Table of contents

Introduction……………………………………….1

Contents

Airspeed Indicator……………………………2

Attitude indicator……………………..3

Altimeter………………………….…….…..4

Turn Indicator ………………….…………………..5

Heading Indicator…….…………………...6

Vertical Speed Indicator………….7 Modern flight instrument………….8

Bibliography………………………………………9

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INTRODUCTIONFlight I Instrument is an equipment in the aircraft that used for the purpose of navigation & communication. There is 2 type of flight instrument that widely used in aircraft that is basic flight instrument and modern flight instrument or Glass Cockpit

Basic flight instrument

Airspeed Indicator Attitude indicator Altimeter Turn Indicator Heading Indicator Vertical Speed Indicator

Modern flight instrument (Glass Cockpit)

An Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) is a flight deck instrument display system in which the display technology used is electronic rather than electromechanical. EFIS normally consists of a primary flight display (PFD), multi-function display (MFD) and Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) display.

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Airspeed Indicator

The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots) relative to the surrounding air. It works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's pitot tube. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground.

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Airspeed Indicator

Attitude indicator

The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft's attitude relative to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should this instrument or its power fail.

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Attitude Indicator

Altimeter

The altimeter shows the aircraft's height (usually in feet or meters) above some reference level (usually sea-level) by measuring the local air pressure.

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Altimeter

Turn Indicator

The turn indicator displays direction of turn and rate of turn. Internally mounted inclinometer displays 'quality' of turn, i.e. whether the turn is correctly coordinated, as opposed to an uncoordinated turn, wherein the aircraft would be in either a slip or a skid. The original turn and bank indicator was replaced in the late 1960s and early '70s by the newer turn coordinate

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Turn Indicator

Heading Indicator

The heading indicator (also known as the directional gyro, or DG; sometimes also called the gyrocompass, though usually not in aviation applications) displays the aircraft's heading with respect to geographical north. Principle of operation is a spinning gyroscope, and is therefore subject to drift errors (called precession) which must be periodically corrected by calibrating the instrument to the magnetic compass.

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Heading Indicator

Vertical Speed Indicator

The VSI (also sometimes called a variometer). Senses changing air pressure, and displays that information to the pilot as a rate of climb or descent in feet per minute, meters per second or knots.

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Vertical Speed Indicator

MODERN FLIGHT INSTRUMENt

(Glass Cockpit)

Primary Flight Display (PFD)

On the flight deck, the display units are the most obvious parts of an EFIS system, and are the features which give rise to the name "glass cockpit". The display unit taking the place of the ADI is called the primary flight display (PFD). If a separate display replaces the HSI, it is called the navigation display. The PFD displays all information critical to flight, including calibrated airspeed, altitude, heading, attitude, vertical speed and yaw.

Multi-Function Display (MFD) / Navigation Display (ND)

The MFD (Multi-Function Display) displays navigational and weather information from multiple systems. where the aircrew can overlay different information over a map or chart. Examples of MFD overlay information include the aircraft's current route plan, weather information from either on-board radar or lightning detection sensors or ground-based sensors, e.g., restricted airspace and aircraft traffic. The MFD can also be used to view other or calculated overlay-type data, example radius of the aircraft, given current location over terrain, winds, and aircraft speed and altitude.

Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM)

Displays information about the aircraft's systems, including its fuel, electrical and propulsion

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BIBLIOGRAPHY1. For Books:Author(s) Year Title City PublisherAMC 2010 Airport Management KL AMC

2. For Educated Person and Other Periodicals:Name(s) PositionMejar Maya Marimuthu Lecturer

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