Fluid Mechanics

Component Head LossThe Minor Loss Coefficient, K:-

Combined Head Loss Equation(Total head loss)=(Pipe head Loss)+(Component head loss)

+=

ExampleIf oil (ν = 4 × 10-5 m2/s; S = 0.9) flows from the upper to the lower reservoir at a rate of 0.028 m3/s in the 15 cm smooth pipe, what is the elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir?

SolutionMinor head loss coefficients:- entrance = Ke = 0.5 bend = Kb = 0.19outlet = KE = 1.0

The flow is turbulent Assume e=0

Head Loss:-

WhereHp=ht=0V1=v2=0P1=P2=Patm=0

Non-Round ConduitsIf the conduit is not a pipe it is a square, triangle or any other shapes we replace the diameter by the hydraulic diameter.

For Example and rectangular tube with L(Length) and W(wide) the hydraulic diameter will be:-

Example

Air (T = 20°C and p = 101 kPa absolute) flows at a rate of 2.5 m3/s in a horizontal, commercial steel, HVAC duct. (Note that HVAC is an acronym for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.) What is the pressure drop in inches of water per 50 m of duct?

Solution

The flow is turbulent

Pumps

a centrifugal pump is a machine that uses a rotating set of blades situated within a housing to add energy to a flowing fluid.

Pump Curve

ExampleA pump is to be used to transfer crude oil (! = 2 × 10!4 lbf-s/ft2, 1 = 0*86) from the lower tank to the upper tank at a flow rate of 100 gpm. The loss coefficient for the check valve is 5.0. The loss coefficients for the elbow and the inlet are0.9 and 0.5, respectively. The 2-in. pipe is made from commercial steel (e = 0*002in.) and is 40 ft long. The elevation distance between the liquid surfaces in the tanks is 10 ft. The pump efficiency is 80%. Find the power required to operate the pump.

Solution

Pipes in ParallelThe Losses is equal in both branches as the energy different in point (1) and point (2) is equal according to Energy equation.

ExampleA piping system consists of parallel pipes as shown in the following diagram. One pipe has an internal diameter of 0.5 m and is 1000 m long. The other pipe has an internal diameter of 1 m and is 1500 m long. Both pipes are made of cast iron(e = 0.26 mm). The pipes are transporting water at 20C (ρ= 1000 kg/m3, v= 10^-6 m2/s). The total flow rate is 4 m3/s. Find the flow rate in each pipeand the pressure drop in the system. There is no elevation change. Neglect minor losses.

Solution

Take