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Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082 March 13, 2010 ©2010 by The Royal Society

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Page 1: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering

by Cyril Hilsum

Philosophical Transactions AVolume 368(1914):1027-1082

March 13, 2010

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 2: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

A mini-radar set.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 3: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Matrix addressing.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 4: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Matrix addressing problems.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 5: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

The active matrix.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 6: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

The director in a nematic liquid crystal.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 7: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

The twisted nematic display.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 8: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

John Stonehouse, UK Minister of State for Technology, 1967–1968.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 9: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Composition of eutectic LC material E7.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 10: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

The market for liquid crystals, 1975–1979.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 11: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Operating principle of Fujitsu MVA-LCD (after Koike & Okamoto 1999).

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 12: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Merck sales of liquid crystals.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 13: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

A Merck superfluorinated terphenyl.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 14: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

A Merck terphenyl with high negative dielectric anisotropy.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 15: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Principle of electrophoresis.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 16: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Electrowetting characteristic (after Hayes & Feenstra 2003).

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 17: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Frustrated total reflection.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 18: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

An early tour-de-force in LED assembly: multi-colour LED flat-panel display with 64×64 picture elements.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 19: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Thin-film AC electroluminescent panel construction.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 20: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Filamentary breakdown due to S-type negative resistance.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 21: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

A formed DC electroluminescent panel.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 22: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Organic LED schematic.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 23: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Isomers of Alq3: (a) meridional; (b) facial (violet, Al; red, O; blue, N; after Cölle & Brütting 2004).

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 24: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Schematic of a starburst dendrimer.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 25: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Schematic of phosphor arrangement in a plasma panel.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 26: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Schematic of the Spindt cathode.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 27: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Schematic of the GEC planar cathode.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 28: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

The first amorphous silicon thin-film transistor.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 29: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Electrical characteristics of the first a-Si TFT, made at Dundee University.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 30: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

The growth in manufacturing capability of active-matrix LCD panels.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 31: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

A 150 inch Panasonic plasma panel TV.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 32: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

World sales of flat panels, 1986–2008.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 33: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Generation 10 glass for displays.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 34: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Schematic of structure of E Ink paper.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 35: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Bistable LC states in ZBD display.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 36: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

A ZBD shelf label display.

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society

Page 37: Flat-panel electronic displays: a triumph of physics, chemistry and engineering by Cyril Hilsum Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1914):1027-1082

Large cholesteric liquid crystal billboard (courtesy Magink).

Cyril Hilsum Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:1027-1082

©2010 by The Royal Society