fmd ecology: collaborative studies...fmd ecology: collaborative studies anna ludi, zaheer ahmed,...
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FMD Ecology: Collaborative
Studies
Anna Ludi, Zaheer Ahmed, Steve Pauszek,
Jonathan Arzt and Luis L. Rodriguez
Plum Island Animal Disease Center
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Disease Ecology
• Differs from a traditional medical approach
in that it’s not concerned with describing
the pathology of individuals
• Differs from epidemiology in that the
emphasis is on general processes of host
population, environment and agent
interactions – long term maintenance
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Epidemiology vs Ecology?
• Epidemiology: the study of the determinants of disease
and injuries
– What causes disease? Where and When?
– Mechanistic
• Disease ecology: the study of the underlying principles
that influence the spatio-temporal patterns of disease
– Adds the Why to the equation, (e.g. why do patterns of disease
occur as they do?)
– Conceptual: what variables play roles on disease
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Pathogenesis
Route of entry
Dissemination
Genetic background
Genetic determinants of virulence
Patterns of EvolutionClimate change
Environmental disruptions
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FMD Ecology
• Epidemiological knowledge on FMD
clinical occurrence is large• Geographic distribution (pools) of serotypes/
topotypes derived primarily from clinical
occurrence
• Little known about FMD ecology:
– Where is FMD between outbreaks?
– Role of persistence (e.g Asian buffalo) in long
term maintenance?
– What determines emergence of epidemic
viral strains?
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Objectives• 1. To better understand the ecology of FMDV circulating in selected
endemic regions of Asia and Africa
• 1.1 Acute Clinical Samples: conduct systematic FMD monitoring program to
determine the molecular epidemiology of FMDV in local livestock
• 1.2 Collect samples from subclinical and persistently infected animals
(longitudinal field study)
• 1.3 Understand role of Asian buffalo on FMD transmission
• 2. To determine the phylogenetic relationships of FMDV strains in endemic
regions
• 3. To determine the antigenic relationship (vaccine matching) of FMDV
strains circulating in the selected regions with currently available vaccine
strains
• 3.1 Establish panel of reference cattle sera for vaccine matching testing
• 3.2 Measure antigenic relationship of field FMDV strains with reference
vaccine sera
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PAKISTAN
CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCAL ISOLATES OF FMDV AND
DEVELOPMENT OF VECTOR BASED VACCINES
58-1940-7-161F; 057 002S
9/1/2007 - 8/31/2012
REAL TIME DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH CAPACITY
BUILDING TOWARDS FMD CONTROL IN PAKISTAN
1940-32000-052-14S
09/27/20 12 - 09/27/2014
Dr. Khalid Naeem – NARC
Dr. Umer Farooq – NARC
Dr. Muhammadimam Afzal, FAO
Dr. Manzoor Hussain, NVL
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Objectives
• In collaboration with the Center for Animal Disease Modeling Systems at UC Davis carry out genomic evaluation of field isolates using BioPortal
• Vaccine matching using sera derived from:– Trivalent Merial and ARRIAH vaccine
– Cattle and buffaloes
– Days 0, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90
• Persistence studies in cattle and buffaloes in a natural setting– Sample collection at farms in high risk areas
• Anatomical pathology of persistence of FMDV in cattle and buffaloes– FMDV positive cases will be slaughtered and samples of Naso-pharynx, top
of pharynx, dorsal of palate, regional lymph nodes and tonsils will be taken
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Accomplishments
TASK 1.1 – Acute Clinical Samples
• 42 P1 FMDV sequences have been obtained
• 85 samples currently in the process of being shipped
TASK 1.2 – Longitudinal Field Study
• 4th rounds of sampling currently taking place of NSP positive animals
• Initially 300 samples were collected with 233 being positive for NSP
• NSP-ELISA, RT-PCR and virus isolation is currently being undertaken in Pakistan
TASK 3.1 – Establish panel of reference sera for vaccine matching testing
• 144 sera samples collected:– against both Merial and ARRIAH vaccine
– Cattle and buffaloes
– Sera collected days 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90
OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS -
• Training session in Pakistan to teach epidemiology, bio-portal, cell culture and virus isolation
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# of samples Year Region Species Serotype
3 2008 ICT Cattle A
5 2009 Sindh Cattle & Buffaloes A & O
10 2010 Punjab Cattle & Buffaloes O
12 2011 Punjab Cattle O & Asia 1
12 2011 Sindh Buffaloes Asia 1, O or mixed infection
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Significant amino acid and nucleotide variations were
associated with spatial distance, but not with differences
in host species, consistent with the frequent multispecies
infection of this serotype O FMDV.
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Future Planned Work
• Continued collaboration with UC Davis to utilize BioPortal to map all outbreaks detected
• Carry out vaccine matching with serotype O, A and Asia 1 to answer following questions:
• Is there a difference between neutralization titers obtained amongst cattle and buffaloes?
• What is the neutralization responds of animals having maternal antibodies?
• How are neutralization values affected by using trivalent vaccines (comparison will be made in collaboration with IAH, WRL)
• If funding allows in vivo testing of results (ie vaccine challenge studies)
• Characterization of persistent virus and phylogenetic comparison with strains causing outbreaks in the same regions
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VIETNAMMOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY, SURVEILLANCE AND
PREDICTIVE TOOLS FOR FMD CONTROL IN VIETNAM
58-1940-0-070F, 057 14S
6/1/2010-9/30/2012
Dr. Thanh Long Ngo, DAH,
HCMC
Dr. Ho Huu Dung, DAH, Hanoi
Dr. Carla Huston, Mississippi
State University
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Objectives
• Molecular epidemiology of FMDV in local livestock including
cattle, buffaloes and pigs
• To better understand the transmission mechanism of
persistently infected to susceptible livestock in natural setting
• Enhance strategies for identification of persistently infected
animals using new technology
• Vaccine matching to asses efficacy against currently circulating
strains.
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AccomplishmentsTASK 1.1 – Acute Clinical Samples
• Received 69 samples:
– Samples collected during outbreak
– Pigs, buffaloes and cattle
– Northern and Southern Vietnam
• Preliminary sequencing from 43 samples identifies serotypes A and O
TASK 1.2 – Longitudinal Field Study
• HCMC region – finished collecting samples for the third time; probang after second sampling indicated 11 positive animals on 9 farms
• Hanoi-SonLa region – third round of sampling now taking place; 9 carrier cattle and 5 carrier buffalo have been identified
TASK 3.1 – Vaccine Matching Testing
• Possibility of obtaining monovalent serotype O sera
Other Accomplishments
• Trained Saigon and Hanoi veterinarians in theoretical and practical aspects of probang sampling
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Future Planned Work
• Dr. Jonathan Arzt to visit before the end of the year
18 persistent buffalos identified for necropsy and detailed
tissue distribution analysis
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CAMEROONTRANSMISSION AND EVOLUTION STUDIES OF FMDV IN
LIVESTOCK IN THE LAKE CHAD BASIN58-1940-0-047N, 05713 – Non-Funded
04/01/2010 to 04/30/2015
Dr. Rebecca Garabed, Ohio
State University
Dr. Simon Dickmu, LANAVET
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Objective
• To understand the epidemiology of infectious diseases in the
ecological context of networks of host movement
• How different networks of livestock movement affect disease
epidemiology
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Accomplishments
TASK 1.1 – Acute Clinical Samples
• Sequencing has shown serotypes O and SAT 2
– Currently in the process of obtaining full P1 sequences on 12 samples
– Another 76 rRT-PCR positive samples to be processed
TASK 1.2 – Longitudinal Field Study
• 385 serum samples have been analyzed using virus
neutralization -Serotypes O, A and SAT2
Other Accomplishments
• In the process of writing manuscript
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Accomplishments
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Number of serotypes
Cattle infected with numerous serotypes
Market
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FMDV serotypes prevalent in Cameroon from 2010-2012
Serotype O
Serotype A
Serotype SAT1
Serotype SAT2
Serotype SAT3
SAT 2 incursion into Northern Africa?
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Outcomes
• What new project ideas have been created?
– Multiple FMDV serotypes co-infecting same animals,
what is the mechanism? How many viruses co-exist
in same animal?
– FMDV strains SAT2 serotype detected in Cameroon
2010-2011, is this the SAT2 that incursioned into
north Africa?
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Future Planned Work
UNDERSTANDING THE ECOLOGY OF
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUSES
CIRCULATING IN CAMEROON Not yet established - 057 42S
06/01/12-05/31/14 (pending signatures)
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