flight patterns
TRANSCRIPT
Flight Patterns:Comparative of Musculoskeletal System
of Passeri and Raptors
Amber Fossen
Skeletal System
Skeletal System:
Functions:o Supporto Protectiono Movemento Calcium Storageo RBC production
Pneumatic bones (hollow):o Have supporting strutso Stronger due to fused
bones:• Vertebrae column• Sacral & Caudal bones• Collar bone
Ulna of a Bird
Skeletal System:
Additional Strength: Ribs
o Broad & Flato Uncinated Process
Keeled Sternumo Muscle attachment site
Skele
tal S
yste
m:
Passe
riR
apto
rs
Length:› 3-16 inches
Average Weight:› 15-30 grams
Length:› 32-72 inches
Average Weight:› 80-4000 grams
Muscular System
Muscular System:
Major Flight Muscles:o Pectoraliso Supracoracoideus
Minor Flight Muscles:o Bicepso Tricepso Forearms
Accessory Flight Muscles:o Skin muscles
Power
Shape & Size
Pectoralis generates most work & power
Power & Speed relationship
Muscle Strain
Wing Motion
Pectoralis- down stroke Supracoracoideus –
upstroke Smaller wing muscles Tail
Raptors vs. Passeri
Flight Patterns
Raptors vs. Passeri
Gliding Soaring Flapping
Wing Types
Round Wing
Long Pointed Wing
Long Narrow Wing
Broad Wing
Works Cited1 Akos, Z., M. Nagy, and T. Vicsek. "Comparing Bird and Human Soaring Strategies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.11 (2008): 4139-143. Print.2 Biewener, Andrew A. "Muscle Function in Avian Flight." Achieving Power and Control 366.1570 (2011): 1496-506. Print. 3 Dumont, Elizabeth R. "Bone Density:." And the Lightweight Skeletons of Birds 1691st ser. 277 (2010): 2193-198. Print.4 Hedenstrom, Anders. "Migration by Soaring or Flapping Flight in Birds: The Relative Importance of Energy Cost and Speed." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 342.1302 (1993): 353-61. Print.5 Knight, K. "How Birds Power Flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 213.16 (2010): I-Ii. Print.6 Meyers, Ron A., and Edward Mathias. "Anatomy and Histochemistry of Spread-wing Posture in Birds. 2. Gliding Flight in the California Gull,Larus Californicus: A Paradox of Fast Fibers and Posture." Journal of Morphology 233.3 (1997): 237-47. Print7 Piersma, Theunis, and Maurine W. Dietz. "Twofold Seasonal Variation in the Supposedly Constant, Species-specific, Ratio of Upstroke to Downstroke Flight Muscles in Red Knots Calidris Canutus." Journal of Avian Biology 38.5 (2007): 536-40. Print.8 Pollock, Christal. "Avian Medicine: Avian Nutrition." Normal Body Weights in Birds (2007): n. pag. 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.9 Seiderman, Tristan. "Structure and Movement of Organisms." Birds of Prey (2013): n. pag. 2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.10 Tobalske, B. W. "Biomechanics of Bird Flight." Journal of Experimental Biology 210.18 (2007): 3135-146. Print.11 Tucker, Vance A. "Gliding Flight." Drag and Torque of a Hawk and a Falcon with Stragiht and Turned Heads 203.24 (2000): 3733-744. Print.12 Van Den Hout, P. J., K. J. Mathot, L. R.M. Maas, and T. Piersma. "Predator Escape Tactics in Birds: Linking Ecology and Aerodynamics." Behavioral Ecology 21.1 (2010): 16-25. Print.13 Waite, Mitch. "Browse Birds by Size." Browse Birds by Size. Mitch Waite Group, 2005. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.14 Wang, X., R. L. Nudds, and G. J. Dyke. "Journal of Evolutionary Biology." The Primary Feather Lengths of Early Birds with Respect to Avian Wing Shape Evolution 24.6 (2011): 1226-231. Print.
Work Cited Continued..
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