Lesson 1: The Origins of IslamLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.1, SS.912.W.3.2, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.W.4.14, SS.912.G.4.7, SS.912.G.4.9

Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and became one of the world’s major religions.

Lesson 2: A Muslim EmpireLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.3, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.G.4.9

After the death of Muhammad, conflict arose within Islam between Sunni and Shite Muslims. But Arab unity survived. Arab armies were victorious and eventually, the Arab empire reached from the Atlantic to the borders of India.

Lesson 3: Achievements of Muslim CivilizationLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.5, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.H.3.1

Lesson 2 A Muslim EmpireLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.3, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.G.4.9

After the death of Muhammad, conflict arose within Islam between Sunni and Shite Muslims. But Arab unity survived. Arab armies were victorious and eventually, the Arab empire reached from the Atlantic to the borders of India.

Lesson 3 Achievements of Muslim CivilizationLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.5, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.H.3.1

Under the Arab caliphates, Muslim civilization thrived. Knowledge and traditions from many cultures was absorbed, resulting in a rich, vibrant culture that shaped the golden age of Muslim civilization.

Lesson 4: The Ottoman and Safavid EmpiresLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.2.8, SS.912.G.4.9

After capturing Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans successfully expanded for the next two hundred years. In the early 1500s, the Safavid dynasty had united a strong empire in Persia. Both empires encouraged cultural achievements.

Lesson 5: Early Civilizations of AfricaLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.G.1.2, SS.912.G.4.2, SS.912.G.4.3, SS.912.G.4.7

The geographic features of Africa had a major impact on the development of societies. While the civilization of Ancient Egypt flourished along the lower reaches of the Nile, the kingdom of Nubia developed along a land of fertile land in the upper Nile.

Lesson 6: Kingdoms of West AfricaLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.3, SS.912.W.3.10, SS.912.W.3.12, SS.912.W.3.13, SS.912.H.3.1

Two products, gold and salt dominated the Sahara trade. The West African kingdom of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai prospered.

Lesson 7: Trading States of East AfricaLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.13, SS.912.G.4.9, SS.912.H.3.1

Africans built strong trading kingdoms in East Africa and West Africa. The international trade created a strong blend of cultures in the East African states. The spread of Islam and the Muslim culture continued. However, Ethiopians practiced Christianity.

Lesson 8: Diverse People and Traditions in AfricaLAFS.910.RH.2.4, SS.912.W.3.3, SS.912.W.3.4, SS. 912.W.G.2.1, SS.912.G.4.9

A variety of religions, traditions, governments, family patterns, art and literature shaped the societies of Africa.

LESSON SUMMARIES Use these Lesson Summaries, and the longer versions available online, to review the key ideas for each lesson in this Topic.

Florida Topic 2 Quick Study Guide

Go ONLINE for lesson summaries

PearsonSchool.com/FloridaSS READINGAUDIO GAMES

VISUAL REVIEW Use these graphics to review some of the key terms, people, and ideas from this Topic.

Key Muslim Empires

EMPIRE UMAYYAD(661–750)(756–1031IN SPAIN)

SAFAVIDS(EARLY

1500S–1722)

ABBASID(750–1258)

MUGHAL(1526–1857)

OTTOMANS(LATE

1200S–1922)

MUHAMMADAND FIRST

SUCCESSORS(632–661)

KeyLeader(s)

• Muhammad• Abu Bakr• Umar• Umar

Mecca Damascus(Córdoba inSpain)

Baghdad Delhi, Agra Istanbul Isfahan

• Mu’awiyah • Abu al-Abbas• al-Mansur• Harum al-Rashid

• Babur• Akbar• Jahangir• Shah Jahan• Aurangzeb

• Mehmet III• Suleyman• Selim II

• Shah Abbas

Capital

CAUSE AND EFFECT

• Weakness of Byzantine and Persian empires• Economic and social changes in Arabia

LONG-TERM CAUSES IMMEDIATE CAUSES

• Tribes of Arabia unified by Islam• Wide acceptance of religious message of Islam• Easy acceptance of social ideas of Islam

Spread of the Arab Empire

SPREAD OF ISLAM

• Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the Indus River valley• Centers of learning flourish in Cairo, Córdoba and elsewhere

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS

• Muslim civilization emerges• Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through Muslim trade network• Arabic becomes shared language of Muslims• Split between Sunnis and Shiites

DATE LOCATION ECONOMICBASE

KINGDOMOR STATE

Egypt

Nubia

Ghana

Mali

Songhai

Benin

Axum

GreatZimbabwe

2575 B.C.–1075 B.C.

1100 B.C.–A.D. 350

800–1050

1235–1400s

1460–1591

1300s–1500s

350–600s

1300s–1500s

North Africa

NortheastAfrica

West Africa

West Africa

West Africa

West Africa

East Africa

East Africa

Trade

Trade andiron ore

Gold

Gold and salt

Trade

Pepper, ivory,and slaves

Trade

Trade

Major African Kingdoms and Trade States

175

Florida Topic 2 Assessment

KEY TERMS, PEOPLE, AND IDEASSS.912.W.2.8, SS.912.W.3.1, SS.912.W.3.3, SS.912.W.3.2, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.W.3.12

1. How did hijra affect the rise of Islam?

2. What caused the split between the Sunnis and Shiites?

3. As the Arab empire declined, why did Islam continue to spread?

4. How did rule under the Abbasids dynasty impact the Muslim people?

5. How did desertification affect the land and people in Africa?

6. Why was salt an important commodity of West African trade?

7. How did Christianity take hold in medieval Ethiopia?

8. What role does a griot assume in African society?

9. How did the rule of Askia Muhammad affect Songhai?

CRITICAL THINKINGSS.912.W.1.3, SS.912.W.2.8, SS.912.W.3.1, SS.912.W.3.2, SS.912.W.3.3, SS.912.W.3.5, SS.912.W.3.6, SS.912.W.3.11, SS.912.W.3.12, SS.912.W.4.14, SS.912.G.2.1

10. Draw Inferences Which aspects of Islam would have appealed to the poor, enslaved, and isolated—many of the first Muslim converts? Explain.

11. Recognize Cause and Effect Why did the empire of the Abbasid caliphs decline and eventually break up?

12. Determine Relevance According to historian Arnold Toynbee, Ibn Khaldun developed “philosophy of history”. Why was this a significant achievement?

13. Explain The Safavid empire was called a “gunpowder empire” since military strength was critical to its rise. How did Shah Abbas introduce other policies to further develop the empire?

14. Synthesize Information What primary factors attracted invaders to the great cities and kingdoms of Africa? Why did these invasions often succeed?

15. Summarize How did the expansion of the Muslim Empire affect the practice of slavery?

16. Use Primary Sources The following primary source is a description by a Carmelite missionary who visited the Persia court in 1604. He records his observations of Shah Abbas the Great. How does Abbas differentiate his leadership style from that of Christian rulers?

“He is sagacious in mind, likes the fame, and to be esteemed: he is courteous in dealing with everyone and at the same time very serious. For he will go through the public streets, eat from what they are selling there and. . . speak at ease freely with the lower classes. . .or will sit down beside this man or that. He says that is how to be a king, and that the king of Spain and other Christians do not get any pleasure out of ruling, because they are obliged to comport themselves with so much pomp and majesty as they do.”

—A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia

17. Writing Activity As you read the following passage about the Abbasid caliphate, consider the following question: How did the Arabs use the Silk Road to spread their empire? Use what you have learned in the Topic about Muslim rule and expansion.

“Under the Abbasids, the center of the Moslem world was the city of Baghdad (Gift of God), founded by Caliph al-Mansur in 762 on the west bank of the Tigris. . . .The site was not chosen by inadvertence, for the Moslems had taken over the existing long-distance networks that had operated in the East for centuries. . . if the pilgrimage caravans made only one round trip a year in the prescribed season, it was the traders who, as always, kept the Silk Road active all year round. By the ninth century, some Arab traders had pushed overland to China.”

— Irene M. Franck and David M. Brownstone, The Silk Road

176 TOPIC 2 The Muslim World and Africa

ASSESSMENT

Go ONLINE to practice

PearsonSchool.com/FloridaSS

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONSSS.912.W.1.3, SS.912.W.3.11

From 1312 until 1337, Mansa Musa ruled the West African kingdom of Mali. During his reign, the gold trade in the kingdom expanded as did the amount of territory under Mali’s control. Mansa Musa’s renown spread throughout Africa to Europe and Southwest Asia. Read the documents below, then answer the questions that follow.

DOCUMENT A“We belong to a house which hands on the kinship by inheritance. The kin [Abobakar II] who was my predecessor did not believe that it was possible to discover the furthest limit of the Atlantic Ocean and wished vehemently to do so…”

“Then that Sultan got ready 2,000ships, 1,000 for himself and the men whom he took with him, and 1,000 for water and provisions. He left me to deputize for him and embarked on the Atlantic Ocean with his men. That was the last we saw of him and all those who were with him, and so, became king in my own right.”

—Mansa Musa, quoted by Ibn Amir Hajib

DOCUMENT B “[Mansa] Musa and all those with him. . . were well-dressed, grave, and dignified. He was noble and generous and performed many acts of charity and kindness. He had left his country with 100 loads of gold which he spent during his Pilgrimage on the tribes who lay along his route. . . As a consequence he needed to borrow money in Egypt and pledged his credit with the merchants at a very high rate of gain so they made 700 dinars profit on 300. Later he paid them back amply. He sent to me 500 mithqals if gold by way of honorarium.”

—IbnAmir Hajib

DOCUMENT CDetail of West Africa from a fourteenth-century Spanish world map showing Mansa Musa offering gold to a trader.

DOCUMENT DFrom the beginning of my coming to stay in Egypt I heard talk of the arrival of theis sultan Musa on his Pilgrimage. . . . I asked the emir Abu. . .and he told me. . . .” When I [the emir] went out to meet him. . .he did me extreme honor and treated me with the greatest courtesy. . . .Then he forwarded to the royal treasury many loads of unworked native gold and other valuables. I tried to persuade him to go up to the Citadel to meet the sultan, but he refused persistently. . . .I realized that the audience was repugnant to him because he would be obliged to kiss the ground and the sultan’s hand. . . so I kept on at him till he agreed.

“[In the sultan’s presence, Mansa Musa] said “I make obeisance to God who created me! ‘then he prostrated himself and went forward to the sultan. The sultan half rose to greet him and sat him by his side.

—Al ‘Umari

18. According to Document A, Mansa Musa became king after his predecessorA. was killed in battleB. lost favor with religious leadersC. left on a sea voyageD. was assassinated by an ally of Mansa Musa.

19. The Catalan Atlas, Document C, features Mansa Musa so prominently toA. provide a reference point for the kingdom of Mali.B. show that Mansa Musa is the regions’ monarch.C. enhance the decorative elements of the map.D. emphasizes the wealth, power, and importance

of Mansa Musa.

20. Which qualities of Mansa Musa does Document D show?A. cruelty and deceitB. kindness and compassionC. compassion and generosityD. generosity and faith

21. Writing Tasks Why is Mansa Musa’s rule known as “the Golden Age of Mali”? Use documents from this page along with information from the Topic in your response.

178 TOPIC 2 The Muslim World and Africa

EOC Practice

1 How did the Abbasid caliphates differ from the Umayyads in their rule from 750 to the 1250s?

A They discriminated against local non-Arab Muslims and their laws.

B They focused on creating an empire rather than on military conquests.

C They urged Arabs to abandon Persian traditions.

D They adopted a simple lifestyle with a focus on religion.

2 Look at the picture of a Muslim building. How did the architecture of early mosques reflect the history of the Islam culture?

F The fine writing in the exterior is a symbol of religious diversity.

G Simple buildings became social centers for Muslim worship.

H All mosques faced Mecca as Muslims must face it during prayer.

J Ornate mosque styles differed from plain Byzantine churches.

If you have trouble with. . .Question 1 2 3 4See Lesson 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.7FL Standards SS.912.W.3.6 SS.912.H.1.3 SS.912.H,3.1 SS.912.W.3.13

3 Which of these was a key impact of the Ottoman empire on global trade?

A Its greatest contribution was increased activity along the Silk Road.

B Wars with Europeans resulted in new trade routes around Africa.

C It encouraged commerce rather than wars with European countries.

D It dominated trade in the eastern Mediterranean from Istanbul.

4 What factors helped the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai to flourish?

F The formation of a strong, central army to challenge foreign invasions, and successful political systems in each empire.

G A successful gold and copper trade, the establishment of wealthy trade cities, and the spread of Islam.

H A successful gold and salt trade, political systems that united various tribal groups, and the universal acceptance of Islam.

J The spread of Christianity, a strong economy based on sea trade, and the successful control of numerous tribes.

ASSESSMENT

Go ONLINE to practice

PearsonSchool.com/FloridaSS