flow visualization & pore network simulation of immiscible/ miscible displacement with gravity...
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Flow Visualization & Flow Visualization & Pore Network Simulation ofPore Network Simulation of
Immiscible/ Miscible Displacement Immiscible/ Miscible Displacement with Gravity Domination with Gravity Domination
M. HaghighiM. Haghighi09/09/0909/09/09
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
EOR Process with Gravity DominationEOR Process with Gravity Domination
Darcy Law Is Not EnoughDarcy Law Is Not Enough
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Modelling ResultsModelling Results
Future WorkFuture Work
EOR Process with EOR Process with Gravity DrainageGravity Drainage
GAGDGAGD
SAGDSAGD
Downdip Gas InjectionDowndip Gas Injection
Updip Gas InjectionUpdip Gas Injection
Gas Injection In Fractured ReservoirsGas Injection In Fractured Reservoirs
CO2 GAGD (Jadhawar & Sarma)CO2 GAGD (Jadhawar & Sarma)
SAGDSAGD
Downdip Gas InjectionDowndip Gas Injection
Gravity Drainage In Fractured ReservoirsGravity Drainage In Fractured Reservoirs
Reservoir SimulationReservoir Simulation
Diffusivity Equation (Mass Balance and Diffusivity Equation (Mass Balance and Darcy Equation)Darcy Equation)
Relative Permeability Concept (Buckley-Relative Permeability Concept (Buckley-Leverett equation for immiscible Leverett equation for immiscible displacement) displacement)
EOR EfficiencyEOR Efficiency
Microscopic Displacement Efficiency Microscopic Displacement Efficiency
××
Macroscopic Displacement EfficiencyMacroscopic Displacement Efficiency
Microscopic Displacement Microscopic Displacement EfficiencyEfficiency
Flow Mechanism at Pore ScaleFlow Mechanism at Pore Scale
Pore GeometryPore Geometry
Pore StructurePore Structure
WettabilityWettability
DispersionDispersion
DiffusionDiffusion
Macroscopic Displacement Macroscopic Displacement EfficiencyEfficiency
Areal Sweep EfficiencyAreal Sweep Efficiency
Vertical Sweep EfficiencyVertical Sweep Efficiency
Large Scale Reservoir HeterogeneitiesLarge Scale Reservoir Heterogeneities
Well PatternWell Pattern
Darcy Law is not enoughDarcy Law is not enough(at (at Pore Scale)Pore Scale)
Pore Scale Flow MechanismsPore Scale Flow Mechanisms
Film FlowFilm Flow
Meniscus MovementMeniscus Movement
Corner FlowCorner Flow
Wettability AlterationWettability Alteration
Fluid SpreadingFluid Spreading
Darcy Law Is Not EnoughDarcy Law Is Not Enough(In (In Pore Network)Pore Network)
Viscous FingeringViscous Fingering
Invasion PercolationInvasion Percolation
Diffusion Limited AggregationDiffusion Limited Aggregation
Fractal CharacteristicsFractal Characteristics
DLADLA
Lenormand et al.Lenormand et al.
Research Tools at Pore ScaleResearch Tools at Pore Scale
Flow Visualization using Glass MicromodelFlow Visualization using Glass Micromodel
Pore Network SimulationPore Network Simulation
Glass Etched Micromodels
1) Preparing the pattern of porous media
2) Elimination of the protection-layer of the mirror
3) Covering the mirror with photo resist laminate
4) Exposing the covered mirror to UV light
5) Elimination of not-lightened parts using a developer
6) Etching the glass with HF
7) Fusing the etched glass with a plain glass
Experimental Set-upExperimental Set-up
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Pore Network Modeling
Simple solution to the momentum equations in each pore throat.
Mass conservation at each pore: 0 throatsj
iji qQ
)(,, ij
jiji PP
gq
1. A discrete view of the porous medium (pores and pore throats)
Pores provide volume & interconnectivity
Pore throats provide resistance to flow.
2. Solution to various transport problems using conservation equations.
Solution of the Fluid Flow in the NetworkSolution of the Fluid Flow in the Network
Fluid Flow EquationsFluid Flow Equations
a) One Phase (Oil):a) One Phase (Oil):
b) Two-Phase (Oil & Gas):b) Two-Phase (Oil & Gas):
)( oil
j
oil
i
oil
ij
oil
ij gq ghP oiloiloil
)( cjiijij Pgq
Nodes with Oil-Gas Front:
cii PPP
Node
c
oil
i
gas
i PPP
Pgas= Constant= Patm
Continuity (Mass Balance) Eq. For Each Oily Node:
j
oil
ijq 0
Writing Continuity Eq. for all Nodes, We have a linear set of equations:
)],,([]].[[ gasog
c PHgPDPG
Conductances:
g =0.5GA2/μ , circular cross section g = 0.5623GA2/μ , square cross section g = 3R2A/20μ , triangular cross section
At = πR2 , circular cross section At = 4R2 , square cross section At =R2/4G , triangular cross section
2P
AG
2
232313
2
23
231
)1(1)1(sin12
tan)sin1(
cc A
AffA
Ag
Film Conductance:
Gas-Oil DisplacementGas-Oil Displacement
ing
ed
q
Vt
edttted qtVV .1
Generalization of Continuity Eq. for Different Fluid Configurations
)(...)()(411 44
4
11
4
1ijogjiij
kijogjiijijij
kij hgPPghgPPggq
kkk
Example: If All Adjacent Nodes of Node i Are Oily Nodes:
441144114321......)( ijogijijogijjijjijiijijijij hgghggPgPgPgggg
Example: If One of the Adjacent Nodes of Node i be Occupied by Gas:
4
1
4
1
0)(k
ijijk
ij kkkgq
4422111
44224321
...)(
...)(
ijogijijogijijogCatmij
jijjijiijijijij
hgghgghgPPg
PgPgPgggg
ij
34 Different Fluid Gonfigurations → 34 Different Continuity Equations
Pore LevelPore LevelDisplacement MechanismsDisplacement Mechanisms
2-Phase Displacement Mechanisms2-Phase Displacement Mechanisms
a) Drainage a) Drainage
b) Imbibitionb) Imbibition
c) Counter-Current Drainagec) Counter-Current Drainage
3-Phase Displacement Mechanisms3-Phase Displacement Mechanisms
a) Double Drainagea) Double Drainage
b) Double Imbibitionb) Double Imbibition
ijC
jgas
ioil Og
PPP ijC
jgas
ioil Og
PPP ijC
jgas
ioil Og
PPP
ij
C
j
gas
i
oil OgPPP
k k
j
oil
i
oil
ij
oil
ij
oilkkk PPgq 0)(
ijC
jgas
ioil Og
PPP
ij
C
j
gas
i
oil OgPPP
JOil
IJCg
IOil PPPP
og
Model AssumptionsModel Assumptions
≈≈1010-6 -6 → Viscous forces are negligible→ Viscous forces are negligible
≈ ≈ 1609 > 101609 > 10-4 -4 → Gravity forces are very important→ Gravity forces are very important
capN
ij
ji gLB
2)(
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Future WorkFuture Work
Micible Co2 Flooding with Gravity Micible Co2 Flooding with Gravity Domination Using Glass-etched Domination Using Glass-etched Micromodel and Pore network ModellingMicromodel and Pore network Modelling
Miscible Co2 Flooding with Miscible Co2 Flooding with Gravity Domination Gravity Domination
Establishing Flow Visualization LabEstablishing Flow Visualization Lab Performing Miscible Displacement TestsPerforming Miscible Displacement Tests Developing Pore Network Model for Developing Pore Network Model for Miscible DisplacementMiscible DisplacementIdentifying Controlling parametersIdentifying Controlling parametersPerforming Experimental in Core ScalePerforming Experimental in Core ScalePerforming Process OptimizationPerforming Process OptimizationUpscalingUpscaling
End End
Any Questions?Any Questions?