flotation of mineral materials. classification of materials according to their ability to flotation
TRANSCRIPT
Class Example Applied collectors
Non-metals and solids withsignificant natural hydrophobicity
sulfur, graphite, coal, talc hydrocarbons, nonionic liquidsinsoluble in water
Native metals and sulfides gold, chalcocitechalcopyrite, galenasfalerite
xanthates, aerofloats
Oxidized minerals of non-ferrousmetals
cerusyte, smitsonitemalachite, tenorite,cuprite
xanthates (after sulfidization)siarczkowaniu), anionic andcationic
Oxides, hydroxides and silicates hematite, ilmenitecorundum, cassiteritechromite, feldsparskaolinite
anionic and cationic (with andwithout activation using metalions)
Sparingly soluble salts fluorite, barite, calcite,apatite, dolomite
anionic and cationic
Soluble salts halite, silvinite, carnalitekiserite
cationic, seldom anionic
Classification of materials according to their ability to flotation
Class 1. Naturally hydrophobic materials
Graphite, talc, sulfur, some sulfides, coals
collectors: apolar compounds which increase hydrophobicity and speed up flotation
H
H
H2C
H
H
H
OHH3C - CH
CH2
weg2
Simplified model of coal unit
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
moisture content, %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
co
nta
ct
an
gle,
deg
ree
captive bubble
sessile drop
flotometry
bubble attachment
r
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94carbon content in coal , %
0
20
40
60
80
con
tact
an
gle
, d
egre
e
coal
Hydrophobicity of coal vs. coalification degree
Contact angle depends on method
of measurement
100%
80
80
80 100%
100%
60
60
60
40
40
40
20
20
20
0
0
carbon
cellulose
lignin antrac ite
graphite
brownhard coal
0 2 4 6 8 10
0246810
zeta
po
ten
tia
l, m
V
+
oxidized
anth
raciteco
king
sub
bitu
min
ou
s
pH
Zeta potential (and electrical charge) depends on coalification degree
Coalification vs H, O, and C content in natural carbonaceous matter
Class 2. Native metals and sulfides
A) Metals occurring in nature: iron, mercury, copper, gold, platinum metals
B. Sulfides:
lead (galena, PbS)
copper (chalcocite, covellite, chalcopyrite, bornite)
silver (argentite)
zync (sphalerite)
Class 2. Native metals and sulfidesTable 12.36. Collectors containing sulfur applied for flotation of sulfides (after Aplan i Chander, 1988)
Collector type Formula Chemical name Manufacturer anddesignation
Mercaptan R–SH Pennwalt, PhilipsDithiocarbonate(xanthate) R–O–(C=S)–SK
R–O–(C=S)–SNapotassium ethylsodium ethyl
AmCy
303325
Dow
Z–3Z–4
potassium isopropyl
sodium isopropyl
potassium butyl
sodium isobutyl
potassium sec-butyl
sodium sec-butyl
potassium amyl
sodium amyl
potassium sec-amyl
potassium hexyl
322
343
–
317
–
301
355
350
–
–
Z–9
Z–11
Z–7
Z–14
Z–8
Z–12
–
Z–6
Z–5
Z–10
Trithiocarbonate R–S–(C=S)–SNa Philips (OrformC0800)
Xanthogenformate
R–O–(C=S)–S–(C=O)–OR´
R=ethyl, R´=ethyl
R=izopropyl, R´=ethyl
R=butyl, R´=ethyl
Dow
Z–1
–
–
Minerec
A
2048
B
Xanthic ester R–O–(C=S)–S–R’
R=amyl, R´=allyl
R=heksyl, R´=allyl
AmCy
3302
3461
Minerec
1750
2023
Monothiophosphate
(R–O–)2(P=S)–ONa Amcy 194, 3394
Dithiophosphate (R–O–)2(P=S)–SNa
(R–O–)2(P=S)–SH
sodium diethyl
sodium di-isopropyl
sodium di-izobutyl
sodium di-isoamyl
sodium di-iso-sec-butyl
sodium di-methylamyl
cresylic acid+P2S5
AmCy (Aerofloat)
Na Aerofloat
Aerofloat 211, 243
Aerofloat 3477
Aerofloat 3501
Aerofloat 238
Aerofloat 249
Aerofloat 15
Dithiophosphinate (R–)2(P=S)–S–Na AmCy3418
Thiocarbamate R–(NH)–(C=S)–OR´
N-methyl-O-isopropyl
N-methyl-O-butyl
N-methyl-O-isobutyl
N-ethyl-O-isopropyl
N-ethyl-O-isobutyl
Dow
–
–
–
Z–200
–
Minerec
1703
1331
1846
1661
1669
Thioureaderivatives
(C6H5NH2)C=S(thiocarbanilide)
AmCy Aero. 130
Mercaptobenzo-thiazole
Seria AmCy 400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12pH
0
20
40
60
80
100
flo
tati
on
re
co
ve
ry, %
pyrite
10 M KEtX
2x10 M KEtX
-5
-4
Xanthate flotation of pyrite
Class 3. Oxidized minerals of non-ferrous metals
cerussite (PbCO3)
vanadinite (Pb5[Cl(VO4)3])
anglesite (PbSO4)
malachite (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2
azurite (2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2)
chrysocolla (hydrated copper silicate)
tenorite (CuO)
cuprite (Cu2O)
smithsonite (ZnCO3)
1. Sulfidization
Approaches:
2. Flotation using either cationic or anionic collectors (as in the case of oxide-type minerals)
Class 3. Oxidized minerals of non-ferrous metals
Class 4. Oxides and hydroxides
Consists of simple oxides (Fe2O3, SnO2), oxyhydroxides (AlOOH) as well as complex oxides and complex hydroxides (spinels, silicates, aluminosilicates).
Table 12.38. Influence of structure of silicates on their flotation with anionic and cationic collectors (after Manser, 1975)
Silicate groupCollector
orthosilicates pyroxene amphibole frame
Anionic good week none none
Cationic satisfactory* satisfactory * good very good
* Flotation depends on pH
2 4 6 8 10 12pH
0
20
40
60
80
100fl
ota
tio
n r
ec
ov
ery
, %
albite
quartz
varous minerals
Class 4. Oxides and hydroxides
Oleate flotation of oxide and silicates
10-08
10-07
10-06
10-05
10-04
10-03
10-02
10-01
1000
amine concentration, kmol/m 3
0
20
40
60
80
100
18
QUARTZ
16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Class 4. Oxides and hydroxides
Amine flotation of quartz
Table 12.44. Solubility product (Kr) for selected compounds at 293 K (after Barycka and Skudlarski, 1993)
Compound Ir Compound Ir1 2 3 4
Fluoride sulfite
CaF2 4,0·10–11 BaSO4 9,8·10–11
SrF2 2,5·10–9 SrSO4 6,2·10–7
MgF2 6,5·10–9 CaSO4 9,1·10–6
Chloride sulfideAgCl 1,8·10–10 HgS 1,9·10–53
PbCl2 1,7·10–5 Ag2S 6,3·10–50
Bromide Cu2S 7,2·10–49
AgBr 4,6·10–13 CuS 4,0·10–36
PbBr2 2,8·10–5 PbS 6,8·10–29
Iodide ZnS 1,2·10–28
AgI 8,3·10–17 NiS 1,0·10–24
PbI2 7,1·10–9 CoS 3,1·10–23
Carbonate FeS 5,1·10–18
PbCO3 7,2·10–14 MnS 1,1·10–15
ZnCO3 1,7·10–11 cyanideCaCO3 7,2·10–9 Hg2(CN)2 5,0·10–40
MgCO3 3,5·10–8 CuCN 3,2·10–20
Hydroxide chromate
Fe(OH)3 4,5·10–37 PbCrO4 2,8·10–13
Zn(OH)2 3,3·10–17 BaCrO4 1,2·10–10
Mg(OH)2 1,2·10–11 CuCrO4 3,6·10–6
Class 5. Sparingly soluble salts
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
0
20
40
60
80
100
reco
very
, %
fluorite
SDS
DDA
NaOl
Class 5. Sparingly soluble salts
NaOl - sodium oleate, DDA-dodecylamine, SDS,- sodium dedecyl sulfite
Flotation with potassium octylohydroxymate
Class 5. Sparingly soluble salts
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
0
20
40
60
80
100
reco
very
, %
chrysocolla
bastnesite
calcite
barite
10-06
10-05
10-04
10-03
sodium oleate concentration, mol/dm3
0
20
40
60
80
100re
co
very
, %
calcitefluorite apatite
Class 5. Sparingly soluble salts
Class 6. Soluble salts
Table 12.45. Sign of surface charge for selected soluble salts(after Miller et al., 1992)
Salt Surface charge sign Salt Surface charge sign
measured predicted* measured predicted*LiF + +– KBr – +
NaF + + RbBr – +KF + + CsBr + +RbF + + LiI – –CsF + + NaI – –
LiCl – – KI +NaCl + – RbI – –
KCl – + CsI + +–RbCl + + NaI·2H2O +CsCl + + K2SO4 –**LiBr – – Na2SO4·10H2
O–**
NaBr – – Na2SO4 –**
* Predicted from the ions hydration theory for inos in crystalline lattice (Miller et al., 1992).** Hancer et al., 1997.
10-06
10-05
10-04
10-03
10-02
dodecylamine hydrochloride, kmol/m 3
0
20
40
60
80
100fl
ota
tio
n r
eco
very
, %
KClK2SO4 Na2SO4×10H2O
Na2SO4 NaCl
Class 6. Soluble salts