fluid and electrolytes ana
TRANSCRIPT
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FLUID and ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
Anatomy
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Compartments of the Body and
Distribution of Water by Weight
Plasma 5%
Interstitial 15% Intracellular 40%
TOTAL 60%
Fat, protein, carbohydrate, minerals(SOLIDS) remaining 40%
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Electrolytes
Chemicals dissolved in the body fluid
Distribution has important
consequences for the ultimate balance
of fluids
NaCl found mostly in ECF
K and phosphate main ions in ICF
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ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION
Electrolyte
Extracellular
meq/liter
Intracellular
meq/liter Function
Sodium 142 10
fluid balance,
osmotic
pressure
Potassium 5 100
Neuromuscularexcitability
acid-base
balance
Calcium 5 -bones, blood
clotting
Magnesium 2 123 enzymes
Total Positive ions 154 205
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Electrolyte Distribution
Electrolyte
Extracellular
meq/liter
Intracellular
meq/liter Function
Chloride 105 2
fluid balance,
osmotic
pressure
Bicarbonate 24 8 acid-base balance
Proteins 16 55 osmotic pressure
Phosphate 2 149 energy storage
Sulfate 1 - protein metabolism
Total Negative
ions154 205
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Fluid Exchange Process (Fluid
Compartments)
Movement of water and electrolytes
occurs through membranes and cell
walls
Permeability is controlled by the size of
pores in response to pressure and
hormones
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Fluid Exchange Process
(Tissues)
Blood plasma contains water, ions,
nutrient molecules (glucose, AA,
protein, lipids) and waste molecules
Transported from blood capillaries to
interstitial fluid to cell and back again
by diffusion, filtration, osmosis andactive transport
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Diffusion
Ions and molecules flow from an area
of higher concentration to area of
lower concentration
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Filtration
Pressure causes water, ions, and
molecules to move from an area of
higher pressure to an area of lower
pressure
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Active Transport Water and/or ions and molecules are carried
by a larger molecule or a vacuole on a cell
wall Requires specific enzymes and energy
Ex. Active transport is needed to get
potassium ions into the cells since diffusion
will not work as the concentration of
potassium is highest in the cells
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Osmosis Water only flows from a dilute solution
to a more concentrated solution
Water flows from a solution of lowosmotic pressure (hypotonic) to asolution of higher osmotic pressure(hypertonic)
If two solutions have identical osmoticpressures, they are isotonic
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Fluid Excess - Edema
Exchange Process Effected Clinical Condition
1. Increased blood pressure results in increased
filtration from plasma.Hypertension
2. Increased permeability of capillaries results
in too large a loss of ions and protein fromplasma.
Local inflammation caused by injury.
3. Loss of plasma protein results in lower
osmotic pressure in plasma.
Kidney disease (cirrhosis);
Malnutrition
4. Retention of salts especially total body
sodium caused by decreased excretion in
urine from low blood pressure prevents
effective filtration. Increased water is
retained to maintain osmotic pressure.
Kidney disease associated with low bloodpressure; Congestive heart failure
5. High venular pressure prevents return of
water by osmosis to plasma.Phlebitis, obesity, varicose veins
6. Blockage of lymphatic drainage Local inflammation.