fluid machines hydraulics - prodit · pdf fileunderstand the cavitation phenomena. ... 3 kind...

FLUID MACHINES HYDRAULICS

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PRODIT ENGINEERING SpAItalian Leading Technology in Education

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Water has been used since the beginning of mankind to help man in his activity.

During the centuries have been developed a number of machines to make a better use of water.

Pumps, turbines find a large use in many fields: agriculture, electricity, production industry,

mechanical industry, energy conversion, etc.

The equipment designed and manufactured by PRODIT Company give to the schools the tools to

investigate and understand the behaviour, the characteristics, and the performances of the hydraulic

machines.

In the production of these equipment has been given a great care to their didactic validity and to the

corrosion prevention to guarantee a long lasting.

For these reasons, where possible, the pumps head have been replaced with others realized in

transparent material to make it possible to follow the fluid path throughout the blades and to

understand the cavitation phenomena.

The use of electronic instruments for temperature, torque, and revolution speed readings, made

these equipment self-sufficient to carry on all the experiments.


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JET AND ORIFICE DISCHARGE APPARATUSES

These apparatuses have been designed to used with the Hydraulic Bench GR0303/000/031 Series, to investigate flow through nozzles and orifices mounted vertically or horizontally and in the meantime to plot the jet trajectory directly on paper, by means of aside plotting board supplied with the unit.

CAEL (Computer Aided Experiment Learning Software) available.

For further information please ask for the relevant Technical Description.

Code: GR0303/000/141 SERIES

BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENTAPPARATUSES

Venturi meters test sections designed to study the flow of waterthrough a convergent and divergent section in order todemonstrate the Bernoulli’s Theorem.These apparatuses can be used in conjunction with thehydraulic bench GR0303/000/031I Series.

The Bernoulli’s Experiment Apparatus are available thefollowing Venturi meters test sections:

• GR0303/000/130A and D - RectangularConvergent/Divergent Section

• GR0303/000/130C and E - Round Convergent/DivergentSection

For further information please ask for the relevant TechnicalDescription.



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FLOW CHANNEL MODULE FOR WEIR EXPERIMENTS ON HYDRAULIC BENCH

This module consists of a flow channel that allows visual observation of hydrodynamic phenomena. The module is suitable to be used on the Hydraulic Bench GR0303/000/031 Series from and to which it receive and discharge water flowneeded for experiments.Weir experiments can be done using either “sharp crested”, thin plate weirs or with others “advanced type” weirs supplied with the channelmodule.

Experimental Capabilities:

- Determination of discharge coefficient for the various weirs- Verification of the relationship between head and flow for the various weirs- Investigation of the variation of the head/flow relationship for a broad crested weir

For further information please ask for the relevant Technical Description. Code: GR0303/000/226H

ADJUSTABLE SLOPE AND SECTION FLOW CHANNEL MODULE

Transparent channel to be used together with Hydraulic Bench GR0303/000/031 Series (supplied on request as standalone item) whichprovides water supply. The channel is mounted on a sturdy steel structure provided with devices for slope adjustment to study variousconfigurations of uniform flow. The unit is complete with a set of properly sized weirs for discharge calculation.

Purposely designed accessories are also available: Venturi flume for flow section variation and flowrate measurement, Pitot tube and depthgauge for total and kinetic head determination as well as a hook-gauge for plotting the nappe over weirs.

For further information please ask for the relevant Technical Specification.

Code: GR0303/000/008D

FLUID MACHINES HYDRAULICSPh

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ADJUSTABLE SLOPE TEACHING CHANNELS

A range of self-operating experimental units conceived for study and observation of hydrodynamic phenomena that takes place in channels anddetermination of discharge characteristics. All wet parts are corrosion proof.

Available versions: - Adjustable Slope Teaching Channel: 3.5 meters- Adjustable Slope Teaching Channel: 5 meters- Adjustable Bed Slope Teaching Channel: up to 16 meters- Sediment Transport Teaching Channel

Available accessories:• Overflow Spillways, • Roughened Bed Section, • Bridge Pillar, Sluice Gate Module, Hook and Point Module, • Dam Spillway, • Siphon, • ChuteBlocks Models, • Parshall Flume Model, • Wave Generator.


Code: GR0303/000/008-010-150 SERIES

FLOW THROUGH PERMEABLE MEDIATRAINING UNIT (PERMEABILITY TANK)

The self operating unit has been conceived to give the student adeep insight into key phenomena concerning GeotechnicalEngineering such as drainage and seepage of water throughsoils with different permeability, dams, building foundations,separation walls.

General study of seepage:• Drawdown in horizontal flow• Determination of uplift pressures on structures such as

building foundation • Seepage flow under an impermeable dam• Determination of seepage beneath a structure• General studies of seepage and drainage

Related didactical units: GR0320/000/001A - Hydrological studysystem.


Code: GR0303/000/050A


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WATER PUMPS MODULES FOR MULTIPUMP TESTING MODULAR SYSTEM

Available in the following versions:

• GR0303/000/136E - Centrifugal pump (open impeller type) test module• GR0303/000/136S - Self priming, side-channel type centrifugal pump test module• GR0303/000/136T - Turbine pump (peripheral channel type) test module• GR0303/000/136V - Self priming, star impeller, three-stage type centrifugal pump test module

The pump test module must be connected to the motorizing unit GR0303/000/136G or H Series.



OIL PUMPS MODULES FOR MULTIPUMP TESTING MODULAR SYSTEM

Available in the following versions:• GR0303/000/236A - Axial pistons (swash plate) pump test module • GR0303/000/236E - Gear (positive displacement) pump test module• GR0303/000/236N - Cycloidal (positive displacement) pump test module• GR0303/000/236O - Screw (positive displacement) pump test module• GR0303/000/236Q - Axial pump test module• GR0303/000/236P - Vane (positive displacement) pump test module• GR0303/000/236R - Radial pistons pump test module

The pump modules, must be connected to the motorizing unit GR0303/000/236H Series.




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SERIES/PARALLEL OPTIONS FOR MULTI-PUMP TESTING MODULAR SYSTEM

This module allows, when connected to the modular pump test bench and to a second pump, to operate them connected in series or parallelconfiguration.


Code: OP0303/000/136 SERIES - GR0303/000/202B

MOTORIZING MODULES FOR MULTIPUMPTESTING MODULAR SYSTEM

A variety of motorizing modules with or without variable speedmotors, suitable to drive water pumps modules or oil pumpsmodules.A variety of pump drive units are available in order to performdifferent characteristics.The motorizing module consists of a frame that can be assembledwith any pump module. The frame also carries the main switch, themotor on-off switch plus the various controls according to themotorizing version chosen.The module can also carry the optional modules for shaft torquemeasurement.For further information please ask for the relevant TechnicalDescription.

Code: GR0303/000/136H - GR0303/000/236H SERIES

TORQUE DETERMINATION OPTIONS FORMULTIPUMP TESTING MODULAR SYSTEM

The options for torque determination are always to be considered asa “modify” of the motorizing module.The options chosen will be supplied already fitted-on the motorizingmodule.This modules allow to measure torque through load cell (electronic)as through spring dynamometer.Suitable for any kind of pump module.


Code: GR0303/000/136I - GR0303/000/136J


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FOUR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS TESTING OPTION FOR REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM

This option for the REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM consists of a revolving bracket with 4 rotodynamic (centrifugal) pumps equipped with quickconnection joints in order to be fitted on the test bench and easily connected to the circuit.The revolving bracket is mounted to the main test unit and pumps can be connected one-by-one to the driving motor thanks to the fast joiningsystem.

The pumps fitted on the revolving plate are: • self-priming centrifugal pump (side channel type); • turbine pump (regenerative - peripheral channel type); • centrifugal open type impeller, • 3-stage self-priming pump with star impeller.


Code: GR0303/000/022E

FOUR POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS TESTING OPTION FOR REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM

This option for the REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM consists of a revolving bracket with 4 positive displacement pumps equipped with quick connectionjoints in order to be fitted on the test bench and easily connected to the circuit.The revolving bracket is mounted to the main test unit and pumps can be connected one-by-one to the driving motor thanks to the fast joiningsystem.

The pumps fitted on the revolving plate are: • gear pump (external gears);• cycloidal pump (internal gears);• single rotor screw pump (helicoidal rotor); • vane pump.


Code: GR0303/000/022F


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SERIES/PARALLEL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TESTING OPTION FOR REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM

This option for the REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM consists of a revolving bracket with 2 centrifugal pumps with relevant circuit for series and parallelconnection equipped with quick connection joints in order to be fitted on the test bench and easily connected to the circuit.The module is mounted on to the main test unit and pumps can be connected to the driving motor thanks to the fast joining system.

The pumps fitted on module are two open impeller type centrifugal (rotodynamic) pumps.


Code: GR0303/000/022G

MODULES FOR HEAD (FRICTION) LOSSES DETERMINATION FOR REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM

This option for the REVO®-PUMP SYSTEM consists of a pipe rack with suitable tappings for manometric head determination.

Pipes are 3 with different diameters and in addition, 3 kind of valves such as ball valve, diaphragm valve and disc valve are fitted on with tappingsto measure the head losses in pipes, valves and in the meantime to verify the flow regulation characteristics of the different valves available.

In order to be more effective the pipe racks are two (each one with its proper fluid circuit) in order to investigate head losses with two differentfluids having different viscosity i.e. water and oil.


Code: OP0303/000/022 SERIES


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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP DEMONSTRATIONUNIT

The unit is equipped with a flow rate transducer for water flow ratedetermination, suction and delivery pressure sensors for pump headcalculation, temperature probe for water temperature monitoring, avalve on suction pipe and a valve on delivery pipe for pump regulation.All wet parts (water tank, piping, valves, flowmeter, pressure sensorsand pump) are made of corrosion resistant materials.The OP03UN/000/100A Power Measurement & Supply Unit with ACMotors Speed Control (available as an essential accessory, notincluded) provides electrical power supply and regulation of pump rpmby means of an inverter. GR0322/PUN/001 Data Logging andMonitoring Interface System (essential accessory, not included) collectsall measured data and connect the Unit to a PC (not supplied).

Code: GR0303/000/201A

SERIES/PARALLEL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPDEMONSTRATION UNIT

The Series/Parallel Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit is composedby 2 twin centrifugal pumps and it allows to test the pumpsperformances either in series configuration or in parallel configuration.The pumps are powered via the OP03UN/000/100A PowerMeasurement & Supply Unit with AC Motors Speed Control (availableas an essential accessory, not included) it also allows the speedcontrol of pumps by means of an inverter. GR0322/PUN/001 DataLogging And Monitoring Interface System (essential accessory, notincluded) collects all measured data and connect the Unit to a PC (notsupplied).For further information please ask for the relevant TechnicalDescription.

Code: GR0303/000/202A

GEAR PUMP DEMONSTRATION UNIT

Gear pumps are the most diffused positive displacement pumpsused to move liquids and well meet flowrate head and pricerequirements. The self-operating didactic unit is complete withelectrically driven gear pump. Transparent pump cover allows to seegears. The OP03UN/000/100A Power Measurement & Supply Unit with ACMotors Speed Control (essential accessory available on requestonly) provides electrical power supply and regulation of pump rpm bymeans of inverter. GR0322/PUN/001 Data Logging And MonitoringInterface System (essential accessory available on request only) isfor data acquisition and processing by connection to PC (notsupplied).For further information please ask for the relevant TechnicalDescription.

Code: GR0303/000/203A

POWER MEASUREMENT & SUPPLY UNITWITH AC MOTORS SPEED CONTROL

The Power Measurement & Supply Unit with AC Motors SpeedControl is a basic module to power a wide range DemonstrationUnits.It includes a device to measure the output power with link for PC (notincluded) data acquisition.The motor speed and power control is get by means of an inverterthat allows a continuous control of the AC motor speed, current andpower of the GR0302/000/100 series and GR0303/000/200 seriesDemonstration Units.


Code: OP03UN/000/100A


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PUMP AND TURBINE TEST UNIT WITHAUTOMATIC DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

This didactical unit has been purposely devised for the student to geta deep insight into centrifugal pump operations and characteristics.

The Unit has been designed to be also a Service Unit for watersupply of Turbine Testing Apparatuses and to display on the maincontrol board the turbine operation parameters.


Code: GR0303/000/049D

IMPULSE (PELTON) TURBINE MODULE

The Turbine Module is fitted with facilities for water supply anddischarge to the basic test unit GR0303/000/049D. The wheel islocated inside a transparent housing in order to allow its visualizationand hydrodynamics phenomena. It is possible to control watersupply flow rate by means of a Doble needle spear valve. Thebraking system is provided with a load setting device. Speed, load,flow rate and water inlet pressure are measured by sensors, thenshown on digital display and collected by Data Acquisition System.All parts are corrosion-proof.


Code: GR0303/000/049E

RADIAL (FRANCIS) TURBINE MODULE

The Turbine Module is fitted with facilities for water supply anddischarge to the basic test unit GR0303/000/049D. The runner islocated behind a transparent wall in order to allow its visualization,adjustable guide vanes and correlated hydrodynamics phenomena.It is possible to regulate guide vanes position by a knob even whilethe turbine is running. The braking system is provided with a loadsetting device. Speed, load, flow rate and water inlet pressure aremeasured by sensors, then shown on digital display and collected byData Acquisition System. All parts are corrosion-proof.


Code: GR0303/000/049F

AXIAL (KAPLAN) TURBINE MODULE

Kaplan Turbine Module conceived for combined used withGR0303/000/049D. Pump and turbine Test Unit (supplied on requestas standalone item) which provides water supply measurement andregulation. The runner is located behind a transparent wall in order toallow its visualization, adjustable guide vanes and correlatedhydrodynamics phenomena. It is possible to regulate manually guidevanes opening even while the turbine is running. The braking systemprovides adjustable breaking torque. Speed, load, flow rate and waterinlet pressure are measured by sensors, then shown on digital displayand collected by Data Acquisition System. All parts are corrosion-proof.For further information please ask for the relevant TechnicalDescription.

Code: GR0303/000/049G


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FRANCIS TURBINE TEST UNIT

Compact wheeled unit designed for comprehensive testing on hydraulic reaction turbine “Francis” type.

The unit mounts on a sturdy steel frame, a large water tank, circulation pump and the Francis turbine with statoric blades with adjustableopening. The whole circuit including tank and pipes is realized in non-rusting material.

Shaft torque and speed of the turbine are measured and displayed on digital instruments. Instantaneous flowmeter together with pressuregauges allows to plot the complete characteristic curves of the Francis turbine.

Experimental works:

• turbine characteristic curves at constant speed: - power- torque- hydraulic efficiency and head against flow rate for various distributor (diffuser) opening;

• hydraulic efficiency, tip speed coefficient, specific speed and output power against revolution speed for different values of the head.




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VALVE TEST TRAINER TO STUDYPROCESS CONTROL AND REGULATIONVALVE

The Trainer has been designed to study the behaviour of controlvalves.A supply pressure regulator and air pressure reducing station isplaced before the pneumatic actuator: the regulating pressuremoves the valve plug changing the opening percentage of the valve. Linear control characteristics and equal percentage controlcharacteristics.Main control devices and displays are placed onto a console.For further information please ask for the relevant TechnicalDescription.

Code: GR0303/000/027B

COMPUTERIZED TRAINER FORPNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVES

An Automatic Data Acquisition allows, by means of a customizedsoftware, a real time monitoring of circuit parameters by transducersand then to collect data in order to plot the relevant curves by a PC(not included), making easy the comparison between the linear andequal percentage valve.


Code: GR0304/000/027

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT INVESTIGATION UNIT

The Prodit GR0303/000/025 Pressure Measurement Investigation Unit has been purposely devised for the student to get a deep insight intopressure gauges design and operation.

The backboard carries the following instruments: •Vertical single-column manometer with pressure tank; •Vertical U-tube manometer; •U-tubemanometer with variable slope leg; •Bourdon gauges with scales for positive pressure and vacuum.

Experimental Range:• Practising with the most common designs of pressure gauges • Determination pressure/vacuum by means of various gauges and results comparison• Determination of gauge accuracy• Data processing and calculation by means of CAEL (Computer Aided Experiment Learning software) available.




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HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT

Pump with electric motor, suitable to be used with GR0301/000/009series Hydraulic Trainer.

Supplied with all accessories, safety devices, and hydraulic fluid.


Code: GR0301/000/009D

PLC UNIT

The PLC can be used to study and control industrial hydraulicautomation systems by means of programmable logic functions. ThePLC unit must be connected to a PC (not included). Software for PCconnection cables are included. For further information please askfor the relevant Technical Description.

Code: GR0347/000/006A

OIL POWER HYDRAULIC TRAINERS

The trainers allows to study hydraulic and electro-hydraulic systems from basic components up to advanced industrial applications. Allcomponents are equipped with quick-acting and self-locking devices.

The trainers include:

• a workbench with component set board• hydraulic components set• control panel for electro-hydraulic components




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Related subjects

Educational equipment forcomplementary study on

compressible fluids compressors


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SINGLE STAGE, TWO-CYLINDER PISTON TYPE AIR COMPRESSOR TEST UNITS

Self-standing wheeled study unit, provided with a single-stage, two cylinders in line, piston type compressor unit with no-load running deviceand driven by an asynchronous three-phase motor.The unit includes air tank, air cooler, pressure reducer, air and water flowmeters, dial pressure gauges, electronic digital display of temperature,compressor intake air flow measurement device.Available options include: •additional facilities for measure losses in piping, valves and orifices. Air flow measurement; •driving of compressorwith variable speed dynamometric meter for compressor shaft torque and power determination.

With this unit it is possible to carry out the following experiment: •Mass of air delivered; •Compression cycle work; •Specific work; •Volumetric efficiency of compressor; • Power absorbed by means of torqueand rpm visualization; •Compressor efficiency; •Vessel filling characteristic curves; • Energy balance of air cooler; • Compressor adjustment byrpm variation or by suction valve throttling: comparison and differences; •Understanding of components and devices along an air compressionpipeline. Available option: computerized data acquisitionFor further information please ask for the relevant Technical Description.

Code: GR0302/000/001F SERIES

INTEGRATIVE FLUID FRICTION MODULE

Module for pressure losses and air flow determination in piping, valves and orifices.This module has been specifically designed for single stage and two stage piston type air compressor test benches.It is composed of an equipped frame with: •no. 3 straight pipes of different diameter; •no. 3 different types of curves and elbows in sequence,of the same linear length as the straight pipes; •no. 4 different type of control valve, ball, gate, diaphragm and glove valve; •no. 3 orifice meterwith interchangeable orifice plate under various pressures.Automatic-close pressure tapping are installed upstream and downstream of each element or pipes length in order to determine the pressuredrop.Flow resistance is measured with a differential pressure gauge, connectable to the pressure pipes by means of flexible tubes and rapid-couplejoints.Experimental range: •Reynolds Number; •distributed losses; •localized losses: radiused curves; •localized losses: sudden variations of direction;•localized losses: narrowing of the section; •measurement of the flow rate by means of a diaphragm; •localized losses in the on-off valves.


Code: OP0302/000/001 SERIES


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CENTRIFUGAL FAN DEMONSTRATION UNIT

The Centrifugal fan demonstration unit is suitable to clearly understand centrifugal fan performances and operation principles. Centrifugal fansare used when high delivery pressures are needed.The demonstration unit is composed of a variable speed centrifugal fan assembled with transparent cover, suction and delivery duct, a ductadjustable gate, a second interchangeable impeller, pressure taps, orifice plate for flow rate measurement and temperature sensor.The fan motor is powered via the OP03UN/000/100A Power Measurement Unit (optional accessory, available on request). The PowerMeasurement Unit allows the speed control of the fan and the monitoring through the PC (not included).The unit is suitable to be connected to a PC (not included) by means of a separate interface GR0322/PUN/001 Data Logging and MonitoringInterface System (optional accessory, available on request).The OP03UN/000/100A and the GR0322/PUN/001 are essential for unit operation and didactical utility.All instructions for setting-up, operation and unit calibration are included with the software supplied together with the unit.


Code: GR0302/000/101A

AXIAL FAN DEMONSTRATION UNIT

• Variable speed axial fan assembled with transparent cover,available for students practising on fans principles and operation

• Transparent suction and delivery duct• Orifice plate for flow rate measurement and temperature sensor

available• Connection to PC granted by means of separate interface

(optional accessory)• Supplied software including all instructions about unit setting-up,

operation and calibration


Code: GR0302/000/102A

MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOR DEMONSTRATION UNIT

• Multistage centrifugal compressor assembled with transparentsuction and delivery duct

• 400 W electrical motor with speed control• Orifice plate for flow rate measurement• Connection to PC granted by means of separate interface

(optional accessory)• Supplied software including all instructions about unit setting-up,

operation and calibration


Code: GR0302/000/103A


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tCENTRIFUGAL FAN TESTUNITS

The centrifugal fans are very diffused for airconditioning, industrial, and civil installations.These test unit allows for basic investigation in fluidmechanics by means of air. The system includes:centrifugal variable speed fan with speed controldrive, digital display of speed and electricparameters, torque measurement facilities, straightlong pipe-section with air flow and pressuremetering devices of different interchangeable type.Air damper for flow control.

Experimental rangeIt is possible to carry out the following experiments:

• Characteristic curve of a centrifugal fan (head against flow for different fan speed)• Measurement of air flow value with a Venturimeter or damper• Comparison of methods of measuring flow value• The influence of revolution speed on fan output characteristics• Determination of the total efficiency of the system • Low pressure measuring procedure• Determination of the fan driving torque

Detailed technical description available on request.

Available options:

- Shaft torque reading with load cell- Different size of the centrifugal fan- Variety of contraction devices for flow rate determination such as Venturi, Orifice, and Nozzle type- Additional group of instrument for physical conditions of the air determination allowing the measurement of barometric pressure, hygrometric

value and air temperature in view to calculate the actual air specific weight, etc.- Computerization for Data Acquisition




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t AXIAL FAN TEST UNITS

Axial fans are very diffused for air conditioning,industrial, and civil installations. This test unit allowsfor basic investigation in fluid mechanics by meansof air. The system includes: axial variable speed fanwith speed control drive, digital display of speed andelectric parameters, torque measurement facilities,straight long pipe-section with air flow and pressuremetering devices of different interchangeable type.Air damper for flow control.

Experimental range:

It is possible to carry out the following experiments:•characteristic curve of an axial fan (head againstflow for different fan speed); •measurement of airflow value with a Venturimeter or damper;•comparison of methods of measuring flow value;•the influence of revolution speed on fan output

characteristics; •determination of the total efficiency of the system; •low pressure measuring procedure; •determination of the fan driving torque.

Detailed technical description available on request.

Available options:

- Shaft torque reading with load cell- Different size of the axial fan- Centrifugal fans test option- Variety of contraction devices for flow rate determination such as Venturi, and Orifice- Additional group of instrument for physical conditions of the air determination allowing the measurement of barometric pressure, hygrometric

value and air temperature in view to calculate the actual air specific weight, etc.



fluid machines hydraulics - prodit · pdf fileunderstand the cavitation phenomena. ... 3 kind...

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