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ANSYS FLUENT 12.0

Getting Started Guide

January 2009

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Copyright c 2009 by ANSYS, Inc.All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or otherwise used in

any form without express written permission from ANSYS, Inc.

Airpak, Mechanical APDL, Workbench, AUTODYN, CFX, FIDAP, FloWizard, FLUENT,

GAMBIT, Iceboard, Icechip, Icemax, Icepak, Icepro, Icewave, MixSim, POLYFLOW, TGrid,and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature names, logos andslogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries

located in the United States or other countries. All other brand, product, service andfeature names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

CATIA V5 is a registered trademark of Dassault Systemes. CHEMKIN is a registeredtrademark of Reaction Design Inc.

Portions of this program include material copyrighted by PathScale Corporation

2003-2004.

ANSYS, Inc.Centerra Resource Park

10 Cavendish CourtLebanon, NH 03766

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Contents

Preface 1

1 Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT 1-1

1.1 Program Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

1.2 ANSYS FLUENT Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.1 Accessing the ANSYS FLUENT Documentation . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

1.2.2 Using the PDF Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-51.2.3 Using the HTML Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

2 Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT 2-1

2.1 Steps in Solving Your CFD Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2 Planning Your CFD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

3 Guide to a Successful Simulation Using ANSYS FLUENT 3-1

A Glossary of Terms A-1

A.1 Summary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

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Preface

The Contents of This Manual

The ANSYS FLUENT Getting Started Guide highlights some of the features in ANSYSFLUENT and how to get started using the software.

The Contents of the Other Manuals

In addition to this Getting Started Guide, there are several other manuals available tohelp you use ANSYS FLUENT and its associated programs:

The Users Guide contains detailed information about how to use ANSYS FLUENT,including information about the user interface, reading and writing files, definingboundary conditions, setting up physical models, calculating a solution, and ana-lyzing your results.

The Theory Guide contains reference information for how the physical models areimplemented in ANSYS FLUENT.

The Tutorial Guide contains a number of example problems with detailed instruc-tions, commentary, and postprocessing of results.

The UDF Manual contains information about writing and using user-defined func-tions (UDFs).

The Text Command List provides a brief description of each of the commands inANSYS FLUENTs text interface.

The following addon module manuals offer additional applications within ANSYSFLUENT:

Continuous Fiber Module Manual

Fuel Cell Modules Manual

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Module Manual

Population Balance Module Manual

Typographical Conventions

An informational icon ( i ) marks an important note.

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Preface

Technical Support

If you encounter difficulties while using ANSYS FLUENT, please first refer to the section(s)of the manuals containing information on the commands you are trying to use or thetype of problem you are trying to solve. The product documentation is available fromthe online help, or from the User Services Center.

If you encounter an error, please write down the exact error message that appeared andnote as much information as you can about what you were doing in ANSYS FLUENT.Then refer to the following resources available on the User Services Center:

Installation and System FAQsa link is available from the main page on the UserServices Center. The FAQs can be searched by word or phrase, and are availablefor general installation questions as well as for product questions.

Known Defects for ANSYS FLUENTa link is available from the product page.The defects can be searched by word or phrase, and are listed by categories.

Online Technical Supporta link is available from the main page on the UserServices Center. From the Online Technical Support Portal page, there is a link tothe Search Solutions & Request Support page, where the solutions can be searchedby word or phrase and where you have the ability to enter a technical supportrequest.

Contacting Technical Support

If none of the resources available on the User Services Center help in resolving the prob-

lem, or you have complex modeling projects, we invite you to log a technical supportrequest (www.fluentusers.com) to obtain further assistance. However, there are a fewthings that we encourage you to do before logging a request:

Note what you are trying to accomplish with ANSYS FLUENT.

Note what you were doing when the problem or error occurred.

Save a journal or transcript file of the ANSYS FLUENT session in which the problemoccurred. This is the best source that we can use to reproduce the problem andthereby help to identify the cause.

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Chapter 1. Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

ANSYS FLUENT is a state-of-the-art computer program for modeling fluid flow, heattransfer, and chemical reactions in complex geometries.

ANSYS FLUENT is written in the C computer language and makes full use of the flexibil-ity and power offered by the language. Consequently, true dynamic memory allocation,efficient data structures, and flexible solver control are all possible. In addition, ANSYSFLUENT uses a client/server architecture, which allows it to run as separate simultaneousprocesses on client desktop workstations and powerful compute servers. This architec-ture allows for efficient execution, interactive control, and complete flexibility betweendifferent types of machines or operating systems.

ANSYS FLUENT provides complete mesh flexibility, including the ability to solve yourflow problems using unstructured meshes that can be generated about complex geome-tries with relative ease. Supported mesh types include 2D triangular/quadrilateral, 3Dtetrahedral/hexahedral/pyramid/wedge/polyhedral, and mixed (hybrid) meshes. ANSYSFLUENT also allows you to refine or coarsen your mesh based on the flow solution.

After a mesh has been read into ANSYS FLUENT, all remaining operations are performedwithin ANSYS FLUENT. These include setting boundary conditions, defining fluid prop-erties, executing the solution, refining the mesh, and postprocessing and viewing theresults.

The ANSYS FLUENT serial solver manages file input and output, data storage, and flowfield calculations using a single solver process on a single computer. ANSYS FLUENTalso uses a utility called cortex that manages ANSYS FLUENTs user interface and basicgraphical functions. ANSYS FLUENTs parallel solver allows you to compute a solutionusing multiple processes that may be executing on the same computer, or on differentcomputers in a network.

Parallel processing in ANSYS FLUENT involves an interaction between ANSYS FLUENT,a host process, and a set of compute-node processes. ANSYS FLUENT interacts with thehost process and the collection of compute nodes using the cortex user interface utility.

Figures 1.0.1 and 1.0.2 illustrate the serial and parallel ANSYS FLUENT architectures.

For more information about ANSYS FLUENTs parallel processing capabilities, pleaserefer to the Users Guide.

All functions required to compute a solution and display the results are accessible inANSYS FLUENT through an interactive interface.

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Introduction to ANSYS FLUENT

FaceNode

Data:Cell

CORTEX

DiskFile Input/OutputSolver

Figure 1.0.1: Serial ANSYS FLUENT Architecture

FaceNode

Data:Cell

FaceNode

Data:Cell

FaceNode

Data:Cell

FaceNode

Data:Cell

MPIFLUENT

MPIFLUENT

MPIFLUENT

MPIFLUENT

MPIFLUENT

Socket

CORTEX

HOSTDisk

Compute Node 0

Compute Node 2

Compute Node 1

Compute Node 3

File Input/Output

COMPUTE NODES

MP

Parallel Data FileInput/Output

Figure 1.0.2: Parallel ANSYS FLUENT Architecture

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1.1 Program Capabilities

1.1 Program Capabilities

The ANSYS FLUENT solver has the following modeling capabilities:

2D planar, 2D axisymmetric, 2D axisymmetric with swirl (rotationally symmetric),and 3D flows

Quadrilateral, triangular, hexahedral (brick), tetrahedral, prism (wedge), pyramid,polyhedral, and mixed element meshes

Steady-state or transient flows

Incompressible or compressible flows, including all speed regimes (low subsonic,transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flows)

Inviscid, laminar, and turbulent flows

Newtonian or non-Newtonian flows

Ideal or real gases

Heat transfer, including forced, natural, and mixed convection, conjugate (solid/fluid)heat transfer, and radiation

Chemical species mixing and reaction, including homogeneous and heterogeneouscombustion models and surface deposition/reaction models

Free surface and multiphase models for gas-liquid, gas-solid, and liquid-solid flows

Lagrangian trajectory calculation for dispersed phase (particles/droplets/bubbles),

including coupling with continuous phase and spray modeling

Cavitation model

Phase change model for melting/solidification applications

Porous media with non-isotropic permeability, inertial resistance, solid heat con-duction, and porous-face pressure jump conditions

Lumped parameter models for fans, pumps, radiators, and heat exchangers

Acoustic models for predicting flow-induced noise

Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating or accelerating) reference frames

Multiple reference frame (MRF) and sliding mesh options for modeling multiplemoving frames


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Mixing-plane model for modeling rotor-stator interactions, torque converters, andsimilar turbomachinery applications with options for mass conservation and swirlconservation

Dynamic mesh model for modeling domains with moving and deforming mesh

Volumetric sources of mass, momentum, heat, and chemical species Material property database

Extensive customization capability via user-defined functions

Dynamic (two-way) coupling with GT-Power and WAVE

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) module (documented separately)

Continuous fiber module (documented separately)

Fuel cell modules (documented separately)

Population balance module (documented separately)

ANSYS FLUENT is ideally suited for incompressible and compressible fluid-flow simula-tions in complex geometries. ANSYS FLUENTs parallel solver allows you to computesolutions for cases with very large meshes on multiple processors, either on the samecomputer or on different computers in a network. ANSYS, Inc. also offers other solversthat address different flow regimes and incorporate alternative physical models. Addi-tional CFD programs from ANSYS, Inc. include ANSYS CFX, Airpak, ANSYS Icepak, andANSYS POLYFLOW.

1.2 ANSYS FLUENT DocumentationANSYS FLUENTs integrated help system gives you access to the ANSYS FLUENT doc-umentation through HTML files, which can be viewed with your standard web browser(e.g., Internet Explorer or Firefox). For printing, Adobe Acrobat PDF versions of themanuals are also provided. This section describes how to access the ANSYS FLUENT doc-umentation outside of ANSYS FLUENT (i.e., not through the ANSYS FLUENT on-linehelp utility). See the Users Guide for information about accessing the documentationthrough ANSYS FLUENT.

To view the documentation, you can use either the HTML or the PDF files, either in

the installation area or from the User Services Center (www.fluentusers.com). You willalso need a web browser.

1.2.1 Accessing the ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

You can access the ANSYS FLUENT documentation from your ANSYS Inc. installationarea.


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1.2 ANSYS FLUENT Documentation

How to Access the Documentation Files in the Installation Area

If the HTML and/or the PDF files have been installed with the software, you can viewthe documentation by pointing your browser to:

On Windows:

path\ANSYS Inc\v120\fluent\fluent12.0.x \help\index.htm

where path is the folder in which you have installed ANSYS FLUENT (by default, thepath is C:\Program Files), and x is replaced by the appropriate number for the release(e.g., 9 for fluent12.0.9).

On UNIX/Linux:

path/ansys inc/v120/fluent/fluent12.0.x/help/index.htm

where path is the directory in which you have installed ANSYS FLUENT, and x is replacedby the appropriate number for the release (e.g., 9 for fluent12.0.9).

This will bring up the ANSYS FLUENT documentation home page (Figure 1.2.1),from which you can select the HTML or PDF version of the particular ANSYS FLUENTmanual you want to view. For large manuals, PDF files are provided for the individualchapters in addition to a single PDF file for the entire manual on the User Services Center(www.fluentusers.com).

1.2.2 Using the PDF DocumentationThe PDF files are appropriate for viewing and printing with Adobe Acrobat Reader,which is available for most Linux/UNIX and Windows systems. These files are distin-guished by a .pdf suffix in their file names.

If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can download it (at no cost) fromwww.adobe.com.

Navigating the PDF Files

For the purpose of easier on-line document navigation, the PDF files contain hyperlinks

in the table of contents and index. In addition, hyperlinks have been applied to allcross-references to chapters, sections, figures, tables, bibliography, and index entries.


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Figure 1.2.1: The ANSYS FLUENT Documentation Home Page

Printing the PDF Files

Adobe Acrobat PDF files are provided for printing all or part of the manuals. While youcan also print individual HTML pages from your browser, the PDF files are recommendedwhen printing long sections since the printout will have a higher quality.

Note that you can select the paper size to which you are printing in Adobe AcrobatReader by selecting the File/Print Setup... menu item and choosing the desired Paper

size. If the page is too large to fit on your paper size, you can reduce it by selecting theFile/Print... menu item and choosing the Reduce to Printer Margins option under PageScaling.


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1.2.3 Using the HTML Documentation

Electronic versions of the ANSYS FLUENT documentation are also provided in HTMLformat. These files are used for the ANSYS FLUENT help system and can be viewedusing a standard web browser. To make it easier for you to find the information youneed, there are many built-in navigation tools available as well as printing options and

other viewing options. The following sections describe the various options available toyou when you are using the HTML documentation.

Navigating the HTML Files

When you are viewing the HTML version of a manual in your browser, a set of navigationbuttons appear at the upper right and lower right corners of the HTML page, as shownin Figure 1.2.2.

Figure 1.2.2: Navigation Buttons

The navigation buttons are as follows:

Search displays a full text search popup window (Figure 1.2.3).

Return to Home takes you to the ANSYS FLUENT documentation home page (Fig-ure 1.2.1).

Index takes you to the index for the manual.

Contents takes you to the table of contents for the manual.

Previous takes you to the page just before the current one in the manual. Note thatthis is not the same function as the Back button of your browser.

Up takes you to the first page of the current manual division (chapter or section).

Next takes you to the next page in the manual. Note that this is not the same functionas the Forward button of your browser.

Note that these buttons do not necessarily appear on all pages. Sometimes they appearbut are inactive; in such cases they are grayed out, as the Previous and Up buttons arein Figure 1.2.2.


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Finding Information in the HTML Files

Three tools are available to help you find the information you are looking for in an HTMLversion of a manual:

Index

The index gives an alphabetical list of keywords, each linked to the relevant section(s) ofthe manual. You can access the index by clicking the Index button that appears at thetop and bottom of the page. Note that the Index button does not appear if the manualdoes not have an index.

In a larger manual, the index is split into a number of pages, each containing keywordsstarting with a particular letter; in this case, the Index button will take you to the Aindex page.

Table of Contents

The table of contents gives a list of the titles of the chapters, sections, and subsections ofthe manual in the order in which they appear. Each title is linked to the correspondingchapter or section. You can access the table of contents by clicking the Contents buttonthat appears at the top and bottom of the page. Note that the Contents button does notappear if the manual does not have a table of contents.

Browser Search

The full text search engine (Figure 1.2.3) allows you to search the HTML manual foreither single or multiple keywords. You can access the full text search engine by clicking

the Search button that appears at the top of the page. To display the popup windowand use the search engine, Javascript should be enabled in your web browser.


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To use the search engine, enter a specific term or keyword(s) in the text field and click theSearch button. By default, the search engine will look for pages that contain any keywordinput (Boolean OR). If you insert a + before the keyword input, then the search enginewill look for pages that contain all of the keywords provided in the text field (BooleanAND). Search results appear in the lower half of the search engine popup window. Whensearch results extend below the bottom edge of the window, you can access those resultsby selecting the lower portion of the window and pressing the button onthe keyboard in order to activate scroll bars in the window.

Figure 1.2.3: The Full Text Search Engine

You can also use the search capability provided by your browser to find words or expres-sions on a single page. For example, you can use the Edit/Find (on This Page)... menuitem in Internet Explorer to search for the word turbulence on a page of the manual.


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Printing Portions of a Manual

Although you can print pages of an HTML version of a manual from your browser, aprintout with higher quality can be obtained by using the PDF files provided with theANSYS FLUENT installation or on the User Services Center (www.fluentusers.com).See Section 1.2.2: Printing the PDF Files for details.

Modifying the Appearance of the HTML Files

There are a few things that you might want to change about the way your browserdisplays the HTML files in order to increase their usefulness.

Font Size

The absolute size of the text that you see when viewing your ANSYS FLUENT docu-mentation is dependent on a number of factors, including the resolution of your monitorscreen. You can adjust the text size by changing the default font size of your browser.

In Internet Explorer, for example, you can change the font size by selecting an optionfrom the View/Text Size menu. Try several sizes to see the effect on the appearance ofthe manuals, and choose the one that is best for you.

Page Width

While reading a manual, you may find a figure that is wider than your browsers window.As a result, part of the figure will be hidden from view. To see all of the figure, you canuse the horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of your browsers window, or increase yourbrowsers window size.

You might also want to adjust the window size to increase or decrease the page width toa comfortable reading width.

Tool Tips

When viewing the manuals with certain browsers, information about a figure will bedisplayed if you put your cursor over it. However, this information is not meaningfulfor most users, and you might find it somewhat distracting. On some browsers, you candisable the display of Tool Tips in the preferences menu.


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Chapter 2. Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS

FLUENT

Before you begin your CFD analysis using ANSYS FLUENT, careful consideration of thefollowing issues will contribute significantly to the success of your modeling effort. Also,when you are planning a CFD project, be sure to take advantage of the customer supportprovided to all ANSYS FLUENT users.

2.1 Steps in Solving Your CFD Problem

Once you have determined the important features of the problem you want to solve,follow the basic procedural steps shown below.

1. Define the modeling goals.

2. Create the model geometry and mesh.

3. Set up the solver and physical models.

4. Compute and monitor the solution.

5. Examine and save the results.

6. Consider revisions to the numerical or physical model parameters, if necessary.

Step 2 of the solution process requires a geometry modeler and mesh generator. You canuse the geometry and meshing capabilities within ANSYS Workbench, or a separate CADsystem for geometry modeling and mesh generation. Alternatively, you can use supportedCAD packages to generate volume meshes for import into ANSYS FLUENT (see the UsersGuide). For more information on creating geometry and generating meshes using eachof these programs, please refer to their respective manuals.

The details of the remaining steps are covered in the Users Guide.


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Basic Steps for CFD Analysis using ANSYS FLUENT

2.2 Planning Your CFD Analysis

For each of the problem-solving steps, there are some questions that you need to consider:

Defining the Modeling Goals

What results are you looking for, and how will they be used? What are your modeling options?

What physical models will need to be included in your analysis?

What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?

What simplifying assumptions can you make?

Do you require a unique modeling capability?

Could you utilize user-defined functions (written in C)?

What degree of accuracy is required?

How quickly do you need the results? How will you isolate a piece of the complete physical system?

Where will the computational domain begin and end?

Do you have boundary condition information at these boundaries?

Can the boundary condition types accommodate that information?

Can you extend the domain to a point where reasonable data exists?

Can it be simplified or approximated as a 2D or axisymmetric problem?

Creating Your Model Geometry and Mesh

ANSYS FLUENT uses unstructured meshes in order to reduce the amount of timeyou spend generating meshes, to simplify the geometry modeling and mesh gener-ation process, to allow modeling of more complex geometries than you can handlewith conventional, multi-block structured meshes, and to let you adapt the meshto resolve the flow-field features. ANSYS FLUENT can also use body-fitted, block-structured meshes (e.g., those used by FLUENT 4 and many other CFD solvers).ANSYS FLUENT is capable of handling triangular and quadrilateral elements (ora combination of the two) in 2D, and tetrahedral, hexahedral, pyramid, wedge,and polyhedral elements (or a combination of these) in 3D. This flexibility allowsyou to pick mesh topologies that are best suited for your particular application, as

described in the Users Guide.You can adapt all types of meshes (except for polyhedral) in ANSYS FLUENT inorder to resolve large gradients in the flow field, but you must always generate theinitial mesh (whatever the element types used) outside of the solver, or one of theCAD systems for which mesh import filters exist.


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The following questions should be considered when you are generating a mesh:

Can you benefit from other ANSYS, Inc. products such as ANSYS CFX, ANSYSIcepak, or Airpak?

Can you use a quad/hex mesh or should you use a tri/tet mesh or a hybridmesh?

How complex is the geometry and flow?

Will you need a non-conformal interface?

What degree of mesh resolution is required in each region of the domain?

Is the resolution sufficient for the geometry?

Can you predict regions with high gradients?

Will you use adaption to add resolution?

Do you have sufficient computer memory?

How many cells are required?

How many models will be used?

Setting Up the Solver and Physical Models

For a given problem, you will need to:

Import and check the mesh.

Select the numerical solver (e.g., density based, pressure based, unsteady, etc.).

Select appropriate physical models.

Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.

Define material properties. Fluid

Solid

Mixture

Prescribe operating conditions.

Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary zones.

Provide an initial solution.

Set up solver controls.

Set up convergence monitors.

Initialize the flow field.


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Computing and Monitoring Your Solution

The discretized conservation equations are solved iteratively.

A number of iterations are usually required to reach a converged solution.

Convergence is reached when:

Changes in solution variables from one iteration to the next are negligible. Residuals provide a mechanism to help monitor this trend.

Overall property conservation is achieved.

The accuracy of a converged solution is dependent upon:

Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models.

Mesh resolution and independence.

Problem setup.

Examining and Saving Your Results

Examine the results to review the solution and extract useful data.

Visualization tools can be used to answer such questions as:

What is the overall flow pattern?

Is there separation?

Where do shocks, shear layers, etc. form?

Are key flow features being resolved?

Numerical reporting tools can be used to calculate the following quantitativeresults:

Forces and moments

Average heat transfer coefficients

Surface and volume integrated quantities

Flux balances

Revising Your Model

Once your solution is converged, the following questions should be considered whenyou are analyzing the solution:

Are physical models appropriate? Is flow turbulent?

Is flow unsteady?

Are there compressibility effects?

Are there 3D effects?


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Are boundary conditions correct?

Is the computational domain large enough?

Are boundary conditions appropriate?

Are boundary values reasonable?

Is the mesh adequate? Can the mesh be adapted to improve results?

Does the solution change significantly with adaption, or is the solutionmesh independent?

Does boundary resolution need to be improved?


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Chapter 3. Guide to a Successful Simulation Using

ANSYS FLUENT

The following guidelines can help you make sure your CFD simulation is a success. Beforelogging a technical support request, make sure you do the following:

1. Examine the quality of the mesh.

There are two basic things that you should do before you start a simulation:

Perform a mesh check to avoid problems due to incorrect mesh connectivity,etc.

Look at maximum cell skewness (e.g., using the Compute button in the Con-tours dialog box). As a rule of thumb, the skewness should be below 0.98.

If there are mesh problems, you may have to re-mesh the problem.

2. Scale the mesh and check length units.

In ANSYS FLUENT, all physical dimensions are initially assumed to be in meters.You should scale the mesh accordingly. Other quantities can also be scaled inde-pendently of other units used. ANSYS FLUENT defaults to SI units.

3. Employ the appropriate physical models.

4. Set the energy under-relaxation factor between 0.95 and 1.

For problems with conjugate heat transfer, when the conductivity ratio is very high,smaller values of the energy under-relaxation factor practically stall the convergencerate.

5. Use node-based gradients with unstructured tetrahedral meshes.

The node-based averaging scheme is known to be more accurate than the defaultcell-based scheme for unstructured meshes, most notably for triangular and tetra-hedral meshes.

6. Monitor convergence with residuals history.

Residual plots can show when the residual values have reached the specified tol-erance. After the simulation, note if your residuals have decreased by at least 3orders of magnitude to at least 103. For the pressure-based solver, the scaledenergy residual must decrease to 106. Also, the scaled species residual may needto decrease to 105 to achieve species balance.


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Guide to a Successful Simulation Using ANSYS FLUENT

You can also monitor lift, drag, or moment forces as well as pertinent variables orfunctions (e.g., surface integrals) at a boundary or any defined surface.

7. Run the CFD simulation using second order discretization for better accuracyrather than a faster solution.

A converged solution is not necessarily a correct one. You should use the second-order upwind discretization scheme for final results.

8. Monitor values of solution variables to make sure that any changes in the solutionvariables from one iteration to the next are negligible.

9. Verify that property conservation is satisfied.

After the simulation, note if overall property conservation has been achieved. Inaddition to monitoring residual and variable histories, you should also check foroverall heat and mass balances. At a minimum, the net imbalance should be lessthan 1% of smallest flux through domain boundary.

10. Check for mesh dependence.

You should ensure that the solution is mesh-independent and use mesh adaptionto modify the mesh or create additional meshes for the mesh-independence study.

11. Check to see that the solution makes sense based on engineering judgment.

If flow features do not seem reasonable, you should reconsider your physical modelsand boundary conditions. Reconsider the choice of the boundary locations (or thedomain). An inadequate choice of domain (especially the outlet boundary) cansignificantly impact solution accuracy.

You are encouraged to collaborate with your technical support engineer in order to de-velop a solution process that ensures good results for your specific application. This typeof collaboration is a good investment of time for both yourself and the ANSYS FLUENTsupport engineer.


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Appendix A. Glossary of Terms

This glossary contains a listing of terms commonly used throughout the documentation.

A.1 Summary of Terms

The following terms are defined in this glossary:

adaption

case files

cell types

computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

console

convergence

cortex

data files

dialog boxes

discretization

GUI

mesh

models

node

postprocessing

residuals

skewness

solvers

terminal emulator

TUI

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Glossary of Terms

adaption

A technique useful in improving overall mesh quality. The solution-adaptive mesh refine-ment feature ofANSYS FLUENT allows you to refine and/or coarsen your mesh based ongeometric and numerical solution data. In addition, ANSYS FLUENT provides tools forcreating and viewing adaption fields customized to particular applications.

case files

Files that contain the mesh, boundary conditions, and solution parameters for a prob-lem. A case file also contains the information about the user interface and graphicsenvironment.

cell types

The various shapes or units that constitute the base elements of a mesh. ANSYS FLUENTcan use meshes comprised of tetrahedral, hexahedral, pyramid, wedge, or polyhedral cells

(or a combination of these).

3D Cell Types

2D Cell Types

Prism/Wedge

Hexahedron

QuadrilateralTriangle

Tetrahedron

PolyhedronPyramid

Figure A.1.1: Cell Types

computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

The science of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer (as in perspiration ordissolution), phase change (as in freezing or boiling), chemical reaction (e.g., combustion),mechanical movement (e.g., fan rotation), stress or deformation of related solid structures

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A.1 Summary of Terms

(such as a mast bending in the wind), and related phenomena by solving the mathematicalequations that govern these processes using a numerical algorithm on a computer.

console

The console is part of the ANSYS FLUENT application window that allows for text

command input and the display of information.

convergence

The point at which the solution is no longer changing with each successive iteration.Convergence criteria, along with a reduction in residuals, also help in determining whena solution is complete. Convergence criteria are pre-set conditions on the residuals thatindicate that a certain level of convergence has been achieved. If the residuals for allproblem variables fall below the convergence criteria but are still in decline, the solutionis still changing to a greater or lesser degree. A better indicator occurs when the resid-uals flatten in a traditional residual plot (of residual value vs. iteration). This point,

sometimes referred to as convergence at the level of machine accuracy, takes time toreach, however, and may be beyond your needs. For this reason, alternative tools suchas reports of forces, heat balances, or mass balances can be used instead.

cortex

A utility that manages ANSYS FLUENTs user interface and basic graphical functions.

data files

Files that contain the values of the flow field in each grid element and the convergence

history (residuals) for that flow field.

dialog boxes

The separate windows that are used like forms to perform input tasks. Each dialog boxis unique and employs various types of input controls that make up the form.

discretization

The act of replacing the differential equations that govern fluid flow with a set of algebraicequations that are solved at distinct points.

GUI

The graphical user interface, which consists of the main ANSYS FLUENT applicationwindow, dialog boxes, graphics windows, etc.

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Glossary of Terms

mesh

A collection of points representing the flow field, where the equations of fluid motion(and temperature, if relevant) are calculated.

models

Numerical algorithms that approximate physical phenomenon (e.g., turbulence).

node

The distinct points of a mesh at which the equations of fluid motion are solved.

postprocessing

The act of analyzing the numerical results of your CFD simulation using reports, inte-grals, and graphical analysis tools such as contour plots, animations, etc.

residuals

The small imbalance that is created during the course of the iterative solution algorithm.This imbalance in each cell is a small, non-zero value that, under normal circumstances,decreases as the solution progresses.

skewness

The difference between the shape of the cell and the shape of an equilateral cell ofequivalent volume. Highly skewed cells can decrease accuracy and destabilize the solution.

solvers

ANSYS FLUENT has two distinct solvers, based on numerical precision (single-precisionvs. double-precision). Within each of these categories, there are solver formulations:pressure based; density based explicit; and density based implicit.

terminal emulator

See console.

TUI

The text user interface, which consists of textual commands that can be entered into theterminal emulator.

flgs

Documents