ORNITOWGIA NEOfROPICAL 6: 97-111, 1995@ The Neotropical Ornithological Society

FIVE GREAT NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOLOGISTS: ANAPPRECIATION OF EUGENE EISENMANN, MARIA KOEPCKE,

CLAEs OLROG, RODULFO PHlLIPPI, AND HELMUT SICK

Fran~ois Vuilleumier

Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street,New York, New York, 10024, U.S.A.

Resumen. Para marcar la ocasi6n de varios eventos relacionados con el desarrollo de la Sociedad de O~nitologiaNeotropical, especialmente la publicaci6n del sexto volumen de su revista internacional, Ornitología Neotropical,y la celebraci6n del V Congreso de Ornitologia Neotropical, se presentan en este articulo recuerdos personalesy una apreciaci6n de la obra de cinco destacados ornitol6gos neotropicales: Eugene Eisenmann ( 1906-1981 ), MariaKoepcke (1924-1971), Claes Olrog (1912-1985), Rodulfo Philippi (1905-1969), y Helmut Sick (1910-1991).Cada uno de estos ornitol6gos, tenía cualidades humanas semejantes, especialmente una calurosa generosidad, yposeia una visi6n amplia de varios aspectos de la ornitologia neotropical, incluyendo sus elementos museol6gicosy de terreno. No debemos olvidarlos o la influencia que han tenido sobre nuestra ciencia.

Abstract. In order to celebrate the occasion of various events related to the development of the Neotropical Orni-thological Society, especially the publication of the sixth volume of its international journal, Ornitologta Neo-tropical, and the celebration of the Fifth Neotropical Ornithological Congress, personal reminiscences and anappreciation of the work of five great Neotropical ornithologists are presented: Eugene Eisenmann (1906-1981),Maria Koepcke (1924-1971), Claes Olrog (1912-1985), Rodulfo Philippi (1905-1969), and Helmut Sick(1910-1991). Each of these personalities posse~ed similar human qualities, especially a warm generosity, and hada broad vision of various aspects of Neotropical ornithology, including its museum and field components. Weshould not forget them or the influence that they have had on our science. Accepted 1 August 1995.

Key words : 1he Neotropical Ornithological Society, Ornitología Neotropical, Eugene Eisenmann, Maria Koepcke,Cla"és Olrog, Rodulfo Philippi, Helmut Sick, personal appreciation.

The year 1995 is important in the history ofNeotropical ornithology. It is the eighth anni-versary of the founding of the Neotropical Orni-thological Society, an extremely significant eventin the growth of Neotropical ornithology. It isalso the sixth anniversary of the publication ofOmitología Neotropical, the widely respectedInternational Journal of Neotropical Ornitho-logy. It is finally the year of the Fifth Neotro-pical Congress of Ornithology {Asunción, Para-guay), which follows earlier meetings since thefirst one in Buenos Aires {Argentina, 1979), andthe next three in Jalapa {Mexico, 1983), Cali{Colombia, 1987), and Quito {Ecuador, 1991).For the first time ever, Neotropical ornitholo-gists, be they residents of Latin America or else-where, have a double forum for their ideas in theform of a first class journal and of a very impor-tant international congress convening every fouryears. These features are here to stay. It is un-likely that Frank M. Chapman or Carl E. Hell-mayr, the fathers of modern Neotropical orni-

thology, would have predicted such momentous

developments.In order to mark these events, and in an

historical spirit, I believe that it is appropriate topublish in this journal an appreciation of fivegreat Neotropical ornithologists whose passingHas been mourned, and whose memory shouldbe honored by allliving Neotropical ornitholo-gists: Eugene Eisenmann, Maria Koepcke, ClaesOlrog, Rodulfo Philippi, and Helmut Sick. Theprofound mark they left on Neotropical orni-thology must be remembered by those who hadthe privilege of knowing them in person, and bebrought to the attention of a younger generationof Neotropical ornithologists, who may only beacquainted with them by name and by the recordof their publications.

Clearly, other important Neotropical orni-thologists of an earlier generation could be soremembered as well. They include, amongothers, Francisco Behn, James Bond, Fran~oisHaverschmidt, A:W. Johnson, Rodolphe Meyer

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de Schauensee, Antonio Olivares, William H.Phelps, William H. Phelps, Jr., Alexander Wet.more, andJohn T. Zimmer. In this tribute I focuson the five individuals listed above, in part be-cause I knew them better than some of the otherimportant figures, and in part because they havemarked my own career and influenced my wayof thinking and working on Neotropical orni-

thology.Because obituaries of Eisenmann, Koepcke,

Olrog, Philippi, and Sick have already beenpublished, I will limit my remarks to personalreminiscences and appreciations of the ornitho-logical accomplishments of these five persons:presented below in alphabetical order. Eisen-mann's contributions covered especially Panamáand Middle America, the northern Neotropics,but his influence on Neotropical ornithology ingeneral has been vast. Koepcke's work was cen-tered on Perú, and her realm included the dryPacific seaboard of that country, its high Andeanreaches, as well as its eastern jungles. ButKoepcke's sphere of influence extended beyondPerú to the western and central Neotropics.Olrog's field and museum work covered espe-cially the southern Neotropics, including thátlarge area of the region that extends south intothe temperate zone, the Cono Sur of SouthAmerica, from Bolivia and Paraguay south~dall the way to the fringes of the Antarctic, al-though his main area was Argentina. Philippi'swork was largely confined to Chile, so that hiswork and Olrog's are quite complementary. AndSick's influence is felt most in the center of thegreat Neotropical region, the Brazilian Amazonand neighboring areas. Thus, between themthese five ornithologists have left the broadestpossible geographical imprint on Neotropicalornithology. Even more importantly, they haveleft a legacy of work and thought that h1schanged the way we perceive Neotropical orni-thology: their pioneering museum and fieldinvestigations have paved the way for more di-verse approaches.

did not live permanently in the Neotropics. Buthe was born in Panamá, for years made yearlyand lengthy visits there, and was totally bilin-gual, although his Caribbean Spanish had a traceof a New York accent in it. Eisenmann was nota trained biologist, but a lawyer, who, after re-ceiving his degree at Harvard Law School, prac-iced for many years in New York City before re-tiring from this profession in 1956. From 1957until his death in 1981 he devoted himself fulltime to his passion, Neotropical ornithology,working as a Research Associate at the AmericanMuseum of Natural History. Perhaps it was histraining in law and his love of language thatinspired his interest in both vernacular and scien-tific nomenclature (Eisenmann & Poor 1946,Eisenmann et al. 1971). Similarly, his sharp legalmind was put to excellent use in matters ofconservation. Eisenmann was especially active inthe (former) Pan-American section of the I.C.B.P.(International Council for Bird Preservation).Eisenmann was an excellent "chairman" and"mediator" at meetings and on the AOU Check-list Committee, where his fairness would prevailover others more given to impetuous argumenta-tion.

Gene Eisenmann, as he was known to all,died in New York City on 16 October 1981. Onthat day I was studying birds in the llanos ofVenezuela, one of the most extraordinary of allSouth American biomes. On my return to NewYork City, eager to share some of my obser-vations with Gene, I was greeted instead with thenews that he had died. I was unable to work fordays after this stunning blow. Life without Geneas a friend, colleague, sounding board, and mealpartner at the American Museum would not bethe same, I reflected, and it has not.

My first contact with Gene goes back to theearly sixties, when, after a field trip to the RíoConchos in Mexico's State of Chihuahua, Iwished to confirm the identification of a fewtricky specimens I had collected. We met inperson in the mid-sixties, when I spent longperiods of time studying the AMNH collectionsduring my PhD thesis research. As a Frank M.Chapman Postdoctoral Fellow in 1967-68, Ivirtually lived at the AMNH and saw Genedaily. Our association became even stronger afterI became a staff member at AMNH in 1974.Sadly, I never had the opportunity of sharing

Eugene Eisenmann (1906-1981), (Fig. 1)

For thoughtful memorial pieces about Eugene

Eisenmann, I refer the reader to Bull & Amadon

( 1983; includes a selected bibliography of l1is

writngs) and Howell (1985). Alone of the five

ornithologists whom I discuss here, Eisenmann

FIVE GREAT NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOWGISTS

FIG. 1. Eugene Eisenmann (1906-1981). Photographcourtesy AMNH archives.

time in the field with Gene, but this was amplymade up by the innumerable hours we spent' atthe AMNH or having dinner together at somenearby restaurant.

Gene was what I would call a messy worker.His desk at the AMNH was covered by severalcrumb1ing skyscrapers made up of letters,manuscripts, notes, and reprints, amidst whichan antique manual typewriter occupied a centralposition. Remarkably adept at typing -and ate.verything else -with his only one functionalhand, Gene would produce streams of letters tocorresporidents all over the Neotropics, spendinghuge amounts of time to answer all sorts ofinquiries. Extraordinary generosity with hisknowledge and his time was one of Gene's mostremarkable traits. Even though his list of publi-cations is respectable, including short distribu-tional and taxonomic papers ( e.g., Eisenmann1957, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1971, Eisenmann &Howell 1962) and seminal works such as hisAnnotated List of Birds of Barro ColoradoIsland, Panama Canal Zone (Eisenmann 1952jrevised later: Willis & Eisenmann 1979) and TheSpecies of Middle American Birds (Eisenmann1955), his main contribution, I feel, remains inthe unseen and unsung area of "help to otherNeotropical ornithologists" and .help to Neo-tropical ornithology" (see also Howell1985: 3).For example Ridgely's (1976) book on the birdsof Panamá would certainly be different if GeneEisenmann had not contributed to it in manyways. I was one of the many otheF luckyrecipients of Gene's generosity with his time andhis thoughts, and I try hard not to forget howmuch I owe him. It is much harder to try andemulate this unique spirit. A fitting memorialvolume, Neotropical Ornithology (Buckley et al.1985) was published by the AOU to commemo-rate Gene's accomplishments. It is "dedicated tothe memory of Eugene Eisenmann in recogni-tion of his contributions to neotropical ornitho-

logy:'At AMNH in the early sixties, Gene's desk

would often be even more disorganized thanusual, if that was possible. The reason was that hewas working on the manuscript of RodolpheMeyer de Schauensee's book 7he Species of Birdsof South America and 7heir Distribution (Meyerde Schauensee 1966). Few persons realize thatthis book would not have been as important as

it was, and still is, had it not been for Eisen-mann's incredible and unselfish work on themanuscript. How many times did I (and others)tell Gene that he should be co-author, and howmany times did he simply brush aside such apossibility with the remark, "But the idea for thebook wasn't mine." I am only sorry that Rudyde Schauensee did not "force" Gene to be hisco-author.

Always smiling and cracking jokes, Gene wasalso always ready to read your manuscripts criti-cally. Someone once remarked that the famousBritish ornithologist Reginald Moreau was "agreat devourer of manuscripts in progress:' Thesame could be said of Eugene Eisenmann. Afurther parallel in the careers of these two menexists in the fact that whereas Moreau was a veryrespected editor of 1he Ibis for several years,Eisenmann just as skillfully edited 1he Auk fortwo years (1958-1959).

Gene always found time to interrupt what-ever he was doing to listen to your ideas and

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make constructive suggestions. And he alwaysfound time to interrupt whatever you weredoing to describe with buoyant enthusiasm anexciting specimen he had just received for identi-fication, or to ask your opinion about so-and-so'slatest paper on the taxonomy of some Neotro-pical family or genus. Arguments pro and con agiven classification scheme were then discussedavidly, often pursued later over a meal. Character-istically, Gene would present both sides of anargument in an equally favorable light and woulddraw you skillfully into taking a position, whichhe would then rebut. Your own thoughts on agiven matter had better be crystal clear, other-wise Gene's sharp mind would quickly detectthe flaws in your logic and expose them. Clearly,his training as a lawyer had prepared him to dealwith biological ideas in a different, but provoc-ative way. And when we would run short ofornithological arguments, conversation wouldturn to the arts, the theater, the cinema, the law,or politics.

I miss Gene very much. Often, after havingfinished a manuscript on some aspect of Neotro-pical ornithology, I read it once more, won-dering: What would have Gene thought aboutit? What suggestions would he have made toimprove it? What errors would he have detected,and gently pointed out to me, before they foundtheir way into print. In a letter dated 6 January1985 that I received from Helmut Sick, as part ofan extended correspondence Helmut and I hadabout various taxonomic matters, Helmut ex-claimed: "Hierbei sehe ich wieder, wie mir GeneEisenmann fehlt, der mich über 30 Jahre lang insolchen Dingen [taxonomic matters] beriet. DieKlarheit seiner Auffassung war unübertrefflich:'He too, missed Gene Eisenmann, and his lastsentence says it all: "The clarity of his thinkingwas unsurpassed:'

FIG. 2. Maria Koepcke (1924-1971). Photograph cour-tesy John P. O'Neill.

list of publications by M. Koepcke. Maria vonMikulicz-Radecki, German-born and educated(Ph.D. 1949 in Kiel), moved to Perú in 1949where she married Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke in1950, and resided there until her accidental deathon 24 December 1971. On that Christmas eve,Maria and her 17-year old daughter Julianewere flying from Lima to Pucallpa, on theirway to Panguana, their field station on the RíoLullapichis, a tributary of the Rio Pachitea inPerú's Amazon basin, where Hans-Wilhelm waswaiting for them. The plane crashed in theAndean foothills, and the only survivor of the 90plus persons on board the aircraft was Juliane,who managed to crawl to safety, reappearing onlyabout ten days later in an Indian settlement, ableto make it thanks to her jungle experience.In 1974, at the International OrnithologicalCongress in Canberra, Australia, which Hans-Wilhelm and Juliane were attending, she calmlyrecounted the whole tragedy to me. Juliane laterstudied biology. She obtained her natural historydiploma in 1980 at her mother's Alma Mater,Christian-Albrecht University, in Kiel, and herdoctorate in biology in 1987 at the Ludwig-Maxi-

Maria Koepcke (1924-1971), (Fig. 2)Niethammer (1974) wrote a thoughtful anddetailed obituary of Maria Koepcke, including apublication list. This piece was later reprinted(Niethammer 1980) in a welcome Spanish trans-lation by Manuel Plenge. Several other obituariesand notices have appeared, including Rea &Kostritsky (1973), Sarmiento (1973), and Geb-hardt (1974: 46-47). Stephens & Traylor's (1983)Ornithological Gazetteer of Peru also contains a

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FIVE GREAT NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOWGISTS

FIG. 3. S ix stamps of Peruvian birds painted by Maria Koepcke, lent courtesy of Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke.

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milian University in Münich. Her theses dealtwith butterflies and bats, respectively, from thePanguana study area. (Panguana, by the way, isthe name of Crypturellus undulatus, a commonbird at the site, H.-W. Koepcke 1987: 6).

I didn't meet Maria Koepcke until 1965,during my first trip to Perú. On that occasion ason later ones, I stayed at Casa Humboldt in Mira-flores, Lima's luminous suburb, where Mariaand her husband Hans-Wilhelm, also a biologist,had managed to establish a biological stationwith the help of financial grants from theirnative Germany. Foreign scientists would lodgethere for a modest fee, and be provided with aroom in which to dump their field gear, a com-fortable bed to sleep in, and innumerable oppor-tunities to talk about tropical biology with thetwo Koepckes. For years, Casa Humboldt wasthe focal point for ornithologists doing fieldwork in Perú. There they both started and endedtheir trips, met fellow workers, and gossipedwith the Koepckes.

Ah, the intensity of these meetings at CasaHumboldt, over a cup of hot tea and munchingGerman pastries! These were heated, passionateexchanges of observations, new distributionalrecords, or critical reviews of the new spe-cies Maria had described, like Zaratornis strese-manni (Koepcke 1954a, 1955), Asthenes cactorum(Koepcke 1959), or Synallaxis zimmeri (Koepcke1957). Our conversations were uttered in a quick-fire mixture of German and Spanish, plus theLatin names of birds and other creatures. As theevening went on, Maria's normally pale cheekswould become rosy and her eyes aglow withexcitement. After an entire evening of such dis-cussions, I staggered to bed, my Read spinningwith ideas, and crawled under the pank sheets inthe cool and moist atmosphere of Lima's pecu-liar climate, exhausted but eager to go in the fieldas soon as possible. As Niethammer (1974: 92)perceptively put it, Maria Koepcke had a "burn-ing interest in the animal world and pleasure indiscussions of natural history problems:'

The next morning, while Hans-Wilhelmwould remain at Casa Humboldt to write, Mariaand I would hop into a colectivo for the severalblocks long ride along Avenida Arequipa, thenwalk to the "Javier Prado" Museum on AvenidaArenales. There we would examine her meti-culously prepared specimens and detailed labels.

What a pity that her schedule during my visitsto Perú never permitted us to go in the field to-gether. She and I shared a profound interest inseveral bird groups, especially the Emberizidae(Koepcke 1963) and the Furnariidae, that quint-essentially Neotropical family. Her paper onsome furnariid species of the western Peruviandesertsis a little gem (Koepcke 1965).

I wish that we could have watched andsketched some of these birds together. I wouldhave loved to see her where she truly belonged,outdoors observing birds, collecting specimens,writing notes, and making those exquisite draw-ings of hers (Fig. 3). I often look with greatpleasure at the art work with which she illustra-ted her Las Aves del Departamento de Lima(Koepcke 1964; later translated into English: 7bebirds of the Department of Lima, Peru, Koepcke1970), and the serial publication she coauthoredwith her husband, Las Aves Silvestres de Impor-tancia Económica del Perú (Koepcke & Koepcke

1963-1971).I used one of her papers so much that I had

it bound before it fell apart. This is her mar-velous but long-titled piece, Corte EcológicoTransversal en los Andes del Perú Central conEspecial Consideración de las Aves. Parte I:Costa, Vertientes Occidentales y Región Altoan-dina (Koepcke 1954b). Part II was to have beenthe eastern transect, which she planned to com-plete only after she and her husband had spentmore time in eastern Perú and gained fieldexperience equivalent to the vast amount of datathey had obtained west of the Andes (Koepcke1958, 1961j Koepcke & Koepcke 1953). Onepaper dealing with adaptations in nest shape oftropical lowland birds, based on her work inAmazonian Perú, appeared after her death(Koepcke 1972). Hans-Wilhelm described thehistory of their Panguana study site in easternPerú (H.-W. Koepcke 1987).

Fate decided otherwise about Part II. Buteven without the eastern transect, and otherpublications, Maria Koepcke's legacy is a solidone. Workers at the "Javier Prado" Museum inLima in particular, Peruvian ornithologists ingeneral, and all other Neotropical ornithologistsas well, are in her debt, whether they ever mether or not. Maria Koepcke would be 71 years oldin 1995, the grand old lady of Neotropical

ornithology.

FIVE GREAT NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOWGISTS

FIG. 4. Claes Christian Olrog (1912-1985). Photo-graph courtesy Gunilla B. de Olrog.

Little did I know then that I would not only usethis book in the field myself, but that I woulddevelop a long-lasting friendship with its author!

Claes Olrog was born and educated in Swe-den at Uppsala and Stockholm. He was a studentof the well-known biogeographer Einar LOnn-berg, and he obtained his doctorate in 1945.Olrog moved to Argentina in 1948, and even-tually became almost more Argentine than theArgentines themselves. Unlike Koepcke, whoseSpanish was German-accented, Olrog's was pureArgentine, with all the inflections that are pecu-liar to that country's modification of Castilian.Besides our meetings on his home turf in Argen-tina, we saw each other at professional gathe-rings, especially at International OrnithologicalCongresses, where we always got together forsome good times, reminiscing about field workin Argentina and elsewhere in the Cono Sur. Ilast saw Claes 01rog at the second Congress ofNeotropical Ornithology in Jalapa in 1983,where we exchanged Argentine jokes aboutMafalda for old times' sake, and for the last time.(Readers who have spent some time in Argentinawill know about Mafalda. Others will have to dosome research.)

Like Eugene Eisenmann and Maria Koepcke,Claes 01rog was a generous man. He spent a lotof time helping me, a mere greenhorn in Neo-tropical ornithology in the sixties, patientlyexplaining all sorts of things pertaining to thedistribution and systematics of Neotropicalbirds. Thanks to him the Instituto Miguel Lillolet me have not only a jeep but also a driver whowas a keen botanist, and so I was able to travelfar and wide in the Tucumán area in 1965, in-cluding 01rog's beloved Aconquija mountain(O1rog 1949), learning about birds and plants.On return trips to Tucumán, 01rog and I wouldsocialize at his house, or else, sometimes withother distinguished guests, have a grand time atthe house of Abraham Willink, who was curatorof entomology at the Miguel Lillo. We talkedabout birds and beetles, of course, but also aboutPeronism and other more urgent matters, all inSpanish. But curiously, my correspondence with01rog was entirely in English, and our conversa-tions outside Argentina were always in English.

01rog started banding birds in Argentina in1961, and published several papers describingthis work and listing returns (e.g., 01rog 1968a,

Claes Christian Olrog (1912-1985), (Fig. 4)The reader is referred to Manuel Nores's (1986)warm and affectionate obituary in El Hornero,unfortunately all too brief. A list of Olrog'spublications can be found in Paynter's (1985)Ornithological Gazetteer of Argentina. ClaesOlrog died at 18:30 on Friday, 29 November1985, according to a note that his widow, Gunillade Olrog, sent me some time later. On that day,I was doing field work on Navarino Island in theTierra del Fuego Archipelago of southern Chile,an area that Olrog had visited many years earlier.The papers he had written to describe the birdshe had seen and collected on those trips (Olrog1948, 1950), my daily vade"mecum in the field,became so dog-eared that I had them reboundbefore they became unusable.

I met Olrog in person in 1965, although in asense I had already "met" him in 1960, when abirding friend of mine in Switzerland hadshowed me the "funny little field guide to Argen-tine birds" (Olrog 1959) that his father hadbrought him back from a trip to that country.

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1973a, 1974, 1975). He must have been one ofthe pioneers of bird banding in South America.Olrog's curatorial work at the Miguel Lillo In-stitute allowed the broadest possible use and asubstantial increase in that very importantcollection. Olrog also worked indefatigably onbehalf of nature preservation in Argentina.

Olrog had an unequalled knowledge of avianfield identification and geographical distributionin South America's Cono Sur, gained duringmany field trips throughout the region and athorough study of available specimens. On thebasis ofthis rich experience, he wrote and illus-trated several pioneering field guides to Argen-tine and South American birds (Olrog 1959,1968b, 1984, Olrog & Pescetti 1991, the last

published posthumously). Drawing, however,was not his forte, and his art work in these booksis inferior to that of Maria Koepcke's in herpublications. Olrog's main strength, as I see it,was in summarizing the distribution of Argen-tine birds, in monographs that were published atthe Miguel Lillo in 1963 and 1979 (Olrog 1963,1979), and that have not been surpassed since.His 1979 list was inscribed to me "Con losmejores deseos y un cordial saludo:' and his 1984field guide to Argentine birds inscribed "ParaFran9ois Vuilleumier, con un cordial saludo delaf!1igo/autor. Claes Chr. Olrog. Noviembre1984:' One year later he was dead. One of mymain regrets concerning Claes Olrog, and this isa very se1fish one, is that we could not find timeto go in the field together. Many ornithologistsmay not realize that Olrog was not only a fineornithologist, but an excellent mammalogist aswell, and that he published papers on Argentinemammals (for example Olrog 1958, 1973b), andwrote and illustrated a field guide to Argentinemammals (Olrog & Lucero 1981). Another one,Los Mamíferos de Sudamérica Austral, should bepublished in the future by EV.S.A. (Fundaci6nVida Silvestre Argentina). On 25 March 1994"the Plaza de los Pájaros Claes Christian Olrog"was inaugurated in the city of Mar del Plata witha commemorative plaque (Ado1fo García Ru¡z,La Nación, 24 March 1994;p. 9).

(1988) Ornithological Gazetteer of Chile].Philippi was the great-grandson of the famousnaturalist R.A. Philippi, who ushered scientificornithology into Chile. Hellmayr (1932: 9) wrote:"with the arrival of Ludwig Landbeck ( 1852) andR.A. Philippi (1853) Chilean ornithology en-tered into another phase, which we may aptlycall the scientific period:' The great-grandsonhimself wrote a piece describing the work of hisfamous ancestor (Philippi 1963). R.A. PhilippiBañados was a member of the great trio ofChilean ornithologists that included A:W. John-son and J .D. Goodall, the three coauthors of LasAves de Chile, su Conocimiento y sus Costumbres(Goodall et al. 1946, 1951, Suplemento 1957,Suplemento n 1964). As A:W. Johnson (1965: 11)wrote: "In the 1920'5 I was joined by J. D.Goodall and in 1935, after leaving the nitrateindustry and settling in the austral zone, by Dr.R. A. Philippi. Several years of joint field workfollowed with pooling of knowledge, energiesand resources until by 1946 we were finally readyto pub1ish the first volume of 'Las Aves de Chile.'Five years later, after having traveled ever morewidely within Chilean borders in search of thenecessary additional information, the secondvolume was completed:' A photo of the trioappears in Johnson (1965: 379, Philippi is in thecenter, wearing glasses) and another in Johnson(1967: 153, showing Johnson and Philippi, at

right).R. A. Philippi was born in Santiago, Chile,

on 25 May 1905. He died in Santiago on 31 July1969. He was a physician (pediatrician) by pro-fession, an ornithologist by avocation. For manyyears, from 1938 to 1966, he was associated withthe Museo Nacional de Historia Natural inSantiago, where he was curator of birds. In 1965,in the middle of a long period of field work inChile, I spent some time at the Museo Nacional,measuring bird skins there under Philippi'swatchful eye. After about a week of work in theMuseum, I became frustrated by the smallnumber of birds deposited there, and askedPhilippi about the specimens that he had col-lected, and that were cited in Las Aves de Chile.Philippi then whispered: "Come to my house,and rll show you the skins you want:' That sameevening, I packed my bags, left the small hotelwhere I had spentthe last few days, and drove toPhilippi's house, where I was given a small room.

Rodulfo A. Philippi B. (1905-1969), (Fig. 5)Drouilly (1969) published a fine obituary andthe list of publications of Rodulfo A. PhilippiBañados [see also list of publications in Paynter's

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FIVE GREAT NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOWGISTS

FIG. 5. Rodulfo A. Philippi B. (1905-1969). Photo-graph from Drouilly (1969).

of Chilean birds, some authored alone (e.g.,

Philippi 1936,1937,1939,1942), and others withJohnson, Goodall, and Behn (e.g., Philippi et al.1944, 1954a, 1954b). His most important work,other than his coauthorship of Las Aves de Chile,is without a doubt his "Catálogo de las aves chi-lenas con su distribuci6n geográfica", publishedin 1964 as volume eleven of Investigaciones Zoo-l6gicas Chilenas. He generously gave me a copywith the inscription "Para Fran~ois Vuilleumier,afectuosamente." Although now somewhat out-dated, this check-list has not been superseded.

Philippi's main contribution to Chilean orni-thology, which led to his coauthorship of LasAves de Chile and authorship of the "Catálogo. :',consists of his detailed documentation of thedistribution of Chilean birds by means of y¡ellprepared and labeled specimens. This effort islargely responsible for the recent Field Guide toBirds ofChile by Araya et al. (1986,1993), whosedistributional information makes use of, butdoes not improve upon, Philippi's "Catálogo:'

Day after day, during the next week or two,Philippi and I would examine the birds he hadcollected all over Chile. Housed in shoe boxespiled on top of furniture, the skins were guardedin his home rather than at the Museum, wherehe feared for their fate. Much later, the greaterpart of the Philippi Collection (about 1500 speci-mens) was acquired by the Museum of Compa-rative Zoology at Harvard University, where it is

stilllodged (R.A. Paynter, Jr., pers. comm.)..Philippi later told me that he had checked me

out, while working at the Museo Nacional.Having ascertained that I was a bona fide studentof Neotropical birds, he then decided, not onlyto reveal the whereabouts of his collection, butalso to invite me to stay at his house, where Icould study the birds. I will always cherish thememory of the days spent in Philippi's home,being treated by him, his wife, and his daughtersas if I were a member of their warm family. MySpanish improved greatly in those two weeks!Studying Philippi's collection was not alwayseasy, however. "Tell me what species you need:'he'd say, "and I'll get the bOx for you:' Which hedid, of course, but that did not allow me tobrowse as I would have wished.

Philippi helped arrange field trips to theAndes near Santiago, including one with A. W.Johnson, who proudly showed me Phegomismitchellii, one of the rare denizens of the highvalleys. But Philippi himself did not join us inthe field, claiming that his heart was too weak tosustain exertion at high elevations. Johnsonscoffed at that notion, but didn't push Philippi.The two men could not have been more dif-ferent. Whereas Johnson, a Quaker, was tall,thin, and ramrod straight, and never complainedof any physical ailments, Philippi, short and abit on the plump side, would use his heart con-dition as an excuse for no longer going into thefield. "Mi corazón. .:' he would simply say.During their trips together in years past, John-son had assiduously searched for nests andamassed a splendid eggcollection, while Philippicollected bird skins.

Philippi had an outstanding knowledge ofChilean birds, having travelled from north tosouth in that long and narrow country. Besideshis collaboration as taxonomist and biogeo-grapher on the book Las Aves de Chile, hepublished a series of papers on the distribution

105

.EUMIER

Somewhat shy and retired, Philippi was awarm person who generously shared his exten-sive knowledge with the neophyte I was back inthe sixties. I owe to him much of what I knowabout the distribution and geographical variationof Chilean birds. I feellucky to have visited Chilewhen he was still a1ive.

Helmut Sick (1910-1991), (Fig. 6)Haffer & Konig (1991, 1992) published detailedand perceptive obituaries of Helmut Sick, inwhich they described the trajectory of his careerand his life. The reader is referred to these finepieces for many details. A list of Sick's publi-cations can be found in Paynter & Traylor's(1991) Omithological Gazetteer of Brazil. Sickwas German-born and educated, and received hisdoctorate under the great ornithologist ErwinStresemann. In 1939 Sick went to Brazil to takepart in an ornithological expedition there. TheSecond World War started shortly after theexpedition had arrived in Brazil. Sick remained.Between 1942 and 1945 Sick, being a Germancitizen, was interned as a political prisoner inBrazil. Later, however, he became a Braziliancitizen and remained faithful to his adoptedcountry, although he returned to Germanymany times to keep up with friends and col-leagues in his native land. Sick was curator ofbirds at the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro,worked at the Brazilian Academy of Sciences,and taught at the Federal University in Rio deJaneiro. One of Sick's great non-ornithologicalpleasures was to have been elected an HonoraryCitizen of Rio de Janeiro. But he also oncecomplained to me that even though he had livedin Brazil for decades, was a Brazilian citizen,spoke Portuguese and published in that language,many Brazilians still kept calling him "el Ale-mao:'

modation. I was in seventh heaven. Grounddoves displayed right on their balcony. At night,after dinner, sitting under the tropical stars, wewould sip some brandy while listening to whist-ling-ducks flying over the city and we would pas-sionately argue about the origins of the avifaunasof South America's open spaces, such as the cer-rado (Sick 1965a), or about the diversification ofthe Rhinocryptidae (Sick 1960), problems thatfascinated us both. He inscribed his rhinocryptidpaper "Hernn F. Vuilleumier, In Erinnerung ausRio deJaneiro. 3.II.65:' What a souvenir! And af-ter the Sicks had retired for the night, I read Tuca.ni, the fascinating book describing his experien-ces in central Brazil (Sick 1961), until the earlyhours of the morning.

Helmut and I immediately took to eachother, and that trip saw the beginning of afriendship that continued through correspon-dence, and an occasional visit, either at theAMNH in New York, where he came from timeto time, or in Brazil, where I went all too rarely.Although he spoke English quite fluently,Helmut made it clear that he much preferred totalk in German. "You are Swiss:' he said, "and sowe'll speak German when we are together:' Andso we did. Our correspondence, however, wasbilingual, he writing in German and I in Eng-lish. I last saw Helmut in Bonn in 1988 at theInternational Centennial Meeting of the Deut-sche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft. I rememberespecially a youthful, exuberant Helmut Sick ina cozy Greek restaurant, eagerly discussing someof the discoveries of new species in the Neotro-pics (including his own Cinclodes pab5ti, Sick1969a, 1973) over stuffed grape leaves and ret-sinato.

Like Eisenmann, Koepcke, Olrog, and Phi-lippi, Sick was a generous person. Instead oftreating me like the young upstart that I wasback in 1965, he considered me a real Neotropi-cal ornithologist, even though my experience ofthat region's birds was then minimal, whereas hiswas encyclopedic. In early March 1968 I wasextremely fortunate to spend several days in thefield with Helmut and his wife. I was keen tostudy the endemic Oreophylax (or Schizoeaca)moreirae, which is found only on some moun-taintops of southeastern Brazil. We went to theItatiaia National Park, saw and heard the smallfurnariid, but failed to find its nest that year.

I met Helmut Sick in Rio de Janeiro in 1965,at the beginning of a six-month long field trip inSouth America. My arrival in Rio was only daysaway from that city's annual madness, Carnival!Foolishly I had made no hotel reservation andfound myself stranded with no place to stay.Helmut took pity and he and his wife kindlyinvited me to stay at their wonderful apartment,an eagle's nest perched high on a hilltop at 210Rua das Laranjeiras. The Sicks apologired pro-fusely for what they called their modest accom-

106

FIVE GREAT NEOTROPICAL ORNITHOWGISTS

modulated by penetrating questions. For exam-pIe, on 11 March 1979, after reading my Vene-zuelan páramo paper (Vuilleumier & Ewert1978) he wrote: «Ich habe Schwierigkeiten, IhreTab. 6 (Páramos 1978: 86) zu verstehen. WarumzOgern Sie, für Cinclus, Spinus und ZonotrichiaNordamerika als origin anzugeben? Wohl des-wegen, weil Sie von bestimmten Arten ( C. leuco-cephalus etc.) sprechen?" And then Helmutadded, so characteristically: «Sie sehen, man muBmit wahnsinnig dummen Lesern rechnen:. (Ihave difficulties understanding your Tab. 6. Whydo you hesitate to give a North American originfor Cinclus, Spinus, and Zonotrichia? ...You see,one must reckon with demented and stupidreaders. )

Helmut did find it a year later (Sick 1970a). Forme the most vivid memory of that trip was thatof the long, quiet hours spent with Helmut inthe forests of that magnificent mountain.Helmut's extraordinary ear would pick out callsof the shy denizens of the undergrowth or of thetreetops, one after another. He would thenexplain what each of these sounds meant, whatthe invisible birds were doing, and many other

things..Helmut thrived on Neotropical ornithology.

Hi~ letters to me contain much informationabout birds that he had seen or collected. Histone was always full of wonder, and fresh withideas and questions. His congratulations on myhaving published this or that paper were always

FIG. 6. Helmut Sick (191C}-1991). Photograph courtesy Rob Bierregaard.

107

VUILLEUMIER

In conclusionI am fortunate to have known these five great

Neotropical ornithologists. Although they weredifferent from each other in many ways, andinterested in different aspects of Neotropicalornithology, I hope that this piece has made itclear to readers that all five had some wonderfulqualities in common, including unselfishness,generosity of time and spirit, unflagging enthu-siasm, a rare ability to treat a tyro as if he werean expert, and a mind always ready to absorbnovel facts and ideas concerning their belovedNeotropical birds. We should all emulate thesetraits.

On a more general note, I want to emphasizethe fact that the five ornithologists I wrote aboutin this piece worked mostly on taxonomy, distri-bution, faunistics, and general biology of species.This research was an indispensable step towardmore "modern;' evolutionary, ecological, orethological studies. We should not forget thatwithout their labors, we would today knowmuch less about Neotropical birds than we do.

I hope that someone will one day write ahistory of the development of Neotropical orni-thology. Most of the materials for such a treat-ment are, in fact, already in place, including anumber of important obituaries, essays on earlycollectors and naturalist-travelers and bibliogra-phic lists. Such a history can be approached fromseveral points of view, such as the developmentof ideas, the evolution of ornithology in eachcounty or region of the Neotropics, or the high-lights of the careers of the most important orinfluential figures. Qualifications for writingsuch histories would include knowledge of birds,men, and ideas, and a sense of history. Perhaps Iwill undertake this task myself. After all, I havebeen involved in Neotropical ornithology forover thirty years, have traveled throughout theregion, have met several of the main recent actorsin the play, and am interested in the history ofscience. In the meantime, the present essay willperhaps incite some readers to reflect on theevolution of their field by comparing their ownexperiences with mine.

Helmut.s kindness shows through in otherletters. On 16 August 1975, after I had failed tokeep up our correspondence for a while, hewrote: "Es ist wirklich an der Zeit, daB wir malwieder Verbindung aufnehmen. Schon langerhabe ich kein direktes Lebenszeichen mehr vonIhnen." (It is really about time that we connectonce again. I have not had a direct sign of lifefrom you for a long time now.) In 1980, while hewas working on Anodorhynchus macaws, heneeded measurements of some specimens that wehave at AMNH, and time and again asked me toplease measure this or that bird, which, ofcourse, I did. After one of his requests, he added"Bitte seien Sie mir nich bose!'. (Please don.t beangry at me!) And after I had sent him a seriesof critical measurements he replied "Ihre An-gaben über die Aras sind fabelhaft genau, sehrherzlichen Dank für diese zeitraubendenArbeit." (Your indications about the macaws arefabulously precise, most heartfelt thanks for thistime consuming work.)

Sick was especially interested in families likethe Cuculidae (Sick 1953), the Apodidae (Sick1991), the Cracidae (Sick 1965b, 1970b), andthe Pipridae (Sick 1967), and in taxonomicallydifficult genera like Sporophila (Sick 1963). Veryconcerned about the degradation of habitats inBrazil, and its disastrous consequences on theextinction of bird populations and species,Helmut wrote several important papers on theirconservation (e.g., Sick 1969b).

Helmut Sick's magnum opus, his OrnitologiaBrasileira (Sick 1985), had a very long gestationperiod. In letter after letter, he remarked howslowly publication was progressing, even thoughthe manuscript was complete, how difficult itwas to obtain funding, yet that he hoped thework would soon be in press. I am truly de-lighted that William Belton was able to translatethis great book into English (Sick 1993), thusensuring the widest possible readership for it,something crucial since Helmut often publishedhis papers in Portuguese in Brazilian journalsthat are not always easy to obtain outside thatcountry. Within Brazil, Helmut was widelyknown and respected, and many younger Brazi-lian ornithologists, whom he called his pupils("meine Schüler"), are in his debt for his inspira-tion or direct encouragement. So, in fact, are weall.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I tbank Han~Wilbelm Koepcke for mucb infor-mation on Maria Koepcke and bis loan of berstamps, Rob Bierregaard for tbe pbotograpb of

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FIVE GREAT NEarROPICAL ORNITHOLOGISTS

Helmut Sick, John O'Neill for the photographof Maria Koepcke, Gunilla B. de Olrog forthe photograph of Claes Olrog, Raymond A.Paynter, Jr. for information on the fate of thePhilippi collection and for supplying an impor-tant reference, Jackie Beckett, Craig Chesek andDenis Finnin for preparing the illustrations,Allison Andors for help during the preparationof the manuscript, Mary I.eCroy for assistancein locating a photograph of Eugene Eisenmann,John Bates for help in locating illustrations,Do1Íald Clyde for quickly processing interlibraryloans, and Aimee Collins for typing the manu-

script.

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Bull, J., & D. Amadon. 1983. In memoriam: EugeneEisenmann. Auk 100: 188-191.

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(Pipridae): a review. The Living Bird 6: 5-22.

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e no~aes gerais de conserva~o de aves no Brasil.

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111