistic (completel$ contrar$!* if given

alternatel$, te effects tat occur later influenced #$ te spectrum of te last given.

In tis case, te seed as two pigments potoreversi#le (can #e in " alternate!*

/3-)* a#sor# in te red and /8%)* a#sor# in te infrared region

If te seeds are ligt red (redK 3-) nm!, te /3-) pigment was canged to

/8%). /8%) tat produces a series of actions tat lead to germination. 9onversel$,

if te /8%) is te infrared (farredK 8%) nm!, te pigment turns #ack to /3-) and

teram#atla germination process. (


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famil$ 'a#aceae (leguminoseae!, altoug not found in #eans or peas, wic sows

tat dormanc$ is not common in te cultivated species. In some species, water and

o&$gen can not penetrate certain seeds #ecause te entrance #locked #$ a stopper

suc as a cork (stopper strofiolar! in a small ole (aperture strofiolar! in a nut sell.

0en te seeds #eing saken, sometimes lock it off so it can take germination. Its

called sock treatment, and as #een applied to te seed eliotus al#a (sweet

clover!, Trigonella ara#ica, and 9rotallaria eg$ptica. (ilas#ur$ L 2oss* 177-, p

178!

eed dormanc$ e&periencing is usuall$ caused #$* low A no water im#i#ition

process caused #$ te structure of te seed (seed coat! is ard, making it difficult to

e&it te entr$ of water into te seed. , 2espiration are confused, #ecause te

mem#rane or te pericarp in te seed coat tat is too loud, so tat te air e&cange

in te seed #ecomes o#structed and causes low meta#olism and mo#ili5ation of

food reserves in te seed. , Te mecanical resistance of te seed coat em#r$o

growt, #ecause a nut sell is strong enoug tat inder te growt of te em#r$o.

In food crops, seed dormanc$ often found in rice, wereas dormasni vegeta#les

common in wite cucum#er seed, melon and watermelon non seed. (dormansi *

"7A11A"))=!

C. PROCEDURE

!. Mat1(ials

a. eeds tinskinned*

1. Green #eans (Phaseolus radiatus!

". 2ed #eans

#. eeds tick skin*

1. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica!

". 'lam#o$ant (Delonix regia!

$. Tools

a. 9otton and distilled water

#. 'luorescent ligt A JH

c. ?ow incu#ator

d. :a9l

e.


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". Ca(a k1(5a

/repare four petri dis or oter places as a #reeding material " different groups of

one seed (tin skin and tick skin!

/repare four sets of treatments for #ot t$pes of seeds, four of media are given two

pieces of filter paper and ten etced wit " ml of /EG.

D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

/ada perco#aan kali ini kami melakukan pengamatan perkecam#aan pada #i6i

#ung mataari. +da dua 6enis #i6i #unga mataari $ang digunakan $aitu #i6i #unga

13/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1

/lacing ") new seed grain into " petri dises and ") long grain seeds into " petri

dis.

?eaving te seeds in te media for one week.

+fter one week, did removing #$ replacing media wit " filter paper soaked " ml

distilled water (a>uades!.

/lanting seeds tat ave germinated #$ using soil


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mataari $ang muda dan #i6i mataari $ang suda tua. Tum#uan $ang masi kecil,

#elum lama muncul dari #i6i , dan masi idup dari persediaan makanan $ang terdapat

dalam #i6i, dinamakan kecam#a.

/ada waktu #i6i #erkecam#a, tum#uan kecil $ang diasilkan #elum mampu

mencari makanan sendiri, dan masi tergantung dari persediaan makanan $anga terdapat

dalam #i6i tum#uan kecil ini dise#ut kecam#a (plantula!.

/erkecam#aan #i6i dapat di#edakan dalam dua macam*

a. /erkecam#aan diatas tana, $aitu tipe perkecam#aan, karena ter6adi

per#entangan ruas #atang di#awa tana lem#aga, dan daun lem#aga terangkat keatas.

uncul diatas tana. isaln$a pada kacang i6au. aun lem#aga #iasan$a #erwarna

i6au, dan kemudian gugur, sementar itu suda ter#entuk daundaun normal.

#. /erkecam#aan di#awa tana, #ila daun lem#aga tetap tinggal didalam #i6i.

Bi6i akan #erkecam#aan #ila terpenui s$arats$arat $ang diperlukan $aitu air,

udara, caa$a, dan panas. Oika s$arats$arat terse#ut tidak terpenui tum#uan #aru $ang

ada pada tum#uan #i6i #erada dalam keadaan tidur. alam keadaan ini lem#aga dapat

idup #ertauntaun tanpa keilangan da$a tum#u. Tetapi ada pula #i6i#i6i se#elum

#erkecam#a memerlukan waktu untuk istiraat. e#elum waktu istiraat terpenui, #i6i

tidak akan #erkecam#a, walau s$arats$arat perkecam#aat terpenui. Ge6ala ini

dikenal dengan nama dormansi.

Bi6i se#agian #esar spesies didaera dingin mengalami dorman atau kuisen selama

musim dingin. /eru#aan tertentu ter6adi didalam sel #i6i sel terse#ut $ang

memungkinkann$a #ertaan pada suu di#awa titik #eku.

/erkecam#aan #i6i tidak an$a dipengarui ole suu tapi 6uga ole caa$a,

pemecaan kulit #i6i agar radikula dapat menero#os keluar oksigen dan Aatau air dapat

masuk, pengilangan 5at pengam#at kimiawi, dan pematangan em#rio, tapi tak mampu

#erkecam#a atau tum#u karena #e#erapa alasan* kondisi luar atau kondisi dalam.

ituasi dalam $ang muda dipaami adala em#rio $ang #elum mencapai kematangan

morfologi untuk mampu #erkecam#a.

Bi6i dorman sering diinduksi untuk perkecam#a ole #e#erapa peru#aan kusus

dilingkungan, seperti caa$a atau periode suu renda.

Bi6i #unga mataari $ang muda dan $ang suda tua di#eri perlakuan $ang sama

$aitu di#erikan /EG. Bi6i ditutup rapat dan disimpan selama 4 ari se#elum di priming.

18/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


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etela itu, #i6i di priming dan di#eri air untuk memicu ter6adin$a dormansi pada #i6i

dan didapatkan asil se#gai #erikut * pada #i6i #unga mataari $ang masi muda ter6adi

perkecam#aan.


19/21

1. Te group tat sowed te greatest germination seeds is a group tat as a tin

seed, #ecause it is easier and faster to a#sor# water. 0ile tat sowed te lowest

germination te seeds are tick skinned, #ecause it is difficult to a#sor# te water.

eed group sowed te greatest power is te seed medium moist A wet. Tis appens

#ecause in te process of germination occurs from te a#sorption of water into te

seed. Balanced wit te need of water for germination. 0ile in dr$ media

germination does not occur, #ecause if tere is no water availa#le (medium dr$!

ten it does not appen te water a#sorption and germination does not occur, nor if

te availa#ilit$ of e&cess water (su#merged media! tere will #e a#sro#si e&cess

water from te environment wen in germination onl$ re>uires a certain amount of

water, so te e&cess water will cause te seeds rot.

". Te conclusion tat can #e taken from te e&periment tis time is as follows*

te environmental conditions wit ade>uate moisture content will accelerate te

process of germination. Tese cemicals can accelerate te rate of germination, #ut

ma$ also ini#it. It depends of te t$pe of seeds tat germinated.

1. Increasingl$ tin seed coat, te faster te rate of germination, and conversel$

te tick seed coat, te more it will slow te rate of germination

". In te process of germination, water too little or too muc will ini#it te

germination of some t$pes of #eans suc as mung #eans, red #eans, tamarind

seeds and seed of flam#o$an.

G. TUGAS PENGEMBANGAN

P1(tanaan

1. 9iri morfologi mana $ang menun6ukkan adan$a perkecam#aanM

". elama #erlangsung perkecam#aan fisiologis, proses apa sa6a $ang ter6adi pada

kecam#a terse#utM

%. +paka suatu #i6i memiliki #atas#atas toleransi tertentu teradap #er#agai faktor

ekologi perkecam#aan, termasuk diantaran$a teradap ke#utuan airn$aM

4. +pa pengertian dormansi dan faktor apa sa6a $ang men$e#a#kan ge6ala dorman

terse#utM

0a8a9an

1. 9iri morfologi $ang sangat tampak ketika perkecam#aan adala peristiwa keluarn$a

radikula atau akar em#rionik $ang menem#us kulit #i6i, $ang kemudian dilan6utkan

17/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1


20/21

dengan peman6angan dari radikula tese#ut dan disertai dengan tim#uln$a calon

#atang, ram#ut akar dan calon daun pertama.

". ecara fisiologis, proses perkecam#aan #erlangsung dalam #e#erapa taapan penting

se#agai #erikut* 1! +#sor#si air, "! eta#olisme pemecaan materi cadangan

makanan, %! Transpor materi asil pemecaan dari endosperm ke em#rio $ang aktif

#ertum#u, 4! /rosesproses pem#entukan kem#ali materimateri #aru, -! 2espirasi,

dan 3! /ertum#uan.

%. I$a, suatu #i6i memiliki #atas#atas toleransi tertentu teradap #er#agai faktor

ekologi perkecam#aan, termasuk diantaran$a teradap ke#utuan airn$a. +pa#ila

suatu #i6i kele#ian atau kekurangan air, maka #i6i terse#ut tidak akan tum#u.

4. ormansi dapat didefinisikan se#agai suatu keadaan pertum#uan dan meta#olisme

$ang terpendam, $ang dapat dise#a#kan ole kondisi lingkungan $ang tidak #aik

atau ole faktor dari dalam tum#uan itu sendiri. ada tiga faktor $ang dapat

men$e#a#kan dormansi, $aitu* 1! 'aktor lingkungan, "! +sam a#sisat (+B+!, dan %!

Interaksi +B+ dengan 5at tum#u lainn$a ormansi adala fase istiraat atau fase

tidak aktifn$a pertum#uan dan perkem#angan $ang ter6adi pada tum#uan. 'aktor

$ang mempengarui dormansi adala tidak adan$a air, s$stem ker6a ormon a#sisat,

kete#alan, dan kulit #i6i.

H. REFERENCES

alia. "))1.Fisiologi Tumbuhan. alang* Oica.

rad6at asmitamiard6a, dkk. 1773.Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Bandung* Ourusan Biologi

'I/+ ITB

alis#ur$, 'rank B dan 9leon 0 2oss.177-.Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Bnadung * ITB.

u$itno. ")1).Petunjuk Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan Dasar. @og$akarta * Ourdik

Biologi 'I/+ J:@.

www.faperta.ugm.ac.idA#uperAla#AkuliaAdiakses 17 esem#er ")1)

")/ G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1
http://www.faperta.ugm.ac.id/buper/lab/kuliah/http://www.faperta.ugm.ac.id/buper/lab/kuliah/


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ttp*AAwww.forumsains.comAartikelAsistemtransportasidan transpirasidalam

tanamanA diakses 17 esem#er ")1)pukul 1=.4) 0IB

"1 / G r o u p 4 I B E 1 1
http://www.forumsains.com/artikel/sistem-transportasi-dan-%09transpirasi-dalam-tanaman/http://www.forumsains.com/artikel/sistem-transportasi-dan-%09transpirasi-dalam-tanaman/http://www.forumsains.com/artikel/sistem-transportasi-dan-%09transpirasi-dalam-tanaman/http://www.forumsains.com/artikel/sistem-transportasi-dan-%09transpirasi-dalam-tanaman/

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