flexible pavement introduction notes
DESCRIPTION
Flexible Pavement introductionTRANSCRIPT
CE3010: Transportation Engineering I
Atul Narayan, S. P.
IIT Madras
August 13, 2015
Outline
First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements
Outline
First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements
Class timings
▸ Classes will be in the A slots on Monday, Thursday and Friday
▸ Additional classes on Tuesday A slot if required.
▸ Please keep yourself available for all the A slots of thesemester. Do not commit yourself to any activity on Aslots.
Contact Information
▸ My office is at 238H.
▸ You can contact me at [email protected] [email protected]
▸ For any questions or discussion, just stop by my office. Wewill fix an appointment if we cannot meet then.
▸ Your contact information?
Course contents and schedule
▸ Course contents and schedule will be mailed to you.
Reference Textbooks for course
▸ Chakroborthy and A. Das, Principles of Transportation Engineering,Prentice-Hall of India, 2003.
▸ C. S. Papacostas and P. D. Prevedouros, TransportationEngineering and Planning, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
▸ Khanna and Justo Highway Engineering, Ninth Edition, Nemchand,2011
▸ J. H. Banks, Introduction to Transportation Engineering, Mc-GrawHill Book Company, 2002.
▸ P. H. Wright and K. K. Dixon, Highway Engineering, John Wiley &Sons, Seventh Edition, 2004.
▸ C. J. Khisty and B. K. Lall, Transportation Engineering AnIntroduction, Prentice- Hall of India, 2002.
▸ Yang Huang, Pavement Analysis and Design, Pearson, 2004.
▸ Yoder, E.J., and Witczak, Principles of Pavement Design, 2nd ed.John Wiley and Sons, 1975.
▸ R. Horonjeff and F. X. McKelvy, Planning and Design of Airports,Mc-Graw Hill International Editions, 1993.
▸ Appropriate IS codes on pavement and geometric design.
References for Pavement Design and Analsysis section
TextbookYang H. Huang (2004). Pavement Analysis and Design, Pearson.
Additional ReferencesYoder and Witczak (1975), Principles of Pavement Design, JohnWiley and Sons.IRC 37 (2012) and IRC 58 (2002)
Grading Policy
Assignments: 20%Mid-Semester Examination: 30%End-Semester Examination: 50%
Assignments
▸ Students can work on assignments in groups of maximum two.
▸ One submission per group is enough.
▸ Due dates are as listed in the calendar.
Classroom Policy
▸ Any form of misconduct including cheating, plagiarism,fabrication, etc. will not be tolerated. Any studentcaught doing so will be assured maximum punishment.
▸ If the submission of two or more groups have the samecontent with same mistakes, both groups will be given zerosfor that problem.
▸ Attendance rules of IIT Madras will be strictly followed.
▸ Please turn off all cell phones before coming to class.
▸ Please be courteous to fellow students. Do not disrupt theclass by talking, using your cell phone, etc.
Note-taking
▸ Attend all classes and write down notes whenever it appearsimportant.
▸ Reading materials will be sent to you once the lecture topic isfinished.
▸ Please use the reference textbooks for background reading.
Outline
First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements
Primary learning objectives
To design flexible and rigid pavements using the Indian RoadsCongress design methods
To evaluate when it would be necessary to modify the designmethods
Design Process
Source:MEPDG Flexible Pavement Design Guide
Subordinate learning objectives
▸ To analyze the stress-strain distribution in pavements forgiven loading conditions.
▸ To estimate pavement distresses based on stresses and strainsin pavement structure.
▸ To explain the effect of mechanical properties on pavementbehavior and performance.
▸ To analyze the stresses and distresses caused by vehicleloading.
▸ To estimate the expected volume of traffic in design life
Levels of learning
▸ Remembering: Describing, identifying
▸ Understanding: Interpreting, explaining
▸ Applying: Executing, Implementing
▸ Analyzing: Comparing, Deconstructing
▸ Evaluating: Expringmenting, Judging
▸ Creating: Desiging, Constructing
Outline
First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements
Aggregates▸ Aggregates are granular materials such as river gravel, crushed
stone or sand.▸ It is the longest english word you can type with the left hand
(standard typing procedure)
(a) Sand (b) River Gravel (c) Granite
(d) Aggregate Mix
Bitumen
▸ Bitumen is a processed form of the residue obtained infractional distillation of petroleum.
▸ It is also known as asphalt or asphalt cement.
Bituminous concrete▸ Bituminous concrete is the compacted mixture of bitumen and
aggregates.▸ It is also known as bituminous mixture, asphalt concrete,
asphalt mixture and hot-mix asphalt (HMA).
(a) Loose Mix
(b) Compacted Concrete
Outline
First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements
Typical Pavement Structure
Surface Course
Binder Course
Base Course
Sub-base Course
Subgrade
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Seal Coat
Seal Coat
▸ It is a thin layer of bitumen with or without crushedaggregates embedded in it.
▸ It is also known as chip seal or bituminous surface treatment.
▸ It is mainly useful in colder climates.32
▸ It is used for:
▸ Waterproofing the surface▸ Improving skid resistance▸ Improving surface finish and sealing surface cracks
Surface Course
▸ It is the top-most layer in an asphalt concrete pavement.
▸ The layer is usually made with dense-graded HMA.
▸ Open graded HMA with adequate porosity may also be used.
▸ It is also known as wearing course.
▸ Purpose:
▸ To provide resistance to frictional stresses caused bymoving vehicles
▸ To provide skid resistance▸ To waterproof the pavement structure
▸ It is meant to wear with repetitions of vehicle loading.
▸ It can be periodically rehabilitated during the design period.
Binder Course
▸ It is the layer below the surface course.
▸ Purpose:
▸ To distribute the stresses due to vehicle loading over alarge area
▸ To reduce the stresses and strains in the underlying layers▸ To reduce the cost of the pavement
▸ The binder course consists of HMA with larger aggregates andsmaller binder content.
Tack Coat and Prime Coat
▸ Both prime coat and tack coat are thin layers of bitumen.
▸ Hot bitumen, bituminous emulsion or cut-back asphalt issprayed on the surface for the coats.
▸ Their purpose is to ensure bond between pavement layers.
▸ Difference between tack coat and prime coat
▸ Since tack coat is between two HMA layers, it need notpenetrate either layers.
▸ Prime coat should penetrate the underlying layer to beeffective
Base and Sub-base Course
▸ Additional layers over the subgrade to reduce stresses on thesubgrade
▸ Both layers are similar. The subbase is usually constructedusing cheap and poorer quality material compared to the baselayer.
▸ Types of base layers:
▸ Untreated aggregate base▸ Asphalt treated base▸ Reclaimed asphalt pavement▸ Chemically treated base (with cement, lime, etc.)▸ Crushed slag
Subgrade
▸ Natural geological formation in the construction site overwhich the pavement is constructed.
▸ Sometimes the top of the subgrade is prepared throughcompaction.
Outline
First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements
Types of Distresses of Flexible Pavements
▸ Alligator cracking
▸ Longitudinal and transverse Cracking,
▸ Rutting
▸ Bleeding
▸ Joint reflection cracking
Alligator Cracking
▸ It is caused by fatigue
▸ “Bottom-up” mechanism of crack propogation
Source: PavementInteractive.org
Longitudinal cracking
▸ Possible causes include “top-down” fatigue and joint location
Source: PavementInteractive.org
Transverse cracking▸ Caused by contraction of bituminous layers at low
temperatures
Source: PavementInteractive.org
Rutting
▸ Permanent deformation along wheel path
▸ Rutting may be accompanied by swelling
Source: PavementInteractive.org
Bleeding
▸ Bleeding is bitumen being squeezed out of the mixture
▸ Caused by poor mix design - lack of air voids
Source: PavementInteractive.org
Reflection Cracking
▸ Occurs when HMA is overlayed on top of an existing PCCpavement
Source: PavementInteractive.org