fluxes of atlantic and polar waters and their impact on ...€¦ · fluxes of atlantic and polar...
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Fluxes of Atlantic and Polar waters and their
impact on fish, examples from Iceland
Steingrímur Jónsson1,2
Héðinn Valdimarsson1
1Marine Research Institute and 2University of Akureyri
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NIIC
NIIC
NIJ
EIC
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Two primary water masses:
Atlantic Water: T>5°C; S>35
Polar Water: T<0°C; S<34,4
August-September
August-September
NISE database
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T – 50m
Spring 1995
S = 35.0
S = 35.0
4°C
4°C
S – 50m
Spring 1995
S – 50m
Spring 2003
T – 50m
Spring 2003
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Sea ice on
March 15th 2005
The outflow from the
Arctic Ocean
passes close to Iceland
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NIIC
NIIC
NIJ
EIC
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Timeline for the measurementsADCP
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The E-W component of the current 2013-2014
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-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
nautical miles
500
400
300
200
100
0
De
pth
(m
)
E-W component of the current measured with a vessel mounted ADCPat Hornbanki section in november averaged for the years 2001-2004 in cm/s
H1
H3H2
CTD station
MooringH
orn
ban
ki
H4
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50 m depth
80 m depth
150 m depth
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Monthly mean transport of AW and the associated heat transport
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Annual average of temperature over the depth interval between
50 and 150 m at the stations, SI2-4 shown as red thick line.
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Lagged correlation between the daily AW transport and the north-south
component of the wind at 67.5°N and 22.5°W for the period 1999-2010.
Maximum
correlation at 1
day lag
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AW transport and N-S wind for the period
September 1999 – August 2000
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Higher
temperature
and salinity
After 1995Before 1995
Hátún et al. 2005
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Why is the NIIC important?
• It carries with it nutrients and creates
conditions favorable for phytoplankton
growth
• It is the drift route for the larvae of many
of the most commercially important fish
stocks in Icelandic waters
• It is a source of heat to the area that
affects climate on land as well as in the
sea
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Temperature and Salinity at bottom for all months
NISE dataset (2007)
L. Zhai et al. (2012)
Primary production through water column for the period March - October
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Begg and Marteinsdóttir 2000
Mean (1970-1998) spatial distribution of relative abundance
(number/nm) of pelagic juvenile cod
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T – 50m
Spring 1995
S = 35.0
S = 35.0
4°C
4°C
S – 50m
Spring 1995
S – 50m
Spring 2003
T – 50m
Spring 2003
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Haddock 1995Distribution of 0-
group haddock
in August 1995
and 2003
MRI (1995)
MRI (2004)
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Landings in numbers by age (millions) in the years 1979–2012.
Year 2 3 4 5 6 7 89+
2005 2.405 9.45 6.929 25.421 13.778 4.584 0.809 0.488
2006 0.241 10.038 21.246 6.646 18.84 7.6 2.18 0.525
2007 0.782 3.884 42.224 22.239 3.354 9.952 2.74 0.7
2008 2.316 4.508 9.706 53.022 11.014 1.717 3.033 1.007
2009 1.066 3.185 4.886 8.892 35.011 5.733 0.726 1.89
2010 0.121 6.032 7.061 4.806 6.766 17.503 1.874 0.882
2011 0.253 1.584 11.797 5.08 2.853 3.983 6.22 0.677
2012 0.196 1.322 3.421 13.107 2.223 1.231 2.48 3.032
Weight at age from commercial catches (g) in the years 1979–2013.
Year 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2005 339 886 1265 1506 1916 2323 3028 3055
2006 402 749 1093 1495 1758 2163 2555 3260
2007 510 748 988 1346 1840 2062 2350 2685
2008 383 636 857 1125 1575 2149 2417 2764
2009 452 841 960 1131 1352 1757 2364 2652
2010 447 756 1092 1294 1448 1685 2188 2534
2011 588 905 1122 1455 1688 1914 2094 2599
2012 668 978 1222 1492 1903 2164 2366 2704
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Value of increased haddock stock
• Average catch from 1971-2000 was 50,769 tons
• The catch from the 2003 year class was 149,906
tons
• There was a surplus catch of 99,137 tons
• The export value of the surplus catch was 269
million USD
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ICES (2012)
Temperature anomaly
Salinity anomaly
Greater variability in the north than in the south west
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Weight of 3 year old capelin and salinity deviation at Siglunes north of Iceland
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Weight of 6 year old cod and the capelin biomass
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ATLANTIC WATER DOMINATING POLAR WATER DOMINATING
INCREASED PRIMARY PRODUCTION REDUCED PRIMARY PRODUCTION
HIGH STOCK OF ZOOPLANKTON LOW STOCK OF ZOOPLANKTON
HIGH CAPELIN BIOMASS LOW CAPELIN BIOMASS
INCREASED COD GROWTH AND YIELD REDUCED COD GROWTH AND YIELD
Astthorsson and Vilhjálmsson (2002)
Conceptual model of the ecosystem in Icelandic waters
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The path of the “Great Salinity Anomaly” in the North Atlantic
Dickson et al. (1988)
1968
1969-70
1971-72
1976
The size of the anomaly was about 10.000 km3 of extra freshwater over 5 years, Curry and Mauritzen (2005)
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Freshwater thickness in the Beaufort Sea
Krishfield, R. A. et al. (2013)
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Giles, K. A. et al. (2012)
Freshwater in the Beaufort Sea has increased by
10.000 km3 during the last decade
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•The research leading to these results has received
funding from the European Union 7th Framework
Programme (FP7 2007-2013), under grant agreement
n.308299
•NACLIM www.naclim.eu