Fluids & Fluids & Hydrostatic Hydrostatic PressurePressure::

JOIDES Resolution JOIDES Resolution DrillingDrilling

Christine MunozChristine MunozCrystal JuárezCrystal Juárez

http://www.darkenergybiosphere.org/resources/toolbox.html

Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations Investigations C-DEBI’s overall mission is to explore life C-DEBI’s overall mission is to explore life beneath the seafloor and make beneath the seafloor and make transformative discoveries that advance transformative discoveries that advance science, benefit society, and inspire people science, benefit society, and inspire people of all ages and origins.of all ages and origins.

A microscopic living organism, such as A microscopic living organism, such as a bacterium, fungus, protozoan or virus.a bacterium, fungus, protozoan or virus. With few exceptions, microbes’ primary role is With few exceptions, microbes’ primary role is that of decomposers, consuming organic muck that of decomposers, consuming organic muck and deceased material, allowing it to be used and deceased material, allowing it to be used within the system.within the system.A significant component of our research project A significant component of our research project was our “adoption” of was our “adoption” of Alcanivorax borkumensisAlcanivorax borkumensis, , via the via the Adopt-a-Microbe Adopt-a-Microbe program, which we were program, which we were given updates and information about. given updates and information about.

Alcanivorax borkumensisAlcanivorax borkumensis rod-shaped rod-shaped n-alkanes are the principle of carbon and energy source by use of the n-alkanes are the principle of carbon and energy source by use of the broad spectrum of oil-degrading enzymes it possesses broad spectrum of oil-degrading enzymes it possesses The microbe plays a major role in keeping our oceans in pristine The microbe plays a major role in keeping our oceans in pristine condition as well as the inhabitants of the ocean and the inhabitants of condition as well as the inhabitants of the ocean and the inhabitants of the coastal regions in good healththe coastal regions in good health. .

What does FLOCS stand for?What does FLOCS stand for?FLFLow-through ow-through OOsmo smo CColonization olonization SSystemsystems

What are Flocs?What are Flocs?They are cassettes and chambers that are usually They are cassettes and chambers that are usually

packed with several colonization substrates (for packed with several colonization substrates (for example glass beads). Flocs are usually sent example glass beads). Flocs are usually sent down to the bottom of the ocean with a replicated down to the bottom of the ocean with a replicated environment that is colonized by microbes. After environment that is colonized by microbes. After some time the flocs are lifted up and some time the flocs are lifted up and microbiologists study the organisms that started microbiologists study the organisms that started to inhabit the rock of preference. to inhabit the rock of preference.

Mission StatementMission Statement

Our mission as the ALCHS QuikSCience Our mission as the ALCHS QuikSCience team is to demonstrate that not all team is to demonstrate that not all microbes are harmful to human behavior, microbes are harmful to human behavior, including the microbe “including the microbe “ Alcanivorax Alcanivorax borkumensisborkumensis””Educate the public about the work done on Educate the public about the work done on the JOIDES Resolution and its benefits the JOIDES Resolution and its benefits from the drilling operation.from the drilling operation.

JOIDES resolutionJOIDES resolutionThe JOIDES Resolution is a deep sea drilling The JOIDES Resolution is a deep sea drilling research boat that explores deep sea life. The research boat that explores deep sea life. The scientists on board spend long hours gathering scientists on board spend long hours gathering

microbes from beneath the sea floor and microbes from beneath the sea floor and studying their behaviors. Through this research, studying their behaviors. Through this research,

we have been introduced to the types of we have been introduced to the types of microbes that can be extremely beneficial to our microbes that can be extremely beneficial to our society, including the oil-eating microbe named society, including the oil-eating microbe named

Alcanivorax borkumensis. This microbe works as Alcanivorax borkumensis. This microbe works as an energy converter by using the oil particles as an energy converter by using the oil particles as

a source of food. a source of food.

What We Learn from Ocean DrillingWhat We Learn from Ocean DrillingOcean drilling has:Ocean drilling has:

Confirmed the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift.Confirmed the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift.

Altered our thinking about the formation of geologic hazards Altered our thinking about the formation of geologic hazards like earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis.like earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis.

Discovered methane, in the “frozen” form of hydrates Discovered methane, in the “frozen” form of hydrates (substance containing water),(substance containing water), in sediments below the ocean, in sediments below the ocean, and confirmed that they exist worldwide.and confirmed that they exist worldwide.

Discovered a vast and active biosphere of microbes living deep Discovered a vast and active biosphere of microbes living deep below the seafloor, far deeper than scientists ever predicted below the seafloor, far deeper than scientists ever predicted life could existlife could exist..

Provided major insights into the paleoclimate record—the Provided major insights into the paleoclimate record—the changes to our global climate that have occurred over the past changes to our global climate that have occurred over the past 100 million years and more.100 million years and more.

• One of the most remarkable aspects of the One of the most remarkable aspects of the microbes we are studying is their ability to microbes we are studying is their ability to withstand withstand enormous pressuresenormous pressures, while , while maintaining homeostasis.maintaining homeostasis.

• To help you better appreciate the To help you better appreciate the magnitude and cause of this pressure, we magnitude and cause of this pressure, we need to define what pressure is, and how need to define what pressure is, and how it varies depending on the depth you are it varies depending on the depth you are at.at.

Under Pressure: Life on the Deep Ocean Floor

PressurePressure

DefinitionDefinition: the force per unit area applied to the : the force per unit area applied to the surface of an object. The pressure will increase surface of an object. The pressure will increase when you:when you:– Apply a greater amount of forceApply a greater amount of force– Concentrate a given amount of force into a smaller Concentrate a given amount of force into a smaller

areaarea

Atmospheric Pressure (PAtmospheric Pressure (Patmatm): the “weight” of the ): the “weight” of the air sitting on top of an object at sea level, divided air sitting on top of an object at sea level, divided by the surface area of the object.by the surface area of the object.PPatmatm = 101,325 N/m = 101,325 N/m22

Hydrostatic PressureHydrostatic Pressure

If an object, such as a microbe, is located If an object, such as a microbe, is located entirely under water, the pressure on it is entirely under water, the pressure on it is increased, because it has the weight of the air increased, because it has the weight of the air plus the weight of the water above it pressing it plus the weight of the water above it pressing it down.down.

The pressure of the air = PatmThe pressure of the air = Patm

The Pressure of the WaterThe Pressure of the WaterThe downward The downward pressure exerted by pressure exerted by the water on the object the water on the object shown here is:shown here is:

V = Ah

ghVmgh

Ahmgh

Amg

AFP

h = depth of water

A = surface area of object

V = volume of water

g = gravitational acceleration

(9.8 m/s2)ρ = density of water

When you add the pressure of the air (Patm) plus the pressure of the water (ρgh), you get what is called the Hydrostatic Pressure.

Hydrostatic PressureHydrostatic Pressure

P =P = p pgh + Pgh + Patmatm

(Hydrostatic Pressure Equation)(Hydrostatic Pressure Equation)

PPatmatm = 101,325 = 101,325n/mn/m(constant for atmospheric pressure)(constant for atmospheric pressure)

p p = 1= 1kg/mkg/m(constant density for H(constant density for H22O)O)

g = 9.8 g = 9.8 m/s2m/s2(this is the constant of gravity)(this is the constant of gravity)

Practice ProblemsPractice ProblemsIn your groups work together In your groups work together

to solve given problems to solve given problems

JOIDES-PARDYJOIDES-PARDY(aka jeopardy (aka jeopardy ))

The class will now be divided in half.The class will now be divided in half.The right hand side will be teamThe right hand side will be team Alcanivorax Alcanivorax

&&The left will be The left will be borkumensisborkumensis!!

We will now ask you a series of questions in relation to our We will now ask you a series of questions in relation to our presentation.presentation.

You may use any notes taken as a reference for your You may use any notes taken as a reference for your answers answers

REMEMBER YOU ARE PLAYING FOR REMEMBER YOU ARE PLAYING FOR EXTRA CREDIT! EXTRA CREDIT!

For 5 pointsFor 5 points

P =P = P P gh + Pgh + Patmatm

AnswerAnswer

What is the What is the Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure

Equation?Equation?

For 5 pointsFor 5 points

101,325 N/m2101,325 N/m2

Answer (2)Answer (2)

What is Atmospheric What is Atmospheric Pressure?Pressure?

For 10 PointsFor 10 Points

Cassettes and chambers sent Cassettes and chambers sent down to the bottom of the down to the bottom of the ocean by scientist aboard ocean by scientist aboard the JOIDES resolution in the JOIDES resolution in

order to collect information order to collect information on microbeson microbes

Answer (3)Answer (3)

What are What are FLOCs?FLOCs?

For 15 PointsFor 15 Points

This microbe This microbe consumes oilconsumes oil

Answer (4)Answer (4)

What isWhat isAlcanivorax Alcanivorax

borkumensisborkumensis??