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Old Testament Transmission Five Periods

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Page 1: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Old Testament Transmission

Five Periods

Page 2: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 3: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

*Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew

manuscripts

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 4: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

*Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts

Excurses: Did the written Word of God exist before this time? Answer: YES!!!!!!!!!!!

*Job, Deuteronomy, etc. Just because manuscripts do not exist from before that time, does not mean they never did, simply that they have not survived in original form. However, the words have. Psalm 12:6-7 The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. 7 Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever. (1020 B.C. appr.)

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 5: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

*Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew

manuscripts1. Textual Features

A. Change from early script to square script.Example: In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.—archaicIn the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth—square.

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 6: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

*Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew

manuscripts1. Textual Features

A. Change from early script to square script.Example: In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.—archaicIn the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth—square.

B. Form of text—individual scrolls not codex

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 7: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

*Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts1. Textual Features

A. Change from early script to square script.Example: In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.—archaicIn the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth—square.

B. Form of text—individual scrolls not codexC. Style of writing/text—predominantly

consonantal

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 8: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

*Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts1. Textual Features

A. Change from early script to square script.Example: In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.—archaicIn the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth—square.

B. Form of text—individual scrolls not codexC. Style of writing/text—predominantly consonantalD. Development of Hebrew Language/grammar

I. Prior to 400 B.C.

Page 9: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

First manuscript evidence for Hebrew text

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 10: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

First manuscript evidence for Hebrew text*1947 discover of Old Sea Scrolls changed viewpoint.

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 11: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

First manuscript evidence for Hebrew text*1947 discover of Old Sea Scrolls changed viewpoint.

Question? Did the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls support the Masoretic text tradition or undermine its accuracy and authority?

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 12: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

First manuscript evidence for Hebrew text*1947 discover of Old Sea Scrolls changed viewpoint.

Question? Did the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls support the Masoretic text tradition or undermine its accuracy and authority?Answer? At first, it seemed to only agree 30% with MT, LXX, and Samaritan Pentateuch. Excurses: the scholarship did not report the truth about what was discovered.

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 13: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

First manuscript evidence for Hebrew text*1947 discovery of Old Sea Scrolls changed viewpoint.

Value of Dead Sea Scrolls1. The majority of Qumran MSS agree with the Masoretic Text

tradition. 2. Evidence of scribal activity.3. Evidence of the Old Testament Canon (all but Esther

found)4. Evidence of majority of Masoretic text tradition. --closely

parallel5. Small % of LXX found

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 14: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Masada

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 15: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Masada

Hebrew manuscripts found at Masada (occupied by zealots and their families A.D. 66-73) Rome came to crush rebellion. In 1963-1965-fragments of Genesis, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Ezekiel, Psalms, plus a few apocryphal texts in Hebrew, Ecclesiasticus and fragment of book of Jubilees.*Agreed with Masoretic Text type

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 16: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Wai Murabba

Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in 1952 from the time of the rebellion of Barkichba @ 135 A.D.

Fragments of Pentateuch, Isaiah, Minor Prophets Scroll.

*Agree with Masoretic Text type.

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 17: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Other sites

Nahal Hever and Nahal Seelim(during this time of transition, consonantal text remains unaltered.

II. 400 B.C. to AD 135

Page 18: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Talmudic/Masoretic Period

III. AD 135-1000

Page 19: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Talmudic/Masoretic Period

Question: Did the soferim (counters) and Masoretes alter the consonantal text they received from previous generations?

III. AD 135-1000

Page 20: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Talmudic/Masoretic Period

Question: Did the soferim (counters) and Masoretes alter the consonantal text they received from previous generations?

A. Talmudic Period (soferim or Jewish Rabbis) 135-5001. Preservation devices were passed on orally (oral masorah. Qere—read. Rabbi Akiba with the saying “The

“masorah” is the fence around the law.” (Buhl, Canon and text of the Old testament, 96-97, 197)

2. Reading of the words of Scripture in certain places differed from the written text.

3. Significant features of the soferim’s transmission of the text*Rules and mnemonic devices developed to ensure accurate transmission.

III. AD 135-1000

Page 21: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Talmudic/Masoretic Period

Question: Did the soferim (counters) and Masoretes alter the consonantal text they received from previous generations?

A. Talmudic Period (soferim or Jewish Rabbis) 135-5001. Preservation devices were passed on orally (oral masorah. Qere—read. Rabbi Akiba with the saying “The “masorah” is the fence

around the law.” (Buhl, Canon and text of the Old testament, 96-97, 197) 2. Reading of the words of Scripture in certain places differed from the written text.3. Significant features of the soferim’s transmission of the text

*Rules and mnemonic devices developed to ensure accurate transmission.*Divisions of texta. Divisions into verses (not numbering) “Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, 21”b. Division of the Old Testament into chapters, not of Jewish origin, but Christian @1330 time of rabbi Solomon ben Ishmael.c. Division of text into paragraphs.d. Division of the text into liturgical divisiions*other textual indicators and annotations

III. AD 135-1000

Page 22: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Talmudic/Masoretic Period

Question: Did the soferim (counters) and Masoretes alter the consonantal text they received from previous generations?

B. Masoretic Period (500-1000)

III. AD 135-1000

Page 23: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Talmudic/Masoretic Period

Question: Did the soferim (counters) and Masoretes alter the consonantal text they received from previous generations?

B. Masoretic Period (500-1000)1. Three competing masoretic schools. (Tiberian elevated, East

Babylon (remnant from exile), West South Palestine and Tiberian (Jerusalem)

2. Thre elements of Masoretic textual activity.Created the system of writing in the margins to ensure accurat understanding and correct transmission.

*The Consonantal text remained unaltered.

III. AD 135-1000

Page 24: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Printed Hebrew Bibles

IV. 1000-1524-1525

Page 25: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Printed Hebrew Bibles

A. Early printed Bibles before 2nd Rabbinic Bible1. First—1477 edition of Psalms (only through Psalm 5)2. Bologna Pentateuch (solved problem of vowel points and accents and paved the way)3. First complete printed Bible with vowel points and accents. Soncino Bible—14884. First complete printed Bible in Spain. Complutensian Polyglot (6 columns) 1514-1417 (Masoretic Text, Vulgate, Aramaic Targum, and (LXX with Latin translation)

IV. 1000-1524-1525

Page 26: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Printed Hebrew Bibles

B. Rabbinic Bibles First Rabbinic Bible-1516-1517 Samuel and Kings

divided like the Vulgate for first time. Much like the Soncino Bible.

Second Rabbinic Bible—1524-25Became the “Received Edition” Was Ben Asher Text type.

*By 16th century A.D. Printed editions replaced manuscripts in Europe. The Refomers based their work on the Bomber or “Received Edition

IV. 1000-1524-1525

Page 27: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Printed Hebrew Bibles

C. Early Hebrew editions (pre-1900’s) 1. 1720 edition of J.H. Michaelis 2. 1776-1780 Benjamin Kennicott, (oxford

scholar) and 1794-1788 G.B. de Rossi (catholic scholar) 3. Letteris Bible of Meyer Levi Letteris—based

on 2nd Rabbinic Bible. 1866 edition reprinted and still used.

IV. 1000-1524-1525

Page 28: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Printed Hebrew Bibles

D. 20th Century Hebrew Bibles 1. 1894 & 1911-1926—Ginsburg (British Bible Society)

followed 2nd Rabbinic Bible. 2. Kittel editions

* 1905 and 1912 BH* 1936/37 BHK (Kahle)—based on Leningrad

codex, (claimed to be accurate and true Ben Asher codex)<The Bibles are not be changed, just printed instead of copied>

* 1967-1978 (BHS)—single critical apparatus3. Norman Snaith—1958—British and foreign society—

forgery

IV. 1000-1524-1525

Page 29: Five Periods. I. Prior to 400 B.C. *Prior to 400 B.C., No extant Hebrew manuscripts I. Prior to 400 B.C

Printed Hebrew Bibles

E. Present Day Hebrew Text Projects 1. Biblia Quinta (BHQ) Leningrad Codex 2. Hebrew University Bible—Aleppo Codex

*Consonantal Text remains unaltered. –There is a call for an ecclectic text, but none have yet emerged. However, most English translations are ecclectic, in that they consult variations to be open-minded.

IV. 1000-1524-1525


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