fm manual pdf
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fluod flow manual for petro chemical technology in pdfTRANSCRIPT
SRI RAMANATHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NADUPATTI - 638056.
DEPARTMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL TECHONOLOGY
PC-3217 FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS
LABORATORY MANUAL
SRI RAMANATHAN ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
NADUPATTI - 638056.
LABORATORY RECORD
2013 - 2014
Name of lab:
Department:
Certify that this is a bonafide record of work done by …………… of
…………………………… class in the ………………….. Laboratory during the year
2013 -2014.
Signature of Lab in Charge Head of the Department
Submitted for the practical examination held on …………………………..
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
INDEX
S.NO.
DATE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
MARKS
STAFF
SIGN
1 CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN
ORIFICE METER
2 CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN
VENTURI METER
3 CALCULATION OF RATE OF FLOW USING
ROTO METER
4 FLOW THROUGH PIPES
5 PERFOMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
6 PERFOMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING
PUMP
7 CALIBRATION OF V-NOTCH
8 FLOW THROUGH HELICAL COIL
9 FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PIPE FITTINGS
10 VERIFYING BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS LAB
1. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter.
2. Determination of the coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter.
3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Roto meter.
4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes.
5. Conducting experiments and drawing the performance curves on centrifugal
pump.
6. Conducting experiments and drawing the performance curves on reciprocating
pump.
7. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for the v-notch
8. Compare the friction factor characteristic curve of helical coil
9. Conducting experiments for flow through valves and pipe fittings
10. Verifying the Bernoulli’s theorem
DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF
DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICE METER
Exp No: 1
Date :
AIM:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h / t (m3 / s)
2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE:
Q th = a 1 x a 2 x 2 g h / a 12 – a 2
2 (m
3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
h = Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for h cm rise of water
H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
= (H1 ~ H2) (s m / s 1 - 1)
Where:
H1 = Manometric head in first limb
H2 = Manometric head in second limb
S m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
s1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:
Co- efficient of discharge = Q act / Q th (no units)
DESCRIPTION:
Orifice meter has two sections. First one is of area a1, and second one of area a2, it does not
have throat like venturimeter but a small holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The
mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer.
PROCEDURE:
1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments
2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted
5. The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter is ……… (no unit)
Co-e
ffic
ien
t of
dis
cha
rge
Cd
(no u
nit
)
Th
eore
tica
l
dis
cha
rge
Qth
x 1
0-3
m3 /
s
M
ean
Cd
=
Act
ua
l
dis
cha
rge
Q a
ct x
10
-3
m3 /
s
Tim
e ta
ken
for
h
cm r
ise
of
wate
r t
Sec
Man
om
etri
c
hea
d
H=
(H1~
H2)
x 1
2.6
x 1
0-2
Man
om
etri
c
read
ing
H2
cm
of
Hg
H1
cm
of
Hg
Dia
met
er i
n
mm
S.n
o
DETERMINATION OF THE CO EFFICIENT OF
DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER
Exp No: 2
Date:
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge for liquid flowing through venturimeter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Stop watch
3. Collecting tank
4. Differential U-tube
5. Manometer
6. Scale
FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h / t (m3 / s)
2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE:
Qth = a 1 x a 2 x 2 g h / a 12 – a 2
2 (m
3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
h = Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for h cm rise of water
H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
= (H1 ~ H2) (s m /s 1 - 1)
Where:
H1 = Manometric head in first limb
H2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
s1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:
Co- efficient of discharge = Q act / Q th (no units)
DESCRIPTION:
Venturi meter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is
represented as a 1 and the later is a 2 water or any other liquid flows through the Venturi meter
and it passes to the throat area the value of discharge is same at a 1 and a 2 .
PROCEDURE:
1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments
2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted
5. The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through Venturimeter is ……… (no unit)
Co-e
ffic
ien
t of
dis
cha
rge
Cd
(no u
nit
)
Th
eore
tica
l
dis
cha
rge
Qth
x 1
0-3
m3 /
s
M
ean
Cd
=
Act
ua
l
dis
cha
rge
Q a
ct x
10
-3
m3 /
s
Tim
e ta
ken
for
h
cm r
ise
of
wate
r t
sec
Man
om
etri
c
hea
d
H=
(H1~
H2)
x 1
2.6
x 1
0-2
Man
om
etri
c
read
ing
H2
cm
of
Hg
H1
cm
of
Hg
Dia
met
er i
n
mm
S.n
o
CALCULATION OF RATE OF FLOW USING ROTOMETER
Exp No: 3
Date:
AIM:
To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Rotometer setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.
FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h/ t (m3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h= 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10-2
m).
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
CONVERSION:
Actual flow rate (lit / min), Qact = Qact x 1000 x 60 lit /min
Rotometer reading ~ Actual x 100 %
Percentage error of Rotometer =
Rotometer reading
= R ~ Qact / R x 100 %
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by ploting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
RESULT:
The percentage error of the Rotometer was found to be……. %
Per
cen
tage
Err
or
of
Roto
met
er (
%)
Act
ual
dis
cha
rge
Qa
ct (l
pm
)
Tim
e ta
ken
for
10cm
rise
of
wate
r
In t
an
k (
t se
c)
Act
ual
Dis
charg
e
Qa
ct (m
3/s
ec)
Roto
met
er
Rea
din
g
(lp
m)
S.n
o
DETERMINATION OF FLOW THROUGH PIPES
Exp No: 4
Date:
AIM:
To determine the co-efficient of friction of the given pipe.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
FORMULAE:
1. FRICTION FACTOR ( F ):
f = 2 x g x d x h f / l x v2
(no unit)
Where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / sec2)
d = Diameter of the pipe (m)
l = Length of the pipe (m)
v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe (m / s)
h f = Loss of head due to friction (m)
= h1 ~ h2
Where
h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs
h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs
2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q = A x h / t (m3
/ sec)
Where
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = Rise of water for 5 cm (m)
t = Time taken for 5 cm rise (sec)
3. VELOCITY:
V = Q / a (m / sec)
Where
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ sec)
A = Area of the pipe (m2)
DESCRIPTION:
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional
resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more
the frictional resistance. The loss of head between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank
and the length of the pipe line is measured
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2 are
noted
4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow rate and then the
corresponding readings are noted.
RESULT:
1. The co-efficient of friction ‘f ‘for given pipe = x 10-2
(no unit)
2. The co-efficient of friction for given pipe by graphical method = …… x 10-2 (
no unit)
Fri
ctio
n
fact
or
f x 1
0-2
V2
m2 /
s 2
M
ean
f =
Vel
oci
ty
V
m/s
Act
ual
dis
cha
rge
Qact
x 1
0-3
m3 /
s
Tim
e fo
r
5cm
ri
se
of
wate
r
t se
c
Man
om
eter
rea
din
gs
hf
= (
h1
-h2)
x 1
0-2
h2 x
10
-2
h1 x
10
-2
Dia
met
er of
pip
e m
m
S.n
o
PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Exp No: 5
Date:
AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Centrifugal pump setup
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
FORMULAE :
1.ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x y / t (m3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + Hs + Z
Where:
Hd = Discharge head, meter
Hs = Suction head, meter
Z = Datum head, meter
3. INPUT POWER:
I/P = (3600 N 1000) / (E T) (watts)
Where,
N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
E = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
4. OUTPUT POWER:
Po = ρ x g x Q x H / 1000 (watts)
Where,
ρ = Density of water (kg / m³)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
5. EFFICIENCY:
o = (Output power o/p / input power I/p) 100 %
Where,
O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
DESCRIPTION:
PRIMING:
The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for
the removal of air before starting is called priming.
After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a
centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is
gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the
outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now kinetic energy is gradually converted
in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the delivery pipe to the required height.
PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.
GRAPHS:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied and the
maximum efficiency was found to be _____________
%
Ou
tpu
t
Pow
er
(Po)
watt
Inp
ut
Pow
er
(Pi
)
watt
Act
ual
Dis
charg
e
(Qact
) x
10
-
3
m3\s
ec
Tim
e
tak
en f
or
Nr
revolu
tio
n t
S
Tim
e ta
ken
for
‘h’
rise
of
wate
r
(t)
S
Tota
l
Hea
d
(H)
m o
f
wate
r
Del
iver
y
Hea
d
(Hd
) m
of
wate
r
Del
iver
y
Gau
ge
Rea
din
g
(hd
) m
of
wate
r
Su
ctio
n
hea
d H
s
m o
f
wate
r
Su
ctio
n
gau
ge
Hs
m
of
wa
ter
S.
no
PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP
Exp No: 6
Date:
AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x y / t (m3 / s)
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m
2)
y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + Hs + Z
Where:
Hd = Discharge head; Hd = Pd x 10, m
Hs = Suction head; Pd = Ps x 0.0136, m
Z = Datum head, m
Pd = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
Ps = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg
3. INPUT POWER:
Pi = (3600 N) / (E T) (Kw)
Where,
N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
E = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
T = time taken for ‘N’ revolutions (seconds)
4. OUTPUT POWER:
Po = ρ x g x Q x H / 1000 (Kw)
Where,
ρ = Density of water (kg / m³)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Q = Discharge (m3 / sec)
5. EFFICIENCY:
o = (Output power po / input power pi) 100 %
Where,
Po = Output power KW
Pi = Input power KW
PROCEDURE:
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.
GRAPHS:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
RESULT:
The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the efficiency is
calculated …………… %
%
Ou
tpu
t
pow
er
Po k
w
Mea
n =
Inp
ut
pow
er
Pi
kw
Tim
e ta
ken
for
N r
ev o
f
ener
gy m
ete
r
dis
c t
se
c
Act
ual
dis
cha
rge
Qa
ct
m³/
s
Tim
e ta
ken
for
10 c
m o
f ri
se o
f
wate
r in
tan
k t
sec
Tota
l
hea
d
H
Datu
m
hea
d Z
m
Su
ctio
n
hea
d H
s
= P
s x
0.0
136
Del
iver
y
hea
d
Hd
=P
dx10
.0
Su
ctio
n
pre
ssu
re
read
ing
Ps
mm
of
Hg
Del
iver
y
pre
ssu
re
read
ing
Pd
k
g /
cm2
S . n o
DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR
THE V-NOTCH
Exp No: 7
Date:
AIM:
Determination of co-efficient of discharge for the v-notch of given angle using FRANCT’S
formula and hence determines its notch constants.
THEORY:
Liquid flow in an open channel may be method by means of a weir, which consists of a
cam over which or through a notch ‘m’ which the liquid flows the terms rectangular well, triangle
well, etc. Generally refers to the shape of notch can accumulate a wide range of flow rates
although this in turn reduces its accuracy.
FORMULAE:
By experimental
Qth
= 0.53 Cd 2𝑔 tan Ө/2 H2.5
By graphical
Cd = 1.875 k / ( 2𝑔 tan Ө/2)
Cd, g & Ө are constant throughout the experiment the equation recomes,
Q = kHn
Taking log on both sides
ln Q = ln k + n ln H
n, k – constants evaluated from plot of H(vs)Q
NOMENCLATURE:
h1 & h2 – Level of manometer m
w – Weight of flowing fluid, kg
t – Time
g – Acceleration due to gravity
m – Mass of flow rate kg/s
f – Density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3
Ө – Angle of notch degree
H – Wt of liquid above open of notch m
Q – Volumetric flow rate m3/s
PROCEDURE:
1. The weight below the apex of the notch is measured.
2. Then allow the water to flow over the notch until the steady state is reached.
3. The height of the liquid above the notch apex is determined.
4. The mass flow rate for the same height of the liquid is measured and
5. The procedure is repeated for various flow rate.
GRAPH:
Actual discharge Vs Total head
RESULT:
The notch constants are k
The co-efficient of discharge
(i) By experimental Cd =
(ii) By graphical Cd =
OBSERVATION:
h1 – Intial height = 0.021 m
Ө = angle of notch = 60o
Hs/
2
×10
-9
m
Q a
ct
x10
-3
m3\s
ec
Cd
H
×10
-3 m
Qth
×10
-4
m3/s
mo
kg
/s
Wei
gh
t
kg
Tim
e
[s]
h2
×10
-2 m
S.n
o
FLOW THROUGH HELICAL COIL
Exp No: 8
Date:
AIM:
To compare the fractional factor characteristic curve of coil with that of conventional pipe
having some length diameter and roughness. Hence the critical NRP for fluid through coils.
THEORY:
Whenever fluid flows in a contact there will be a pressure drop along with the direction of
flow in pipe by knowing Δp and friction. Δp can be calculated (or) vice versa. The flow equation is
valid for steady flow in uniform circular pipes running fluid under isothermal condition and
considering the roughness inside the surface of the pipe.
However the modified tanning factor is applicable when the flow is through coil. Thus flow
for through curved pipe of coil a secondary calculation of fluid called double eddy or dean effect
take place in a plane at right angle to main flow. Because of this calculation. There is friction loss
in curved pipe can be expressed in the forms of equivalent length Le of straight pipe.
The equivalent length Le is calculated from standard graphs expressing functions of Reynold’s
number critical NRec is calculated by equation
NRec = 2100 [1+12 D
𝐷𝑐 ]
FORMULA:
Tanning friction factor
f = ΔpDC
2V2Lp
Where, Δp = Rm (ρm – ρf )g N/m2
Relation between coil friction factor and NRe
Fc = 0.08 NRe-0.25
+ 0.01 (D/Dc) 0.5
NOMENCLATURE:
h1, h2 – Level of manometer (m)
w – Weight of flowing fluid (kg)
t – Time in sec
g – Acceleration due to gravity m/s2
Rm – Difference in level of manometer (m)
ρf - Density of the flowing fluid (kg/m3)
V – Velocity of the flowing fluid (m/s)
ρm – Density of the manometric fluid
μ – Viscosity of the flowing fluid (Ns/m2)
Δp – Pressure drop (N/m)
L – Length of pipe (m)
De – Coil diameter (m)
f – Tanning function factor
NRe - Reynold’s number
m* - Mall flow rate (kg/s)
fc – Frictional factor of coil
NRec – critical Reynold’s number
PROCEDURE:
1. First ensure that there is no air bubbles in the flow passage.
2. Then allow the water to flow through coils.
3. After steady state is attained.
4. Note down the pressure difference in the manometer and mass flow rate.
5. Repeat the procedure for various flows and calculate f & NRe.
GRAPH:
NRe Vs F
NRe Vs Fc
RESULT:
The relationship between the parameter tube NRe and f for the convention pipe has been
compared with that of coil.
The critical NRec of the coil was calculated reported NRec =
OBSERVATION:
Length of the coil = 550 mm
Diameter of pipe = 16.3 mm
Density of the fluid, ρf =1000 kg/m3
Density of manometer fluid ρm = 13600 kg/m3
Viscosity of fluid μ = 0.001 Ns/m2
Diameter of the coil D = 610 mm
A = πr2 =
3.14
4 × (0.0163)
2 × 10
-6
= 2.086 × 10-4
m
F
×10
-3
NR
ec
Fc
×10
-3
NR
e
μ
m/s
e c
×10
-4
m/s
mx
kg/s
t [S]
w
kg
Δp
N/m
2
Rm
×10
-2
m
h2
×10
-2
m
h1
×10
-2
m
S.n
o
FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PIPE FITTINGS
Exp No: 9
Date:
AIM:
To find the less co-efficient for the given valve under full and half opening conditions and
for pipe fittings.
THEORY:
Valves and pipe fittings disturb the normal flow lines causes friction in short time with
many valves and pipe fittings. The friction less from these valves and pipe fittings may be greater
than that from a straight pipe. The friction loss can be found from the equation for the given valve
and pipe fitting.
FORMULA:
HL = kf × v/2g
HL = Rm ( 𝜌𝑚−𝜌𝑓
𝜌𝑓 )
NOMENCLATURE:
w – Weight of flowing fluid kg
t - Time (s)
Rm – Difference in level of manometer
Q – Volumetric flow rate m3/s
V – Average velocity of the flowing fluid m/s
ρf – Density of the flowing fluid kg/m3
H1 – Friction loss by pipe fitting or valve (m)
Kf – Loss factor of the valve (or) pipe fitting
g – Acceleration due to gravity m3/s
D – Diameter of the pipe m
PROCEDURE:
1. The manometer is connected across the fitting of valve.
2. The valve is kept in half opened (or) fully opened condition for which loss factor can be
determined.
3. The air bubble is released from manometer by allowing the fluid to flow through the
pipe.
4. The rotor meter and manometer readings are noted down for various flow rates.
5. The same procedure is repeated for any one pipe fitting (90o bend).
GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn
V2/2g Vs H for valve
[Both full and half opening] and pipe fitting
RESULT:
The loss co-efficient of given valve
1) For half opening
By experiment =
By graph =
2) For full opening
By experiment =
By graph =
3) For pipe fitting (90o elbow)
By experimental =
By graph =
OBSERVATION:
Diameter of the pipe D = 22 m
Density of the fluid ρf = 1000 kg/m3
Density of the manometer fluid ρm = 1595 kg/m3
Valve at full opening:
s.no
Rm
×10-2
m
H2
×10-2
m
w
t
s
ρ
×10-3
m3/s
V
m/s
kf
V2/2g
m
Valve at half opening:
s.no
Rm
×10-2
m
H
×10-3
m
w
kg
t
s
S
×10-3
m/s
V
m/s
kf
V2/2g
m
For pipe fitting (90o elbow):
s.no
Rm
×10-2
m
H
×10-3
m
w
kg
t
s
S
×10-3
m/s
V
m/s
kf
V2/2g
m
VERIFYING THE BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
Exp No: 10
Date:
AIM:
To verify the Bernouli’s theorem experimentally total head is constant at all point.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1) Bernoulis apparatus
2) Scale and stop watch
ASSUMPTION:
The application of Bernouli’s equation is strictly made according to the following
assumption.
1. Flow non viscous
2. Flow is steady flow
3. Flow is irrotational
FORMULAE:
1. Area of Collecting Tank (A)
A = l*b
2. Discharge (Q)
Q = A*R/T
3. Velocity (V)
V= Q/A
4. Velocity load
V2/2g
5. Datum head pressure
(Z+ ρw)
6. Total head
(Z+ ρw)* V2/2g
NOMENCLATURE:
A – Level of manometer m
l – Length of the collecting tank, m
b – Breadth of the collecting tank, m
g – Acceleration due to gravity
ρw – Density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3
R – Rise of water level, m
Z – Datum Head m
Q – Volumetric flow rate m3/s
PROCEDURE:
1. Open the inlet valve in the supply tank to get a ready flow
2. Open the valve fitted outlet of the diet.
3. For h meter of water collection of the tank note the time elapsed ‘t’ in second.
4. Assume the base of the apparatus as data in measure the height of the water level in
the piezometer tube above the base measure the cross section of duct at the
respective piezometer tube.
5. Repeat the experiment by varying the discharge with the help of out value. Note the
water level in the piezometer tubes.
6. Tabulate the readings and calculate the average value of total head.
RESULT:
From the observation and tabulation concluded that the total head at all sections of the duct
remains constant. This is proves the Bernoulli’s theorem.
OBSERVATION:
Dimension of collecting tank
Length (l) = 300 mm – 0.3 m
Breadth (b) = 0.3 m
Rise of water level (R) = 1000 mm = 0.1 mm
s.no
Time taken
for 4 cm
rise
Discharge
Ag/T
(m3/s)
Duel area
depth a
(m)
Velocity
V =Z/a
m/s
Velocity
head
V2/2g
Data head
pressure
(z+ ρw) m
Total load
(z+ ρw)
* V2/2g