fmh606+master prcent 26 prcent 23039 prcent 3bs+thesis+2011+including+descriptions

Adress: Kjølnes ring 56, NO-3918 Porsgrunn, Norway. Phone: 35 57 50 00. Fax: 35 55 75 47.

Telemark University College Faculty of Technology

FMH606 Master's Thesis Spring 2011

This document describes the main thesis proposals. Please send an email to [email protected] with this information: student number, name, programme and your priorities (ID and priority number 1, 2, 3 and 4). Alternatively, make a printout of the table and fill in the requested information before handing it over to Lars-André Tokheim or Nils-Olav Skeie. The deadline for choosing topic is Monday 13 December 2010.

Student number: ____________________ Student name: ____________________ Programme (PT/EET/SCE): ____________________ ID Title Supervisor(s) Students External

partner Priority (indicate with 1, 2, 3 and 4)

1 Comparison of oil droplet sizing techniques – Laser Diffraction vs. Optical video technique

Knut Vågsæther PT (reserved)

M-I Epcon Reserved

2 Modeling and simulation of Calcium Nitrate use in Biogas production processes

Rune Bakke and Deshai Botheju

PT, EET or SCE

Yara International

3 Large scale test of Calcium Nitrate for optimization of Biogas production processes


EET Yara International

4 Pilot scale biogas process performance

Rune Bakke and Wenche Bergland

EET -

5 Biogas production of co-digestion of manure and apple waste

Rune Bakke and Wenche Bergland

EET -

6 Nitrification of digested cow manure


EET Foss farm (Knut Vassdal)

7 Methane production combining digestion and photo synthesis

Rune Bakke, Lars Erik Øi and Finn Haugen

EET -

8 Adapting the standard ADM1 model to an experimental biogas reactor

Rune Bakke, Finn Haugen, Deshai Botheju

EET, PT or SCE

-

9 Automatic models for

geographic analysis applied to railway lines

Marius Lysaker PT or SCE Jernbaneverket and Geodata AS

10 Densities of CO2-loaded aqueous amine solutions

Dag Eimer and Morten Chr. Melaaen

PT or EET Tel-Tek (Han Jingyi)

11 Physical solubility and mass transfer of carbon dioxide in aqueous MEA solutions via volume-drop method

Dag Eimer PT or EET Tel-Tek (Ying Jiru)

12 Embedded CO2 cost in industrial products

Wilhelm Rondeel

EET or PT Tel-Tek (Arne Anundskås)

13 CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegatt region – transport options

Wilhelm Rondeel

EET, PT or SCE

Tel-Tek (Anette Mathisen)

14 Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus simulation programs for CO2 absorption

Lars Erik Øi PT or EET -

15 Cost estimation of CO2 removal based on process simulation and equipment dimensioning

Lars Erik Øi PT or EET -

16 Development of CO2 removal process optimization methodology based on process simulation and cost estimation tools

Lars Erik Øi EET (reserved)

University of Kiev

Reserved

17 Multiphase flow simulations using Leda-Flow together with K-Spice

Britt Halvorsen PT (reserved)

Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies

Reserved

18 Inflow control and packers in horizontal oil wells


Statoil Research Centre Porsgrunn (Dr.ing Vidar Mathiesen)

Reserved

19 Improving the efficiency of a coal power plant using CLC


RB Kolubara (ESP) Serbia

Reserved

20 Inflow control and packers in horizontal oil wells


Statoil Research Centre Porsgrunn (Atle Johnsen Gyllensten)

Reserved

21 Butane dehydrogenation Klaus-Joachim Jens

PT or EET Norner Innovation AS

22 Analysis of oxidative degradation of amines by Ion Chromatography

Klaus-Joachim Jens

PT or EET Tel-Tek (Wang Tielin)

23 HPLC analysis of amine waste originating from a CO2 capture unit

Klaus-Joachim Jens

PT or EET Tel-Tek (Jon Hovland)

24 Determination of equilibrium constants for the CO2 capture reaction by amines

Klaus-Joachim Jens and Gamunu Arachchige

PT or EET Statoil

25 Biomass Micro Fuel combustion Lars-André PT or EET Huazhong

in laboratory kiln Tokheim University of Science and Technology (Xiao Bo)

26 Evaluation of rotary kiln modelling results by experimental data from full-scale tests

Lars-André Tokheim and Hiromi Ariyaratne

SCE, PT or EET

Norcem (Arnstein Jakobsen; Jarle Jacobsen)

27 Laser measurements of fire water droplet

Dag Bjerketvedt, Knut Vågsæther, Marius Lysaker and André Gaathaug

PT, EET or SCE

Statoil

28 CO2 shock tube Dag Bjerketvedt, Knut Vågsæther and André Gaathaug

PT or EET Statoil

29 Explosions of hydrogen-air in confined spaces

Dag Bjerketvedt, Knut Vågsæther and André Gaathaug

PT or EET Statoil and IEA HIA Task 31 project

30 Control and optimisation of ‘Kragerø-vassdraget’

Bjørn Glemmestad and Dietmar Winkler

SCE (Reserved)

Skagerak Kraft (Gunne Hegglid)

Reserved

31 Gas lift control and optimisation for a field with five oil wells

Bjørn Glemmestad

SCE Statoil (Kjetil Fjalestad)

32 Flow rate estimation and data reconciliation for gas lifted oil wells

Bjørn Glemmestad / Carlos Pfeiffer

PT or SCE Statoil (Geir Arne Evjen og Kjetil Fjalestad)

33 Use of MPC in hydropower plants

Bjørn Glemmestad and Wenjing Zhou

SCE -

34 Surge control for subsea turbo compressors and multi-phase pumps using cascade-loop with torque or power control as the inner fast loop

Bjørn Glemmestad

SCE FMC Kongsberg Subsea, Process Department, Asker

35 Modeling and predictive control of a tubular bioreactor

Bernt Lie SCE ISEL, Lisboa (José Igreja)

36 Port-Hamiltonian modeling and control of hydro power systems

Bernt Lie SCE -

37 Modeling for control of hydro power systems

Bernt Lie SCE -

38 Design study of laboratory hydro power plant

Bernt Lie SCE -

39 Optimal location of sensors in dynamic system

Bernt Lie SCE Statoil (Alexey Pavlov and Kjetil Fjalestad)

40 Networked model predictive control (N-MPC) for serial large scale processes

Bernt Lie SCE ISEL, Lisboa (José Igreja)

41 Power production from osmotic pressure difference between fresh water and sea water

Bernt Lie PT or EET ISEL, Lisboa (João Gomes)

42 Modelling and control of industrial boilers and furnaces

Carlos Pfeiffer SCE, PT or EET

-

43 Tuning techniques for Linear Model Predictive Control

Carlos Pfeiffer SCE, PT or EET

-

44 Modeling, Identification and Control of separator

David Di Ruscio SCE Statoil (Kjetil Fjalestad)

45 Discrete LQ optimal control and MPC with integral action


46 Optimal PI controller tuning based on integrator plus time delay models


47 System identification for weather forecasting

David Di Ruscio and Bernt Lie

SCE -

48 Development of a Model for estimation of the longitudinal and transversal slope of a road based on data from a tri-axis gyroscope and accelerometer sensor

David Di Ruscio SCE Olsense Technology (Ole Olsen)

49 Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation using JModelica.org

Dietmar Winkler SCE -

50 Stability Analysis of AGC in the Norwegian Energy System

Dietmar Winkler SCE (Reserved)

Skagerak Kraft / Statkraft

Reserved

51 New developments in acoustic chemometrics - assessment of 3-axial accelerometers and flow conditioners for process monitoring of liquid/liquid, liquid/gas, solids/gas systems

Maths Halstensen, Benjamin Kaku Arvoh and Felicia Nkem Ihunegbo

SCE -

52 ModBus protocol tester with record/replay option

Nils-Olav Skeie SCE KROHNE Skarpenord (Håkon Tjelland)

53 Wireless Sensor Network based on RFID sensors, with system integration

Morten Pedersen and Nils-Olav Skeie

SCE Pepperl+Fuchs (Agnar Sæland)

54 Monitoring and control of Lithium-ion batteries

Magne Waskaas and Nils-Olav Skeie

PT, EET or SCE

-

55 Data Fusion with ERT & ECT for image enhancement in interface detection in pipe separators

Saba Mylvaganam, Britt Halvorsen, Yan Ru, Chaminda Pradeep and Christo Rautenbach

SCE PTL Ltd., Manchester and University of Manchester

56 Tomographic approach to flow regime identification in multiphase flow

Saba Mylvaganam, Yan Ru,

SCE or PT PTL Ltd., Manchester and University of

Chaminda Pradeep and Christo Rautenbach

Manchester

57 Ultrasonic Level Measurements with buffer rods

Saba Mylvaganam

SCE Tel-Tek (Håkon Viumdal) and Hydro (Morten Liane and Bjørn Petter Moxnes)

58 System Integration of NI WSN in DELTA V platform

Saba Mylvaganam and Hans Petter Halvorsen

SCE National Instruments and Emerson Process Management

59 Flow regime detection in different particles using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Saba Mylvaganam, Britt Halvorsen, Yan Ru and Christo Rautenbach

SCE or PT PTL Ltd., Manchester

60 Use of CANbus X-analyser from Softing to access CANbus subsea instruments

Saba Mylvaganam

SCE (Reserved)

GE Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Systems

Reserved

61 Test unit for CO2 capture solvent

Hans Petter Halvorsen and Klaus-Joachim Jens

SCE Tel-Tek

62 Optimization of a Jenike tester Gisle Enstad EET, PT or SCE

-

63 Powder Power – a feasibility study

Gisle Enstad EET, PT or SCE

Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC (Songxiong Ding)

64 Measurement of minimum fluidisation velocity with an elevated temperature fluidisation rig

Gisle Enstad PT Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC (Songxiong Ding)

65 Particle size reduction with a pin mill

Gisle Enstad PT Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC (Songxiong Ding)

66 Determination of Particle Velocities in Pneumatic Conveying

Gisle Enstad PT or EET Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC (Chandana Ratnayake)

67 Development of a connection card for battery packs in electrical cars

Dietmar Winkler and Nils-Olav Skeie

SCE MiljøBil Grenland (E. Engen and R. Stoiber)



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Comparison of oil droplet sizing techniques – Laser Diffraction vs. Optical video technique. TUC supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Knut Vågsæther External partner: M-I Epcon Task description:

- Do a literature review of Laser diffraction and Optical video technique. - Plan and perform experiments with different drop size distributions in the M-I Epcon

test rig. - Use both Malvern Mastersizer and Advanced Sensors OiW. - Write a report.

Task background: Determination of oil droplet sizes in produced water is important to predict and understand oil removal efficiencies for various oil removal equipment. One can often see that the oil removal process is linked to a certain oil droplet size. Typical and standard method for oil droplet sizing is use of Laser Diffraction techniques, such as manual sampling for Malvern Mastersizer, but online technique is also available. More recently one other method has reach the marked and the oil industry. This new method is based on online video camera technique (optical) and is equipped with software that will count visual droplets and particles in the produced water. Software can also to some extent divide these substances into oil and particles. Comparison has already shown discrepancies, and it is important to learn more on how to compare results from the two methods.

Student: Marius Røring (2PT), reserved Practical arrangements: Experiments will be performed at M-I Epcon. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Modeling and simulation of Calcium Nitrate use in Biogas production processes TUC supervisor: Prof. Rune Bakke and Post doc Deshai Botheju External partner: Yara International Task description: The existing model for Oxygen shall be adapted to Nitrate and calibrated based on laboratory data. The model may also be expanded as needed to handle observed process behaviour. Task background: Biogas production is essential for renewable energy supply. It has been found that the addition of Oxygen as well as Calcium Nitrate is a possibility to enhance digestion; increase CH4 production and reduce H2S formation. For the Oxygen optimized process a model was already built up and calibrated with tests on micro aeration. It seems to be necessary for a better understanding to perform similar for Calcium Nitrate application: Yara has a global business based upon controlled dosing of calcium nitrate in municipal and industrial sewer systems to prevent emissions of H2S. The company is continuously searching for new applications related to the existing. This project fits very well into their development strategy. Student category: PT, EET or SCE students Practical arrangements: The Master Thesis will be performed At TUC in cooperation with Yara International, by Wolfram Franke at Yara Technology Centre in Porsgrunn Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Large scale test of Calcium Nitrate for optimization of Biogas production processes TUC supervisor: Prof. Rune Bakke and Post doc Deshai Botheju External partner: Yara International Task description: The use of Calcium Nitrate shall be tested in a digester on a waste water treatment plant. Results will later on be joined with results from a large scale test performed on an agricultural biogas plant in Germany. Result of the Thesis shall be a comparison of Calcium Nitrate treated/untreated systems as well as waste water treatment plant versus agricultural plant. Task background: Biogas production is essential for renewable energy supply. It has been found that the addition of Oxygen as well as Calcium Nitrate is a possibility to enhance digestion; increase CH4 production and reduce H2S formation. For the Oxygen optimized process a model was already built up and calibrated with tests on micro aeration. It seems to be necessary for a better understanding to perform similar for Calcium Nitrate application: Yara has a global business based upon controlled dosing of calcium nitrate in municipal and industrial sewer systems to prevent emissions of H2S. The company is continuously searching for new applications related to the existing. This project fits very well into their development strategy. Student category: EET students Practical arrangements: The Master Thesis will be performed At TUC in cooperation with Yara International, by Wolfram Franke at Yara Technology Centre in Porsgrunn Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Pilot scale biogas process performance TUC supervisor: Prof. Rune Bakke and Assist. Prof. Wenche Bergland External partner: Task description: Run an AD pilot reactor treating apple waste to optimize and document its performance. Make mass and energy balances. Model and simulate the process. Evaluate the automatic control system. Task background: A research objective is to optimize biogas processes, which includes the development of methods to enhance the process efficiency and stability. The pilot reactor in the process hall is an instrument for this purpose. Student category: EET students Practical arrangements: Provided by TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Biogas production of co-digestion of manure and apple waste TUC supervisor: Prof. Rune Bakke and Assist. Prof. Wenche Bergland External partner: Task description: Run many batch AD reactors treating various mixtures of apple waste and pig manure to identify good mixtures for biogas production performance. Make mass and energy balances. Model and simulate full scale plants. Task background: A research objective is to optimize biogas processes, which includes the development of methods to enhance the process efficiency and stability, including co-digestion of waste materials. Student category: EET students Practical arrangements: Provided by TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Nitrification of digested cow manure TUC supervisor: Prof. Rune Bakke and Post doc Deshai Botheju External partner: Knut Vasdal, Foss farm Task description: Run fed batch pilot nitrifying reactors treating cow manure that has been through anaerobic digestion for biogas production to document its performance. Make mass and energy balances. Model and simulate the process. Evaluate the concept. Task background: A research objective is to optimize biogas processes, but AD processes are not very economically attractive in agriculture unless added value for the manure as fertilizer is also obtained. A combination of new biogas process and the production of a valuable nitrified liquid fertilizer can make AD solutions more favourable. The combined concept is tested independently in lab scale and pilot processes in field tests on cow manure for the AD part. Nitrification is only tested in lab. More work is therefore required to combine the key process steps in pilot scale. A proposed project is intended to test nitrification in lab and pilot scale of the liquid effluent from the existing AD pilot plant at Foss farm in Skien, and to evaluate quality and value of the nitrified fertilizer. Student category: EET students Practical arrangements: Provided by TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Methane production combining digestion and photo synthesis TUC supervisor: Prof. Rune Bakke, Assoc. Prof. Lars Erik Øi and Assoc. Prof. Finn Haugen External partner: Task description: Make mathematical models of process combinations for biogas production. Implement the models on selected simulation platforms and evaluate the usefulness of these platforms for various simulation purposes. Simulate hypothetical cases to identify potentially sustainable process combinations. Task background: A research objective is to optimize biogas processes, but AD processes are generally not very economically attractive. Modeling and simulations are attractive tools to search for the most feasible process plant designs. Student category: EET students Practical arrangements: Provided by TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Adapting the standard ADM1 model to an experimental biogas reactor TUC supervisor: Rune Bakke, Finn Haugen, Deshai Botheju External partner: Task description: ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model no. 1) is a standard model of developed by a task group in IWA( International Water Association). The main aim of this thesis is to adapt the ADM1 model to en existing experimental biogas reactor located at Telemark University College. Data files from previous experiments are available, but running new experiments is also to be considered. The ADM1 model can be simulated in Aquasim and/or Simba (both simulation tools are available at TUC). Another aim of the thesis is to give an overview over various ADM models (the ADM1 model is not the only AD model), and proper methods of model adaption. Task background: In the research activities at TUC about optimization and control of biogas production in AD (Anaerobic Digestion) reactors mathematical models play an important role. To make these models become sufficiently accurate, they must be adapted to data from experiments made on the given physical systems (reactors). Student category: EET, PT, SCE Practical arrangements: Provided by TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Automatic models for geographic analysis applied to railway lines TUC supervisor: Marius Lysaker External partner: Jernbaneverket and Geodata AS Task background: Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a rapidly growing discipline that allows for analysis of geographic data within a variety of applications. The background for this task is the need for analyzing existing railway lines. To estimate the optimal speed a train can hold along a given route, it is essential to have detailed information regarding all horizontal and vertical curvatures along the track. Horizontal curve radius is not currently documented geographically for existing railway lines in Norway and estimation of optimal speeds is currently based on manual registration. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a framework for calculating horizontal curvature along the railway and use this for recognition of areas where the horizontal curvature is above a given threshold. Task description: Basic software study

o ArcGIS Desktop o Python

Develop a mathematical framework in Python and implement user interface in ArcGIS Desktop

Investigate possible automatic solutions Compare results with results from manual registrations Student category: PT or SCE students

Practical arrangements: GIS training will be given by Geodata AS. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Densities of CO2-loaded aqueous amine solutions TUC supervisor: Prof. Dag Eimer and Morten Chr. Melaaen (co-supervisor) External partner: Han Jingyi (assistant supervisor), Tel-Tek Task description: The task is to measure densities of aqueous amine solutions loaded with CO2 to various levels at a range of temperatures. It is furthermore intended that the data shall be correlated by fitting parameters to appropriate models such that these models can account for mixture densities at various temperatures, amine concentrations and CO2 loadings. Literature review is of course part of this work. The amine in focus will be MDEA (N-Methyldiethanolamine) and DEA (Diethanolamine). The densities of unloaded MDEA and DEA solutions are available and can be used to compare and for correlation work. The work will, however, start with some work on MEA solutions to check previous measurements and to “run in” the technique for the new student. All data measured shall be analyzed and correlated. Uncertainties shall be estimated. Formal chemical engineering analysis shall be applied to all details of the method. Final thesis shall include literature review, review and description of experimental technique, theoretical treatment and a discussion of the work and achievements. Task background: In recent years, the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial gas streams has become even more important due to the focus on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The removal of CO2 is considered to be the largest contributor to the global warming, and is thus the major target for reduction.

Chemical absorption is the main method for removal of CO2. MEA has been employed as an important industrial absorbent with its rapid reaction rate, relative low cost and thermal stability. In order to improve the energy efficiency of MEA, the mass fraction of its aqueous solution is generally wanted increased. This work is an integral and important part of a big research effort financed by Statoil and the Norwegian Research Council. The focus of this project is to develop new technology for capture of CO2 from exhaust gases. This again is part of efforts made to reduce the cost of cutting climate gas emissions. Physical data including solution densities are important parameters for industrial design estimates. There is still uncharted territory. Student category: PT or EET students Practical arrangements: In the CO2 laboratory a new density meter, or meters, (Anton Paar DMA4500 and DMAHP) are available for measuring densities of liquids including CO2 loaded solutions. The density meter can operate with pressure and temperatures to cover all the range met in absorption-desorption process. There are also facilities for making gas mixtures to control the atmosphere over the solution when measuring with CO2 loadings. An automatic burette is available for titrations needed to determine liquid compositions. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Physical solubility and mass transfer of carbon dioxide in aqueous MEA solutions via volume-drop method TUC supervisor: Prof. Dag A. Eimer External partner: Tel-Tek, Ying Jiru (Jerry) (Assistant supervisor) Task description: Investigate physical solubility of CO2 in aqueous Monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions by using "N2O analogy method". It is an integral part of the work to investigate properties of the apparatus to be used. The student will use a modified experimental technique to study the physical solubilities and mass transfer coefficient of aq.MEA+CO2 system at 20-70 °C. There is a need to study experimentally properties of an improved experimental method that has been developed. Therefore, it is necessary to make a modification of the test method and measure the solubility of CO2 in aqueous MEA solutions with a wide concentration range and variation of ionic strength. All data measured shall be analyzed and correlated. Uncertainties shall be estimated. Formal chemical engineering analysis shall be applied to all details of the method. Final thesis shall include literature review, review and description of experimental technique, theoretical treatment and a discussion of the work and achievements. Task background: In recent years, the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial gas streams has become even more important due to the focus on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The removal of CO2 is considered to be the largest contributor to the global warming, and is thus the major target for reduction.

Chemical absorption is the main method for removal of CO2. MEA has been employed as an important industrial absorbent with its rapid reaction rate, relative low cost and thermal stability. In order to improve the energy efficiency of MEA, the mass fraction of its aqueous solution is generally wanted increased. This work is an integral and important part of a big research effort financed by Statoil and the Norwegian Research Council. The focus of this project is to develop new technology for capture of CO2 from exhaust gases. This again is part of efforts made to reduce the cost of cutting climate gas emissions. Physical solubility and mass transfer coefficient are important parameters for investigation of diffusivity, reaction kinetic calculations and industrial design. Even though the solubilities of N2O and CO2 in aqueous MEA solution are studied by many researchers, the reported data differs relatively much. This is probably caused by different measurement methods used and by the fact that the solubility is sensitive to operating conditions such as gas saturating, leakage from the absorption set-up and air purge. Student category: PT and EET students Practical arrangements: Laboratory facilities and apparatus will be provided. The apparatus and auxiliary equipment is ready for use. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Embedded CO2 cost in industrial products TUC supervisor: Prof. Wilhelm Rondeel, TUC External partner: Dr.ing. Arne Anundskås, TelTek Task description: The CO2 sources in the CCS project described below (Task background) are a mixture of industrial and power generation processes. Cement factories, petrochemical plants, fertilizer industry as well as gas and coal fired power stations are included. It is of importance for the project to visualize the real technical costs (independent of possible free allocations of CO2 quotas, fiscal and taxation regimes) related to the abatement of CO2 embedded in the final product. Most of the industrial partners in the project are facing tough global competition. Through this analysis the possible future challenge, in a world where the total CCS cost may have to be carried by the emitter, can be visualized. The task will most probably involve some elements of LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) and reflections related to so-called possible “carbon leakage”. The CO2 embedded in necessary external inputs, as electric power, or raw materials, to the relevant process has to be included, but treated separately, in the total analysis. In addition to the industrial processes relevant for the Interreg – Gassnova project, other industrial processes important for Norway, like aluminium and ferroalloys, could be included. An approximate cost database that contains the relevant input parameters related to CCS is available from the project database.

Task background: Telemark University College is, together with TelTek, engaged in a CO2 project on CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage), financed by industry, Gassnova (The Norwegian State) and the European Union (Interreg). The project has a focus on the complete CCS value chain, from capture, through transport options to a final storage, preferably in the Skagerrak/Kattegatt region. This project is characterized by the fact that CO2 from a number of both industrial sources and power generation, in the three Scandinavian countries, is included. Student category: EET and PT students Practical arrangements: No laboratory requirements or other special facilities needed. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: CCS in the Skagerrak/Kattegatt region – transport options TUC supervisor: Prof. Wilhelm Rondeel, TUC External partner: Ph.D. Anette Mathisen, TelTek Task description: The development of an optimized transport system for CO2 from a number of geographically distributed CO2 sources in the Skagerrak/Kattegatt region to a final storage location is an important part of the Interreg – Gassnova project described below (Task background). A primary task will be to develop a general model, or methodology, for finding a robust and cost optimized total transport concept. Input parameters like geographical locations, volumes and unit costs for ship and pipeline transport are, at a relatively approximate level, available from the project data base. It shall be a part of the task to apply the developed model/methodology on the specific parameters in the actual project, and propose a preferred concept to the project team. Task background: Telemark University College is, together with TelTek, engaged in a CO2 project on CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage), financed by industry, Gassnova (The Norwegian State) and the European Union (Interreg). The project has a focus on the complete CCS value chain, from capture, through transport options to a final storage, preferably in the Skagerrak/Kattegatt region. This project is characterized by the fact that CO2 from a number of both industrial sources and power generation, in the three Scandinavian countries, is included.

Student category: EET, PT and SCE students Practical arrangements: No laboratory requirements or other special facilities needed. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus simulation programs for CO2 absorption TUC supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Lars Erik Øi External partner: - Task description: Aims: Compare different process simulation programs especially HYSYS (Aspen HYSYS) and Aspen Plus for the calculation of CO2 removal from atmospheric exhaust gas. Tasks:

1. Literature search on process simulation of plants for CO2 removal from atmospheric exhaust.

2. Aspen HYSYS calculations of CO2 removal with absorption and desorption in an amine solution. Calculations of dependencies of different removal efficiencies, process choices, equipment dimensions and other assumptions.

3. Calculations with the simulating program Aspen Plus, and possibly with the program Promax, and make comparisons with Hysys calculations.

4. Evaluation of advantages and draw-backs with the different programs. Task background: The most actual method for removal of CO2 from atmospheric exhaust is by the help of amine solutions. Aspen HYSYS has been much used in student projects at Telemark University College for process simulation of CO2 removal. Other programs are also available. Reference:

Øi, L.E.(speaker), “Aspen HYSYS Simulation of CO2 Removal by Amine Absorption

from a Gas Based Power Plant”, SIMS2007 Conference, Gøteborg 30.-31.10.2007. Internett: http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/027/008/ecp072708.pdf

Jane Nysæter Madsen: Process Simulation Programs for CO2 Absorption, Master

Thesis, Høgskolen I Telemark, Spring 2010. Student category: PT and EET students Practical arrangements: The working place will be TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Cost estimation of CO2 removal based on process simulation and equipment dimensioning TUC supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Lars Erik Øi External partner: - Task description: Aims: Improve models for calculation, equipment dimensioning and cost estimation of CO2 removal from atmospheric exhaust gas. Evaluate the influence of different cost estimation sources. Tasks:

1. Evaluation of earlier projects on process simulation, equipment dimensioning and cost estimation of CO2 removal plants.

2. Aspen HYSYS calculations of CO2 removal with absorption and desorption in an amine solution.

3. Calculate cost estimates based on process simulation with different cost estimation data.

4. Evaluation of uncertainties in the calculations. Task background: The most actual method for removal of CO2 from atmospheric exhaust is by the help of amine solutions. Cost estimates for CO2 removal from gas based power plants have been made for Kårstø, Tjeldbergodden, Mongstad and Porsgrunn. The details in these cost estimates are normally not open available.

HYSYS has been much used in student projects at Telemark University College for process simulation and as a basis for dimensioning and cost estimation of CO2 removal. However, these calculations have large uncertainties. Telemark University College has collaborated with different companies (TelTek, Hydro, Aker Kværner, Norcem and Skagerak) which work with plans for CO2 removal. In autumn 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, Master student projects have resulted in an improved model for cost estimation using Aspen HYSYS. Student category: PT and EET students Practical arrangements: The working place will be TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Development of CO2 removal process optimization methodology based on process simulation and cost estimation tools TUC supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Lars Erik Øi External partner: University of Kiev Task description and background: To be specified later. Student: Vladyslav Shchuchenko (EET), reserved Practical arrangements: To be determined. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Multiphase flow simulations using Leda-Flow together with K-Spice TUC supervisor: Assoc. Professor Britt Halvorsen External partner: Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies Task description: Studying problems related to multiphase flow in pipelines. The student is going to use a new simulation tool for multiphase flow called Leda-Flow, in combination with the dynamic process simulator K-Spice®. K-Spice® is used for detailed design and verification of oil and gas processes and control systems at all stages of the Lifecycle process. Task background: - Student: Stian Dreyer Jonskås, reserved Practical arrangements: Work location for the thesis will be at Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies. The study and report is confidential. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Inflow control and packers in horizontal oil wells TUC supervisor: Assoc. Professor Britt Halvorsen External partner: Statoil Research Centre Porsgrunn (Dr.ing Vidar Mathiesen) Task description: The study can be divided into 3 sub-activities:

Perform a literature study to find state of the art of inflow control device and packers for horizontal oil wells, with emphasis on carbonate reservoirs.

Establish a near well model of reservoir by using CFD. Include required sub-models and perform a verification of the model versus literature data.

Perform near wells simulation of selected cases with different inflow control and packers.

Task background: Statoil is the largest oil and gas producer on the Norwegian shelf. In addition, Statoil is participating in oil and gas production in Canada, Angola, Gulf of Mexico, Libya, Russia, Brazil, Iran and Iraq among others. In Porsgrunn, Statoil has a research centre, and they are responsible for R&D related to upstream and downstream activities. Both experimental and theoretical studies are done. The research centre has an important activity related to inflow control device (ICD) in order to increase oil recovery. Practical arrangements: Work location for the thesis will be at Telemark University College, but in close relation with researchers at Statoil.

Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Improving the efficiency of a coal power plant using CLC TUC supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Britt Halvorsen External partner: RB Kolubara (ESP) Serbia Task background: The emission of CO2 from coal power plants is significant, and improvements of the power production process are needed. Separation of CO2 from the exhaust gas decreases the thermal efficiency of the power plant. It is important find methods to reduce the CO2 emission and at the same time keep the efficiency at an acceptable level. Task description: Literature study on:

Chemical Looping Combustion in combination with coal power plant. Combination of coal and biomass. Gasification.

Calculation of thermal efficiency by using alternative methods for reducing CO2 emission. The study may include a visit to:

Vienna University of Technology to meet researchers working with “Gasification” and “Chemical looping Combustion”.

Power plant (8MW) in Guessing, Austria based on a circulating fluidized bed steam blown gasifier.

Student category: Dragan Pavlovic (PT), reserved Practical arrangements: Work location for the thesis will be at RB Kolubara (ESP) Serbia Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Inflow control and packers in horizontal oil wells TUC supervisor: Assoc. Professor Britt Halvorsen External partner: Statoil Research Centre Porsgrunn (Atle Johnsen Gyllensten) Task description: Statoil want to improve the method of modelling ICD by using CFD. The Simulations will be performed with moving grid to study the force balance on a disk in the ICD. The study will include:

Simulations with Fluent/Ansys Simulations with the open source alternative OpenFOAM Comparison of the results from these two CFD tools

Task background: - Statoil is the largest oil and gas producer on the Norwegian shelf. In addition, Statoil is participating in oil and gas production in Canada, Angola, Gulf of Mexico, Libya, Russia, Brazil, Iran and Iraq among others. In Porsgrunn, Statoil has a research centre, and they are responsible for R&D related to upstream and downstream activities. Both experimental and theoretical studies are done. The research centre has an important activity related to inflow control device (ICD) in order to increase oil recovery. Student: Kjetil Brakstad, reserved Practical arrangements:

Work location for the thesis will be at Statoil, in close relation with researchers there. The study and report is confidential. The student has to sign a confidential agreement. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Butane dehydrogenation TUC supervisor: Prof. Klaus-J. Jens External partner: Norner Innovation AS Task description: Butene-1 (B-1) and butadiene (BD) are valuable petrochemical feedstocks. Recently butene-2 (B-2) has been increasingly focused as raw material for the metathesis reaction butene-to-propylene. All these molecules may be produced by n-butane dehydrogenation using i.e. the Houdry process (today: Catadiene process; chromia-alumina catalyst). The task of the project is to investigate n-butene dehydrogenation and in particular the process window with respect to yield optimization of B-1, cis/trans B-2 vs BD. This investigation shall also include, if time permits, oxydehydrogenation conditions utilizing either oxygen or CO2 as oxidant also in conjunction with a mesoporous catalyst support. Task background: Alkane dehydrogenation reactions are equilibrium limited[1] and hence recent development efforts have focused on oxidative dehydrogenation. However, the presence of oxygen also reduces olefin yield[2],[3],[4],[5]. Already in 1972 CO2 has been proposed as a ‘soft’ oxidizing agent for dehydrogenation of C2-C4 alkanes[6]. This theme has recently been re-investigated for i-butane (Cr2O3-SiO2

[7] and NiO/Al2O3 [8]catalysts) and n-butane (titanium pyrophosphate

catalyst[9]) oxydehydrogenation. Interestingly oxidative dehydrogenation supported by CO2 addition is showing promising results on catalysts containing mesoporous support materials[10]. Kinetic studies during the 1950’s and 1960’s indicate that n-butane dehydrogenation to butene-1 (B-1), butene-2 (B-2) and butadiene (BD) may be a step-wise process[11]. The relative amounts of B-1 vs cis/trans B-2 are given by the thermodynamics at reaction

conditions ; the chromia- alumina catalyst is reported to give near thermodynamic equilibrium yield[11]. The Catadiene dehydrogenation technology is optimized towards BD yield. Today B-1/B-2 interconversion technology is available[12]. But although the chromia-alumina catalyst is the classic Catadiene catalyst, optimization of B-1/B-2 vs BD yield has, to our knowledge, not been reported. This optimization could be an important piece of know-how to utilize n-alkane dehydrogenation (i.e. Catadiene) technology in a novel manner. Student category: PT, EET students Practical arrangements: The catalyst test rig is available in the process hall. The catalyst(s) is(are) to be prepared in cooperation with Norner Innovation AS. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature): [1] J. A. Moulijn, M. Makkee, A. van Diepen, Chemical Process Technology, 2007. [2] E. A. Mamedov*, V. C. Corberan, Applied Catalysis A: General 1995, 127, 1. [3] W. Liu, S. Y. Lai, H. Dai, S. Wang, H. Sun, C. T. Au*, Catalysis Today 2008, 131,

450. [4] R. Vidal-Michel, K. L. Hohn*, Journal of Catalysis 2005, 221, 127. [5] C. Larese*, J. M. Campos-Martin, J. J. Calvino, G. Blanco, J. L. G. Fierro*, Z. C.

Kang, Journal of Catalysis 2002, 208, 12. [6] D. B. Fox, E. H. Lee*, M.-H. Rei, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Product Research

Development 1972, 11, 444. [7] M. A. Botavina, G. Martra, A. Y. A., N. A. Gaidai, N. V. Nekrasov, D. V. Trushin, S.

Coluccia, A. L. Lapidus, Applied Catalysis A: General 2008, 347, 126. [8] J.-F. Ding, Z.-F. Qin, S.-W. Chen, X.-K. Li, G.-F. Wang, J.-G. Wang*, Journal of

Fuel Chemistry and Technology 2010, 38, 458. [9] F. Urlan, I.-C. Marcu*, I. Sandulescu, Catalysis Communications 2008, 9, 2403. [10] X. Zhao, X. Wang*, Catalysis Communications 2006, 7, 633. [11] S. Carra, L. Forni, C. Vintani, Journal of Catalysis 1967, 9, 154. [12] R. J. Gartside, M. I. Greene, H. Kaleem, Hydrocarbon Processing 2005, 57.



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Analysis of oxidative degradation of amines by Ion Chromatography TUC supervisor: Prof. Klaus-J. Jens External partner: Wang Tielin / Tel-Tek Task description: The task is to optimize an anion chromatography (IC) based method to identify products of oxidative degradation of amine for CO2 capture, typically MEA, AMP, etc. The degraded MEA solutions will be prepared in an autoclave at different conditions. The work includes quantitative analysis of MEA degradation products. This will require preparation of a calibration curve and measurement of different degraded samples. Furthermore, a literature review of the oxidative degradation of MEA shall be included. A comparison to the literature study is to be made. Task background: Carbon dioxide removal from flue gas streams is important to reduce its greenhouse effect. MEA is the most widely used solvent for CO2 absorption, but its use in an oxidizing environment such as a flue gas may be more limited because of oxidative degradation[1], [2], [3]. A better understanding of the possible MEA degradation pathways is important for developing a MEA oxidation inhibition strategy. This work is an integral and important part of a big research effort financed by Statoil and the Norwegian Research Council. The focus of this project is to develop new technology for capture of CO2 from exhaust gases. Student category:

PT or EET students Practical arrangements: An anion chromatograph is available for amine degradation products analysis. An autoclave and a thermostat for preparing degraded amine solutions are ready in the CO2 laboratory. This reaction unit can be operated at wide ranges of pressures and temperatures. Other facilities such as electric balance and automatic titrator are also available in the CO2 laboratory. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature): [1] B. R. Strazisar*, R. R. Anderson, C. M. White, Energy & Fuels 2003, 17, 1034. [2] H. Lepaumier, D. Picq, P.-L. Carrette*, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research

2009, 48, 9061. [3] H. Lepaumier, D. Picq, P.-L. Carrette*, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research

2009, 48, 9068.



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: HPLC analysis of amine waste originating from a CO2 capture unit TUC supervisor: Prof. Klaus-Joachim Jens Senior Engineer Nora Furuvik External partner: J. Hovland / Tel-Tek Task description: Investigation of the POPLC concept for application on aged amine absorbent/amine waste samples. Proof of concept by analysis of model amine waste samples and real samples.

o Review degraded amine analysis literature. o Using a standard test, run in the HPLC unit o Establish POPLC concept on a HPLC unit.

o Identification of the mobile phase o HPLC column identification

o POPLC demonstration on a model of a degraded amine system o Application of developed POPLC method on industrial degraded amine solution

Task background: An amine based absorption-desorption process is generally accepted as the work horse of post-combustion CO2 removal. Amine degradation1 during flue-gas clean-up is an issue of concern and current investigations. Due to the large variety of compounds formed, i.e. amine derivatives, aldehydes, organic acids, inorganic/organic salts etc, an array of analysis methods has to be employed if a complete mass balance is required. Thus there is a need to find a new fast analysis method for aged amine analysis. The traditional first step in liquid chromatographic (i.e. HPLC) analysis is stationary phase selection followed by mobile phase & operating condition optimisation2. This is due to the

1 B.R. Strazisar, R.R. Anderson, C.M. White, Energy & Fuels, 17, 1034 (2003). 2 Handbook of analytical techniques, Ed. H. Grünzler, A. Williams, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2001, Germany

simplicity of the latter two variables. The recent advent of SOS-LC3 has changed this situation4. Bischoff Chromatography is thus marketing POPLC (phase optimised LC) technology5 which is based on optimized combination of column segments with different functionalities for isocratic separation6. Student category: PT or EET students Practical arrangements: HPLC equipment is available in the instrumental analysis laboratory (E-113). Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):

3 SOS-LC: stationary phase optimised selectivity liquid chromatography 4 S.z. Nyiredy, Z. Szucs, L. Szepesy, J. Chromatogr. A, 1157, 122 (2007). 5 http://www.poplc.de (accessed 07.01.2010). 6 S.z. Nyiredy, Z. Szucs, L. Szepesy, J., Chromatographia, 63, S3 (2006).



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Determination of equilibrium constants for the CO2 capture reaction by amines TUC supervisor: Prof. Klaus–J. Jens / PhD student Gamunu Arachchige External partner: Statoil Task description: The focus of this research is to find K values of the reaction of CO2 with selected amines. These values will be experimentally determined at constant temperature [T], constant pressure [P] and constant concentration of amine solution [C] using the classical method (The Carbamino Quenching Method)1. The results are expected to be important findings for future research, because the K values for industrially interesting amines are rare in the literature. Furthermore, a literature review of reported K values of this reaction is to be prepared and critically reviewed. A summary of known methods for determination of K for the target reaction is also to be included. Task background: Carbon dioxide removal from flue gas streams is important to reduce its greenhouse effect. Amine based processes are expected to be the most widely employed because of high affinity for CO2 at low partial pressure of CO2 in the flue gas stream. However, the technology’s challenge is that it consumes much energy to regenerate the absorbent. Therefore, better absorbents which consume less energy, have higher cyclic capacity for CO2, higher mass transfer rate should be found. In order to speed up development a predictive model to find better and more intelligently formulated absorbents is needed. The current project will contribute towards this target by determination of equilibrium constants for the reaction of selected amines with CO2 since knowledge about the K values is crucial for building a realistic model. 1 Kern, D. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1960, 37 (1), 14 – 23.

Student category: PT or EET students Practical arrangements: Equipment is available in the CO2 laboratory. The carbamino quenching method is established but needs to be optimised. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis [NB: Deadline for chosing this project: 6 December]

Title: Biomass Micro Fuel combustion in laboratory kiln TUC supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Lars-André Tokheim External partner: Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Prof. Xiao Bo Task background: In cement kilns the thermal energy demand is very high, since a gas temperature of around 2000 °C is required in the rotary kiln. Traditionally, such kilns are fuelled by fossil fuels, typically pulverized coal, giving relatively high CO2 emissions. Part of the coal can be replaced by biofuels, which are considered CO2 neutral, hence reducing the net CO2 emissions. Utilization of CO2 neutral fuels in cement kilns is an important research field at TUC [1-5]. Biomass Micro Fuel (BMF) is a fine powder produced from dried biomass, preferrably waste biomass. Professor Xiao Bo at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in China has considerable experience with production and characterization of BMF [6-8], and HUST and TUC have established a research cooperation in the field of BMF combustion, focusing on the potential utilization of BMF in cement kilns [9]. During the Fall 2010 semester, a student project group characterized BMF as a fuel and compared it with other fuels [10]. A laboratory kiln is presently being constructed at HUST, and will be used for BMF combustion experiments. Task description: The project could include the following tasks:

Planning, execution and result evaluation of BMF experiments using the lab kiln at HUST If necessary, contributions to the final design of the lab kiln Thorough description of the laboratory kiln system at HUST Option: Continuation of previous work on BMF characterization

Student category: PT or EET Practical arrangements: The work will be carried at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, China, from January (or late December) to June 2011 (6 months). This is made possible through a Chinese student exchange programme, and is open for European students only (partial funding of travel/stay is available). Those interested in going, should indicate this as soon as possible (by 6 December at the latest, send an email to [email protected]), since some preparatory work (visa application etc) must be made as soon as possible. If you have any questions, don’t hesistate to ask. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature): References:

[1] Tokheim, L., 'Burning chamber installation for increased use of alternative fuels at Norcem Brevik', Proc. 7th International KHD Humboldt Wedag Symposium, Cologne, Germany, 17-19 May, 2006

[2] Tokheim, L., 'Kiln system modification for increased utilization of alternative fuels at Norcem Brevik', Cement International 4 (4), 3-8, 2006.

[3] Tokheim, L. & Brevik, P., 'Carbon dioxide emission reduction by increased utilization of waste-derived fuels in the cement industry', Proc. International Conference on Sustainability in the Cement and Concrete Industry, Lillehammer, Norway, 16-19 September 2007

[4] Tokheim, L.; Gautestad, T.; Axelsen, E. & Bjerketvedt, D., 'Energy recovery of wastes: Experience with solid alternative fuels combustion in a precalciner cement kiln', Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Incineration and Flue Gas Treatment Technologies, Brussels, Belgium, 2-4 July 2001

[5] Ariyaratne, W.; Tokheim, L. & Melaaen, M., 'Net CO2 emissions from solid recovered fuels: Evaluation of the selective dissolution method', Proc. ASME-ATI-UIT 2010 Conference on Thermal and Environmental Issues in Energy Systems, Sorrento, Italy, 16-19 May 2010

[6] Xiao, B.: “The Introduction of Ecological Energy and Biomass Micro Fuel Technology”, Technial note, Huazhong Univesity of Science and Technology, May 2007

[7] Xiao, B.: “The Future of the Bio-Energy”, Presentation, Bioenergy Workshop, Shanghai EXPO, China, October 2010 [8] Luo, S.Y., Xiao, B., Hu, Z.Q., Liu, S.M. and Guan, Y.W.: ”Experimental Study on Oxygen-Enriched Combustion of Biomass

Micro Fuel”, Energy, 34, pp. 1880-1884, 2009 [9] Tokheim, L.A.: “Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction by Combustion of Carbon-Neutral Waste Fuels in the Cement Industry”,

Presentation, Bioenergy Workshop, Shanghai EXPO, China, October 2010 [10] Al-Hawani, R., Hasli, Ø. and Li, L., “Biomass Micro Fuel combustion”, Project report, Telemark University College, November

2010



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Evaluation of rotary kiln modelling results by experimental data from full-scale tests TUC supervisors: Assoc. Prof. Lars-André Tokheim, PhD student Hiromi Ariyaratne and Prof. Morten C. Melaaen External partner: Norcem (Kiln Engineer Arnstein Jakobsen and Automation Engineeer Jarle Jacobsen) Task background: In cement kilns the thermal energy demand is very high, since a gas temperature of around 2000 °C is required in the rotary kiln. Traditionally, such kilns are fuelled by fossil fuels, typically pulverized coal, giving relatively high CO2 emissions. Part of the coal can be replaced by biofuels, which are considered CO2 neutral, hence reducing the net CO2 emissions. Utilization of CO2 neutral fuels in cement kilns is an important research field at TUC [1-5]. PhD student Hiromi Ariyaratne is investigating to what extent pulverized coal can be replaced by different types of alternative fuels in the rotary kiln burner of a cement kiln system. The research, which is executed in close cooperation with Norcem, combines laboratory tests, full-scale tests and mathematical modelling and simulation of some of the processes in the rotary kiln. The modelling work includes simple 0D- and 1D-models implemented in Matlab as well as 2D- and/or 3D-modelling using CFD analysis. For the latter part, optimized grid generation is a challenge since the combustion process involves very high inlet velocities in the burner. In the full-scale tests that are to be performed later, process data will be required to validate/verify the mathematical models. Hence, it has to be determined which data should be used and how such data could be effectively collected and/or measured. Portable equipment for measuring gas compositions, as well as equipment for measuring very high temperatures (>1100 °C) in a difficult environment, has been (or is being) purchased by TUC. This equipment will be available for making spot measurements in the full-scale process.

In addition, process data from several thousand “tags” are available from Norcem’s Process History Database (PHD). Moreover, Norcem has recently installed a new temperature scanner – continuously measuring the surface temperature of the rotating kiln shell – as well as a flame temperature pyrometer. The kiln shell temperature distribution and the flame temperature partly reflect the process going on inside the rotary kiln. Task description: The project could include the following tasks:

Give a thorough technical description of the functioning of the kiln shell temperature scanner and the flame temperature pyrometer

Evaluate the quality of the data collected by the mentioned temperature instruments Propose an efficient method to extract data from the mentioned temperature

instruments, preferrably for export to Excel or Matlab Carry out test measurements using portable equipment (available at TUC) in the full-

scale process Evaluate what process data that could/should be used for validation of mathematical

models Investigate optimum grid generation for CFD analysis of the combustion process

Student category: SCE students interested in combustion, PT and EET students interested in instrumentation Practical arrangements: The work will primarily be carried out at TUC, however some work at Norcem is foreseen. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature): References:

[1] Tokheim, L., 'Burning chamber installation for increased use of alternative fuels at Norcem Brevik', Proc. 7th International KHD Humboldt Wedag Symposium, Cologne, Germany, 17-19 May, 2006

[2] Tokheim, L., 'Kiln system modification for increased utilization of alternative fuels at Norcem Brevik', Cement International 4 (4), 3-8, 2006.

[3] Tokheim, L. & Brevik, P., 'Carbon dioxide emission reduction by increased utilization of waste-derived fuels in the cement industry', Proc. International Conference on Sustainability in the Cement and Concrete Industry, Lillehammer, Norway, 16-19 September 2007

[4] Tokheim, L.; Gautestad, T.; Axelsen, E. & Bjerketvedt, D., 'Energy recovery of wastes: Experience with solid alternative fuels combustion in a precalciner cement kiln', Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Incineration and Flue Gas Treatment Technologies, Brussels, Belgium, 2-4 July 2001

[5] Ariyaratne, W.; Tokheim, L. & Melaaen, M., 'Net CO2 emissions from solid recovered fuels: Evaluation of the selective dissolution method', Proc. ASME-ATI-UIT 2010 Conference on Thermal and Environmental Issues in Energy Systems, Sorrento, Italy, 16-19 May 2010



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Laser measurements of fire water droplet TUC supervisors: Professor Dag Bjerketvedt Assist. Professor Knut Vågsæther ,

Assoc. Professor Marius Lysaker M.Sc. André Gaathaug

External partner: Statoil Task description: 1) Make a literature study on laser safety 2) Take part in the installation of the Oxford LC20-50 laser 3) Perform experiments with fire water droplets and high speed filming 4) Test numerical codes for characterisation of water droplets Task background: This project will be part of our on work fire and explosion safety in cooperation with Statoil. Simulation (http://www.computit.no/) of fire mitigation by water sprays requires detailed knowledge of the droplet size distributions and droplet velocities. Since droplet sizes goes from m to several mm it’s a demanding task to characterize the spay. In this project we want to test high speed filming as a method of characterizing droplet size distributions from fire water sprays. This work will be part of 4 year project finance by Statoil.

Student category: PT, EET and SCE students Practical arrangements: At TUC Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Thesis Title: CO2 shock tube TUC supervisors: Professor Dag Bjerketvedt Assoc. Professor Knut Vågsæther

M.Sc. André Gaathaug External partner: Statoil Task description: 1) Make a literature review on shock tube design and applications of shock tubes. 2) Design a CO2 shock tube experiment 3) Perform experiments with the CO2 shock tube using high speed video and pressure diagnostics. Task background: Carbon capture and storage systems require handling large volumes of high pressure CO2. Having thorough knowledge of the related hazards is essential in how to prevent, detect, control and mitigate accidents. Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosions (BLEVEs) of superheated liquid CO2 boiling is not fully understood. Analogies can be made between gas explosions and rapid phase transitions occurring in BLEVEs. Laboratory shock tube tests are needed for validation of equation of state models and for the development of computational fluid dynamic codes for use in risk analysis. Student category: PT or EET students

Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Explosions of hydrogen-air in confined spaces TUC supervisor: Professor Dag Bjerketvedt Assist. Professor Knut Vågsæther M.Sc. André Gaathaug External partner: Statoil and IEA HIA Task 31 project Task description: 1) Make a literature review of natural ventilation of hydrogen and explosions of hydrogen-air in confined spaces 2) Design a test rig for ventilation and explosion testing 3) Perform experiments in the test rig Task background: Natural ventilation is an effective way of preventing build-up of combustible hydrogen clouds inside confined spaces. However, the natural ventilation appears to fail sometimes and explosion occurs. This type of events needs to be investigated further and the knowledge is of major practical importance for the industry. This thesis work will be part of the new IEA HIA Task 31 project on Hydrogen Safety . The New Task 31 was approved at the 63rd HIA Executive Committee meeting in Istanbul on November 11, 2010. Student category: PT or EET students

Practical arrangements: - Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Control and optimisation of ‘Kragerøvassdraget’ TUC supervisor: Prof. Bjørn Glemmestad / Assist. Prof. Dietmar Winkler External partner: Skagerak Kraft (Gunne Hegglid) Task description: The following tasks should be carried out:

1. Investigate existing model for flow and flood for the water system. 2. Evaluate the need for new automatic measurements. 3. Use model, weather forecast and measurements to estimate water flow and level for

the next 2-5 days. 4. Use MPC and/or optimisation to find optimal control strategy for the gate at Dalsfoss

taking all constrains into account. Task background: Today one person is responsible for management of flood situations etc at ‘Kragerøvassdraget’ based on water level and water flow measurements. In addition, information from weather stations and weather forecasts are used. It is desired to maintain good competence within this area and it is also desired to automate flood situations to some extent. Student category: SCE Practical arrangements:

The elective course SCEV3210 ‘Modelling and simulation of hydro power systems’ is required. Oral communication skills in Norwegian are required and prior knowledge of Skagerak is beneficial. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Gas lift control and optimisation for a field with five oil wells TUC supervisor: Prof. Bjørn Glemmestad External partner: Kjetil Fjalestad, Statoil Task description:

The following tasks should be carried out: 1. Literature survey on automatic control of flow rates from oil wells with gas lift 2. Literature survey on experience of multi phase flow meters on oil wells 3. Establish simple models for the process units incorporated in gas lifted oil wells (e.g.

control valves and pipe lines) 4. Implement and simulate the models in Matlab 5. Case study: Test the models with data from the Norne-field 6. Design a control system for 5 gas lift valves in the case study enabling optimal oil

production Task background: For reservoir monitoring, production planning and optimisation of oil production, it is important to know what is produced from each well in a reservoir. To determine flow rates of gas and liquid from each well multi phase meters (MPMs) and/or process models could be applied. For fields with MPMs installed, the experience with the instruments is not always too good. Soft sensors (model based estimators) may give better flow rate estimates than MPMs. Multi phase meters are installed on five wells at Norne. Since the gas lift flow rate is not measured, and the lift gas is injected upstream the MPMs, the actual produced gas is not measured. The total gas lift for the five wells is measured. But it is not known how the total gas lift is distributed to the five wells.

A choke flow model for the gas lift valve is developed. The model inputs are measured pressures upstream and downstream the gas valve, thus estimating the gas lift flow rate for each well. Based on the new soft sensing method, the gas lift rates may be calculated on-line. The model could easily be implemented in the control system, enabling automatic control and optimisation of the gas lift to each of the wells. Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Flow rate estimation and data reconciliation for gas lifted oil wells TUC supervisor: Bjørn Glemmestad / Carlos Pfeiffer External partner: Geir Arne Evjen and Kjetil Fjalestad, Statoil Task description:

The following tasks should be carried out:

1. Literature survey on automatic control of flow rates from oil wells with gas lift 2. Literature survey on experience of multi phase flow meters on oil wells 3. Establish simple models for the process units incorporated in gas lifted oil wells (e.g.

control valves and pipe lines) to enable flow rate estimation 4. Implement estimators (based on the developed models) and data reconciliation for gas and

oil flow rates in Matlab 5. Case study: Test the methods on data from five wells on the Norne-field Task background: For reservoir monitoring, production planning and optimisation of oil production, it is important to know what is produced from each well in a reservoir. To determine flow rates of gas and liquid from each well multi phase meters (MPMs) and/or process models could be applied. For fields with MPMs installed, the experience with the instruments is not always too good. Soft sensors (model based estimators) may give better flow rate estimates than MPMs. Multi phase meters are installed on five wells at Norne. Since the gas lift flow rate is not measured, and the lift gas is injected upstream the MPMs, the actual produced gas is not measured. The total gas lift for the five wells is measured. But it is not known how the total gas lift is distributed to the five wells.

A choke flow model for the gas lift valve is developed. The model inputs are measured pressures upstream and downstream the gas valve, thus estimating the gas lift flow rate for each well. Using data and models for the gas lift and production wells, the flow rates of gas and liquid could be estimated for each of the wells. It is important to have robust and accurate flow rate estimates to optimise the production Student category: PT and SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Use of MPC in hydropower plants TUC supervisor: Bjørn Glemmestad / Wenjing Zhou External partner: - Task description: The following tasks shall be done:

1. Literature study about control of power plants and hydropower plants in particular. 2. Develop a model (preferably in Matlab) for simulation and control of hydropower

plants 3. Develop (or use) a MPC and/or PID controller the plant and simulate control of

frequency and power 4. Discuss and simulate how MPC can be used in hydropower plants with more than one

turbine/generator for optimal distribution of loads and in case of shut-down of one unit.

Task background: This master thesis is within the scope of research at Telemark University College within control and optimisation of hydropower plants. If the work is very successful parts of it may be published at an international conference. Student category: SCE Practical arrangements: Some previous knowledge of hydropower plants from e.g. the course ‘Modelling and Simulation of Hydropower Systems’ or from project work is desired. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Surge control for subsea turbo compressors and multi-phase pumps using cascade-loop with torque or power control as the inner fast loop TUC supervisor: Bjørn Glemmestad External partner: FMC Kongsberg Subsea, Process Department, Asker Task description: Analyse a fast method for subsea surge control, using the topside equipment for motor control of power or torque as a fast loop and the conventional recirculation as a slower loop. A recommendation for how the fast control method could work together with the slower control method should be given. Task background: Normally the speed of a turbo compressor or a multi-phase helicoaxial pump is controlled by a process variable. For both type of equipment there might be changes in the composition of the flow. When this flow becomes too light, the flow pattern in the rotating equipment will be disturbed and there might be a surge, which potentially can be harmful for the equipment. Normally such a situation will be solved by a recycle loop with a fast valve to increase the flow, but due to communication time for signals in a topside controlled subsea process, such a solution might be too slow. One solution is to close the loop subsea, but this is not the preferred solution. Using a loop for torque or power as a cascade controller between the controller for the process variable and the speed, this will be used as a first fast compensation for changes in composition of the flow. Lighter flow will then cause the compressor or pump to speed up. Slower changes due to changes in the production well, will use the recirculation when necessary. The solution must take into consideration that all subsea process measurements will have a delay and that the control system and the motor control (VSD) will be placed topside.

Student category: SCE Practical arrangements: - Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):

Figure 1: Typical process for multi phase pump (MPP), with speed control



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Modeling and predictive control of a tubular bioreactor TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: José Igreja, prof., ISEL, Lisboa Task description:

The following tasks should be carried out: 1. A model of a tubular bioreactor is given. The model is to be discretised by a suitable

method such as orthogonal collocation and implemented in MATLAB. 2. The model developed and implemented in task 1 is to be validated through simulation. 3. A suitable control objective for the bioreactor is to be suggested, and an MPC controller

with stabilizing condition for the system is to be developed. 4. The work that is done is to be reported in a thesis. Task background:

Tubular bioreactors are described by partial differential equations. The control objective is described by the state function of the system, and the control inputs affect the boundary of the system. It is of interest to study Model Predictive Control of such tubular bioreactors.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at ISEL, Lisbon. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Port-Hamiltonian modeling and control of hydro power systems TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: - Task description:


1. An overview of the Port-Hamiltonian approach is to be given. Particular emphasis should

be placed on i. How the approach can be used for developing dynamic models, with particular

emphasis on systems with variable mass (the spatial description), ii. How the approach can be used for developing (nonlinear) control structures.

2. The Port-Hamiltonian approach is to be used for developing a dynamic model of a hydro power system of sufficient complexity to illustrate the usefulness of the approach, including the waterway with turbine, electric generator, transmission line, and load.

3. The Port-Hamiltonian approach should be used for developing a stabilizing controller for the hydro power system.

4. Simulation should be used to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. 5. The work is to be reported in a thesis. Task background:

In the Hamilton-Jacobi theory of theoretical mechanics, the Hamiltonian plays a key role. For time invariant systems, the Hamiltonian is equal to the total energy of the system. A Hamiltonian is also introduced in optimal control theory. During the last decade, the Port-Hamiltonian approach has been suggested as a way to develop acausal models of dynamic systems, and also leads to nonlinear control structures related to passivity based and

dissipative controllers. It is of interest to study how the Port-Hamiltonian approach can be used to model hydro power systems, and how the idea can be utilized for developing control structures for such systems.

Duindam, V., etc. (2006). Modeling and Control of Complex Physical Systems: The Port-Hamiltonian Approach. Springer-Verlag.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Modeling for control of hydro power systems TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: - Task description:


1. An overview of hydro power systems is to be given, with special emphasis on storage

based systems. 2. Description of a model library for hydro power simulation should be given, with models

suitable for prediction and control of the various units. 3. Parameters for an illustrative hydro power plant (e.g. Sundsbarm) w/ grid is to be given. 4. A model for the chosen hydro power plant is to be implemented in MATLAB, Modelica, or

another suitable simulation language, and the simulation model is to be validated. 5. If there is time, a control structure is to be developed for the simulated system, and the

suggested structure is to be compared with a standard control structure for such systems. 6. The work is to be reported in a thesis. Task background:

Hydro power systems of storage type consists of a reservoir, a waterway, turbine gate + turbine, generator, transmission lines/grid, and consumer loads. The inlet tunnel from the reservoir to the penstock typically has a varying cross sectional area. In fact: several inlet tunnels may be joined in manifolds. Surge volumes of different types may be present. The system may have manifolds with several penstocks to several turbines, and the water may exhibit compressibility in the penstock + the penstock walls may exhibit elasticity. Governors of various types may be used to control the turbine gate operation. Generators of different

types and with a different number of pole pairs may be used. Several generators connected to a grid have restrictions on the frequency. Etc. It is of interest to give as complete a description in the form of a dynamic model as possible of the various units in a hydro power system. As the various models may operate on different time scales, it is of interest to rationally develop simplified models that are suitable on the chosen time scale. As an example, simplified models of generators are needed, and it is useful with a rational development of simplified models in the time domain based on standard generator models from Kirchhoff’s laws, etc.

The developed models are meant for controller design/operational analysis, and illustrative realistic parameters should be chosen.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Design study of laboratory hydro power plant TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: - Task description:


1. An overview of hydro power systems is to be given, with special emphasis on storage

based systems. 2. An overview of the existing rig (dimension, elements such as reservoir, pipe, etc.) and its

current use is to be given. 3. A simple dynamic model of the system is to be developed, and a first simulation study is

to be given to determine power capacity, time constants, etc. for various efficiencies in turbine and generator (one-phase?).

4. Based on the simulation study, possible turbine and generator configurations should be discussed. Together with supervisors, choice of equipment is to be decided upon.

5. Various sensors should be discussed in order to render the lab rig “controllable”. 6. If there is time:

i. Turbine and generator is to be implemented, and a model that describes the rig operation is to be developed,

ii. An attempt should be made to control the produced power/”grid frequency”. 7. The work is to be reported in a thesis. Task background:

As part of the study of hydro power systems at Telemark University College, Department of Electric Engineering, Information Technology, and Cybernetics, it is of interest to modify a

current laboratory rig so that it can also operate as a tiny hydro power plant. The purpose of such a laboratory rig would be to illustrate concepts in hydro power systems. Specifically, the Process Hall holds a “penstock” with a height difference of some 7.5 m, and with a maximal water throughput estimated to 4 ltr/s. The theoretical production capacity is thus in the order of 300 W. At the outlet from the “penstock”, water will be collected in a vessel and be pumped back up to the reservoir at the penstock inlet. The current rig needs to be fitted with a “turbine gate” and a turbine/generator; it should be possible to control the gate opening from a computer. Various measurements should be considered (flow rate, pressure, power produced, etc.). The “consumer load” could e.g. be a series of light bulbs.

The main task is to fit a dynamic model to the dimension of the current rig, and test through simulations how a modified rig would behave. Based on the study, a turbine should be chosen (the efficiency is not critical), as well as a suitable generator. Various possibilities for turbine and generator should be discussed: purchased/commercial ones, or hand-made ones; the latter will be less efficient, but may be more illustrative.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Optimal location of sensors in dynamic system TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: Alexey Pavlov and Kjetil Fjalestad, Statoil Task description:


1. Literature survey on sensor locations for estimation and control purposes. 2. Implementation and simulation of the model for the pipe line with outlet valve using

Matlab. 3. Determination of transfer functions from disturbance to sensor and from control input to

controlled variable for different sensor locations. 4. Analysis of the impact of sensor location on the controllability of the process. 5. Evaluation of the generic results from the sensor location analysis. 6. A report is to be written on the work carried out. Task background:

A dynamic system in state space form is defined by the model, the inputs, and the outputs. Feedback control is based on available measurements: either the control law uses the measurement signals directly (after necessary filtration, etc.), or the control law uses estimated states, where the measurements are indirectly fed back through the state estimator. From a control point of view, the system has two sets of inputs: control signals and disturbances, and two sets of outputs: controlled variables and measurements. In order for the control system to work, the system must be controllable from the control inputs, and observable from the controlled variables. To have trustable state estimates, additional requirements must be added: the estimator must be controllable from the disturbances, and observable through the

measurements. For the estimator, some freedom exists – the freedom to assume disturbances: are the disturbances independent for each state (implying full controllability for the estimator), or is there a disturbance input matrix? However, the freedom to assume disturbances may come at the cost of unphysical disturbances.

A minimum requirement for the location of sensors is that the measurements render the estimator observable. Previous work in the literature has considered the observability gramian of the estimator in conjunction with the cost of the sensor system as a measure of the sensor system. This is fine for systems where each state has an independent disturbance. However, the disturbance-measurement input-output structure may also give undesirable zero dynamics in the estimator. An unstable zero dynamics in the estimator may seriously limit the attainable bandwidth of the estimator.

The closed loop control performance is also constrained by the control input – controlled variable zero dynamics. The controlled variables of a system are often prescribed, but a similar study as for the sensors can be used for the location of control variables.

The process that should be analysed is a vertical pipe with a compressible fluid. The objective is to control the pressure in a specific location (inlet, outlet, or at any chosen position) of the pipe with a valve at the outlet. The inflow to the pipe may be regarded as a disturbance. Different locations (and numbers) of sensors should be evaluated. A distributed model of the pipe has been established and may be used for simulations of the system. Examples of such processes may be oil and gas producing wells, transport pipe lines, and well drilling systems.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Networked model predictive control (N-MPC) for serial large scale processes TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: José Igreja, prof., ISEL, Lisboa Task description:

The following tasks should be carried out: 1. Develop a network MPC for serial linear processes and implemented in MATLAB. 2. The control developed and implemented in task 1 is to be validated through simulation in

an available water distribution canal pool model in SIMULINK. 3. A suitable decentralized control objective for the water distribution canal pool is to be

suggested, and the N-MPC controller performance for the serial system is to be analyzed. 4. The work that is done is to be reported in a thesis. Task background:

Decentralized model predictive control is a way to develop efficient control and optimization architectures and algorithms with less computational and maintenance burden for higher requirements production process control. Develop a network MPC for serial linear processes and implemented in MATLAB.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at ISEL, Lisbon. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Power production from osmotic pressure difference

between fresh water and sea water TUC supervisor: Bernt Lie, prof., Telemark University College External partner: João Gomes, prof., ISEL, Lisboa Task description: Description of the Work:

Manufacture and basic examination of membrane samples for PRO. Modification of existing membrane types to make them suitable for PRO. Characterisation of the membrane samples and their performance. Measurement of

water and salt permeability as well as osmotic properties. Investigation of the influence of fluid flow in the module on PRO performance related

to theoretical models. Analysis of the equivalence of concentration and pressure differences and the mass

transfer in osmosis through real membranes. Study of osmosis in biological membranes to see if new ideas can be applied in synthetic membranes.

Testing of a membrane module in a real environment of freshwater and seawater, for feasibility study utilisation purposes.

Expected Results and Exploitation Plans:

Description and performance of new prototype membranes optimised for salinity power production, based on a power production of 4 W/m2 of membrane as main criteria.

A feasibility study of salinity power production, based on process calculations from measured membrane parameters and experience from running a test module.

An evaluation of the realism of development of commercial salinity power production and how an implementation may be realised.

The work that is done is to be reported in a thesis.

Task background: Objectives and Problems to be Solved: Large amounts of energy can be extracted where freshwater mix with salt water. If the mixing process takes place in a pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) plant, a technical energy potential corresponding to approximately 100 m waterfall for the river water may be realised. Previous studies have focused on existing membranes made for reverse osmosis (RO). The present research project is based on the development of new membranes and the use of pressure exchange devices. The main objective of the project is to develop and test membranes suited for economic power production by mixing of fresh-water and seawater in PRO. Further, membrane modules that can secure the necessary contact between flowing water and the membrane, and with acceptable frictional losses from fluid flow will be developed. Further, the objective is to perform a feasibility study of power production by PRO using fresh water and seawater. This involves process calculations based on observed membrane performance. A plant performance model incorporating all unit operations important will be developed, based on an existing preliminary version. Results from a test unit operating in a real freshwater/sea water environment will be incorporated in this evaluation.

Student category: PT and EET students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at ISEL, Lisbon. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Modelling and control of industrial boilers and furnaces TUC supervisor: Carlos F. Pfeiffer, Ph.D. External partner: - Task description: The following tasks should be carried out: 1. A description of an industrial system for high pressure steam production should be

produced. 2. A first principle dynamic model for the boiler, including the combustion system (furnace)

and heat exchangers for steam production should be developed. 3. The model should be implemented and validated through simulation, in e.g. Matlab,

Scilab language or Modelica. 4. The model should be linearized and a transfer functions model obtained. 5. Transfer functions based linear multivariable control strategies using decouplers,

feedback, feed-forward, and high and low selectors, should be investigated, developed and tested using Simulink (matlab), Sicos (Scilab) or Modelica with the nonlinear model.

6. A state space linear model should be developed. 7. A linear Model Predictive Control strategy should be developed and tested with the

nonlinear model using Matlab or Scilab. 8. A comparison between the two approaches should be established. 9. The work should be reported in a written report. Task background: Efficient steam production is of great importance in most chemical plants. Part of the steam production system is the furnace, which can be operated using natural gas, carbon, or other fossil combustibles. Security and environmental constraints require that there is always an execs air for the combustion. In the other hand, two much excess air or oxygen implies lower flame temperatures and higher costs of operations. Traditional control strategies uses a

combination of feedback, feed-forward, ratio, and high and low selectors control strategies to meet the constraints. More advanced techniques include the use of decouplers.

An alternative approach would be to use Model Predictive Control with linear models, considering the constrains of always meeting steam production needs and maintaining an excess of combustion air, but optimizing the operating cost. The goal of the thesis it to formulate such a Model Predictive Control strategy and compare it with traditional classic control strategies, using the developed nonlinear and linear models.

Student category: SCE + PT + EET students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Tuning techniques for Linear Model Predictive Control TUC supervisor: Carlos F. Pfeiffer, Ph.D. External partner: Task description: The following tasks should be carried out: 1. A description of different techniques of Linear Model Predictive Control (linear MPC). 2. Research of a benchmark model for testing the techniques. 3. Simulation of the different LMPC techniques using Matlab or Scilab. 4. A geometric analysis and interpretation of the effect of the structure and scaling of the

weighting matrices used on the errors and on the changes of manipulations. 5. A tuning strategy for MPC. 6. The work should be reported in a written report. Task background: Model Predictive Control (MPC) is perhaps the most promising advanced control technique for multivariable processes. There are currently several industrial control systems that offer some sort of MPC, and most of them utilize weighting matrices to penalize the errors and changes on the manipulations, but the problem remains that there are not many guidelines on how to select these weighting matrices. A geometric interpretation and analysis of the effect of the structure and scaling of these matrices may give insight on the tuning of linear MPC controllers. This project would require a good working knowledge of Model Predictive Control, Optimization and Linear Algebra.

Student category: SCE + PT + EET students

Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at Telemark University College. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Modeling, Identification and Control of separator TUC supervisor: David Di Ruscio External partner: Statoil (Kjetil Fjalestad) Task description: Oil, water, gas ore three-phase separators is an important process in the oil industry. Usually the level of oil and water and the separator pressure is measured. The inlet feed-flow to the separator may cause problems in operating the separator. The feed-flow may be viewed as a disturbance which causes sudden slugging behavior. In three phase oil (water, gas) separators the inlet feed-flow to the separator is usually not measured. Based on a separator model and a control system it would be of interest to investigate if a Kalman filter type estimator may be used in order to estimate the feed-flow of oil, water and gas to the separator. Furthermore, the control system may then be extended to have a feed-forward controller from the estimated feed-flow. The separator control system may consist of conventional P, PI ore PID type controllers with additional feed-forward from the estimated feed-flow. However, more advanced model based control systems such as LQ, LQG and MPC may also be considered. The thesis involve literature reaserch, modeling of three-phase oil separators, control system design, Kalman filter and estimation. The theory should be investigated and simulated in detail in MATLAB using m-file script programming. Task background: - Student category: SCE students.

Practical arrangements: The work with the thesis will be held at TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Discrete LQ optimal control and MPC with integral action TUC supervisor: David Di Ruscio External partner: Statoil (Kjetil Fjalestad) Task description: - Task background: The theory of Linear Quadratic (LQ) optimal control on the one side and Model Predictictive Control (MPC) on the other side is well established disciplines. However, it would be of interest to investigate a new method for “discrete LQ and MPC control with integral action”, of models which are containing unknown slowly varying process and measurements disturbances, respectively. This method should both be theoretically as well as investigated by simulation experiments. Some non-linear process models, e.g. chemical reactors, distillation columns etc., should be used as bench mark processes and linear approximate models used for the LQ and MPC controller design. Student category: SCE students. Practical arrangements: The work with the thesis will be held at TUC Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Optimal PI controller tuning based on integrator plus time delay models TUC supervisor: David Di Ruscio External partner: Statoil (Kjetil Fjalestad) Task description: Task background: Recently a new algorithm for PI controller tuning is developed and presented in MIC journal by the supervisor. This PI controller tuning may give optimal settings in the sense that the sensitivity index, Ms, is minimized. Further investigations of this is of interest. It is of great interest to further investigate this method on systems with large time constants and relatively small dead times (time delay). An example of such a system may be high purity distillation columns which usually are controlled by two single loop PI/PID controllers. It would also be of interest to compare the new PI controller tuning algorithm with an LQ optimal control strategy. Reference: Di Ruscio (2010), http://www.mic-journal.no/PDF/2010/MIC-2010-4-3.pdf Student category: SCE students. Practical arrangements: The work with the thesis will be held at TUC Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: System identification for weather forecasting TUC supervisors: David Di Ruscio, dr.ing. (main supervisor), Bernt Lie (co-supervisor) External partner: Task description:


1. Give an overview of available on-line weather data for various coordinates of relevance to

Porsgrunn, as well as the data format of the available data and the protocol for collecting the data. Computer functions for collecting the data should, if necessary, be developed.

2. Assume that a weather station at HiT with OPC server is available. Discuss how such data can be used in a system for weather forecasting based on system identification. Discuss also a suitable system for storing and retrieving the data, as well as for presenting the data.

3. Based on collected data, develop a model for weather forecasting for Porsgrunn/HiT based on available on-line data, and develop a way to present the data on a web page.

4. Discuss a strategy to improve the prediction model by including more weather data from “upstream” locations. Discuss suitable locations for such extra weather data.

5. The work that is done is to be reported in a thesis. Task background:

Weather forecasting is traditionally based on solving the Navier Stokes equations (PDE) or similar, and computationally quite demanding. Measurements from high quality weather stations are combined with the models.

It is of interest to see how well weather can be predicted using the empirical methods of system identification such as subspace identification methods (DSR, etc.). The idea is thus to use simpler models in combination with a number of measurements from (possibly) cheap weather stations. Some such weather data are available through the internet/TCP-IP. Weather

stations with OPC servers are also becoming available, and conceptually a network/grid of such weather stations could be used in combination with system identification methods to try to get reasonably good weather forecasting.

It is to be expected that weather forecasting based on local data has a relatively short horizon of validity. Furthermore, it is to be expected that weather data from “upstream” the local coordinates can be used to give improved long term prediction. All such predictions will have some uncertainty, and it is of interest to present the prediction results with uncertainty.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at HiT. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Development of a Model for estimation of the longitudinal and transversal slope of a road based on data from a tri-axis gyroscope and accelerometer sensor TUC supervisor: David Di Ruscio External partner: Olsense Technology (Ole Olsen) Task description: The system should be extended with a model for estimation of the longitudinal and transverse slopes on a road. The sub tasks will be:

Give a description of the system, the tri-axis gyroscope and accelerometer sensor, and how the sensor can be used for slope estimation,

Check the limitation of such a system using a sampling frequency of 100 Hz, Evaluate different methods and models that can be used for estimation of the slope, A set of reference points for every 10 meters of a specific road can be used when

developing the model, Validation of the model.

Task background: A continuous estimation of longitudinal and transverse slopes on a road is wanted. A system consisting of a tri-axis gyroscope and accelerometer sensor with electronics is connected to a PC. The software is using a sampling frequency is 100 Hz in collecting the date from the sensor. A model is wanted to continuously estimating the slopes of the road. The system will be installed in a car, and using the model the slope of the roads can be logged. Student category: SCE students

Practical arrangements: Measurement system and data will be available. Signatures: Student (date and signature): ………………………………………………………. Supervisor (date and signature): ………………………………………………………

Telemark University College

Faculty of Technology

FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Modelling, Simulation and Optimisation using JModelica.org TUC supervisor: Dietmar Winkler Task description: This thesis will involve building an simple physical model (e.g., hydro electric power plant) which then shall be used to simulate and run optimisations with the help of the new open-source tool JModelica.org. The different tasks will contain:

1. Research theory of physical modelling with Modelica 2. Research status and usage of JModelica.org tools

• which Modelica language constructs are supported

• how can the language Optimica be used to describe optimisation problems 3. Modelling

• create a physical model as basis for later optimisation 4. Post processing and optimisation

• formulate some optimisation targets

• simulate the example and analyse the outputs

• how does this compare with other (known) optimisation approaches Task background: From the JModelica.org website:

JModelica.org is an extensible Modelica -based open source platform for optimization, simulation and analysis of complex dynamic systems. The main objective of the project is to create an industrially viable open source platform for optimization of Modelica models, while offering a flexible platform serving as a virtual lab for algorithm development and research. As such, JModelica.org is intended to provide a platform for technology transfer where industrially relevant problems can inspire new research and where state of the art algorithms can be propagated form academia into industrial use. JModelica.org is a result of research at the Department of Automatic Control, Lund University , and is now maintained and developed by Modelon AB .

Prerequisites:

• Good knowledge in Modelica® and Python (or will to learn the language in a short time)

• Comfortable with the usage of modern software tools (version control systems, code editors, mathematical analysis tools (e.g., SVN/Git, SciPy)

• Eager to learn a new optimisation language

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: Students can work with their own laptops. The required software is freely available. The work will include include a lot of community research. JModelica.org is a still in active development which means the student will face bug issues but will also be able to contribute actively to the development of JModelica.org and its enhancement. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):

Telemark University College

Faculty of Technology

FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Stability Analysis of AGC in the Norwegian Energy System TUC supervisor: Dietmar Winkler External partner: Skagerak Kraft / Statkraft Task description:

1. Theory:

• Describe the functionality of Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Load Frequency Control (LFC), the turbine controller and how these systems are/should be used in the Norwegian energy system

2. Modelling:

• Build a model of energy system containing several generators with their respective turbine controllers and a AGC for part of the system.

3. Analyse:

• Execute stability analysis of the created models. What are the conditions under which the system acts stable or unstable.

• Analyse what the challenges with respect to frequency in the Norwegian/Nordic energy net are. Investigate if problems could occur because of the introduction of a AGC system .

Task background: The frequency in the Norwegian energy system should never exceed a frequency band of 49,9 Hz – 50,1Hz. Unfortunately analysis of the net have shown that this limit is often violated with a rising tendency since 1995. AGC (Automatic Generation Control) is a tool to automatise the power production. LFC (Load Frequency Control) is a part of AGC and a energy producer can use this functionality to control his scheduled production. At the same time the energy network operator can use the same functionality (i.e., LFC) to keep the frequency stable. Energy producers are already obliged to help keeping the correct network frequency by using turbine controllers with inbuilt droop control. By the introduction of AGC another control

loop in introduced which surrounds the inner turbine control loop. Depending on how the LFC system is used there is even a risk of introducing a third controller loop which might de-stabilise the system even more. Prerequisites:

• Successful completed course SCEV3210 (implies good knowledge in Modelica®, Hydro Power Systems, and Energy Systems)

• Comfortable with the usage of modern software tools (version control systems, code editors, mathematical analysis tools (e.g., Dymola, MATLAB, SciPy)

• Knowledge of Norwegian is needed since most of the current documentation of the Norwegian energy system is available in Norwegian only.

Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: Student needs to have own laptop and may be working partly at the Skagerak premises for the literature research. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: New developments in acoustic chemometrics - assessment of 3-axial accelerometers and flow conditioners for process monitoring of liquid/liquid, liquid/gas, solids/gas systems TUC supervisor: Maths Halstensen, Applied Chemometrics Research Group (ACRG) Co-supervisors: Benjamin Kaku Arvoh, Felicia Nkem Ihunegbo, ACRG Task description: Acoustic chemometrics is a relatively new process monitoring technique developed by Applied Chemometrics Research Group (ACRG). There has been continual research and development of this technique due the numerous advantages that this technique possesses over other primitive measurement systems. Currently, ACRG comprises of three lectures and three PhD students. Over the past 10 – 15 years of its development, ACRG has published more than 30 scientific publications [1-6] in relation to both industrial and research applications. There have been publications on the optimum sensor location in acoustic monitoring but there is still yet to be a publication on flow conditioning characterization. During the beginning of this year, the two co-supervisors carried out preliminary study on characterizing flow conditioners, however, more research work needs to be carried to unearth the potentials of this method. ACRG has designed and built two rigs at HiT for research and development. The experimental work for this project will be carried out in ACRG laboratory. ACRG has acquired a new tri-axial accelerometer for experimental study. The standard accelerometer can measure vibration in one direction only. This new tri-axial accelerometer will acquire the same signal in all three directions (x, y and z). The objective here is to find out whether the other two directions can improve signal to noise ratio as compared to the standard accelerometers when there are changes in the flow conditions. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a tri-axial accelerometer in flow systems. In addition to this, different orifice diameters, shape and material will used to study some systems with the intention of identifying the optimum shape, material and diameter that must be used in acoustic chemometrics. The study involves experimental work on an experimental fluid flow rig and also on a rig used to simulate particle flow where particle size distributions and mass flow can be varied. A critical task regarding the 3-axial accelerometer is to find a way to arrange the data from the 3-axial accelerometer and make it ready for multivariate analysis.

Figure 1: vibrations in flow systems

This study is a part of a larger scientific research project, and the results will be published as a paper in a scientific journal (e.g. Journal of chemometrics or chemometrics and intelligent laboratory systems) The Master student working on this project will get the opportunity to participate in the publication. Student category: SCE students only Practical arrangements: The experimental work will take place in Applied Chemometrics Research Group’s laboratory Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature): Co-Supervisor (date and signature): Co-Supervisor (date and signature): References [1] doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2008.04.007 [2] doi:10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00114-2 [3] doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2006.05.012 | [4] doi:10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00114-2 [5] doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2008.07.001 [6] doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2009.05.021



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: ModBus protocol tester with record/replay option TUC supervisor: Nils-Olav Skeie External partner: Håkon Tjelland / KROHNE Skarpenord Task description: A specific protocol is needed for communication between two or more computer systems. The ModBus protocol is a widely used protocol in the process industry today for serial and network communication. A protocol tester is a software tool used to simulate the remote system in order to test the communication setup and communication modules in a computer system. This protocol tester should be able to record the communication sequence for a specific system, save the communication data on a XML file, and replay the same communication data and sequence for another system. The tester should also contain a sensor model for simulating values from one or several sensors The sensor model can be either a fixed value or a value varying according to the normal distribution. The tester should support functions for the holding registers, short and float data format, and the RTU and TCP protocol standards. The tasks will be:

1. Describe the difference between the ModBus RTU and ModBus TCP standards, 2. Describe how the ModBus protocol can exchange different types of data like short,

float and strings, 3. Describe the XML file format, 4. Develop a protocol tester that can use a COM port or a network port for

communication. The development tool will be Visual Studio, based on object orientated based analysis and design using the programming language C#. The data formats should be a fixed short value, adjustable by the user. The configuration data

should be saved on a XML based configuration file. It should be possible to run several instances of the application for different COM ports or network ports simultaneously,

5. Extend the protocol tester with record and replay options for data (short and float values) where the data should be stored on XML based log files,

6. Extend the protocol tester with sensor models that can be connected to specific communication channels (holding registers) where the mean and deviation can be adjusted by the user. The data format should be both short and float.

Task background: KROHNE Norway AS, consisting of KROHNE Skarpenord in Brevik and KROHNE Instrumentation in Moss, is part of the German KROHNE company. KROHNE is one of the word leaders of sensors for level and flow measurement. KROHNE Skarpenord has delivered highly reliable tank level gauging systems to the marine industry for more than 25 years. The high end system CARGOMASTER® (CM) is mainly used for tank ships. The latest version of this system, version 5 (CMv5), has been installed on more than 200 ships worldwide. The main purpose of the ModBus protocol tester is to be able to test different combinations regarding the ModBus protocol on a CARGOMASTER® system in-house for setup, testing, and FAT purposes without the need of an external system. Student category: The requirements are basic knowledge in programming, and a good grading from the SCE1306 (OOADP) and the SCE2006 (Ind-IT) courses. The student will as a minimum combine the knowledge from the following courses:

SCE1206: Sensor Technology and Instrumentation, SCE1306: Object Oriented Analysis, Design, and Programming, SCE2006: Industrial IT.

Practical arrangements: The work should be done mainly at the Telemark University College in Porsgrunn. Visits to KROHNE Skarpenord in Brevik for discussions, demonstrations and meetings will be part of the thesis. Signatures: Student (date and signature): ………………………………………………………. Supervisor (date and signature): ………………………………………………………



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Wireless Sensor Network based on RFID tags and system integration TUC supervisor: Morten Pedersen (main supervisor) and Nils-Olav Skeie (co-supervisor) External partner: Agnar Sæland / Pepperl+Fuchs Task description: RFID systems based on active and passive tags can be used for non-contact monitoring. The task will look into different technologies, include some testing of ranges and measurement speeds, and end up with a complete PLC system for identification. The subtasks will be:

Give en overview of the RFID technologies including: o Low frequency, high frequency, ultra high frequency sensor devices, o Passive and active sensor devices, o Read-only and read-write sensor devices.

Build PLC based RFID system for testing of ranges and measurement speeds like: o The minimum and maximum detection ranges for different sensor devices, both

single tag reading and multi tag reading, o Any assumption about the detection ranges for different speeds of the tag

devices, both single tag and multi tag reading, o Discuss any factors influencing the ranges and measurement speeds.

Any assumption of the number of sensor devices detecting at the same time when several sensors are read by the gateway in the same time frame.

Compare RFID systems, Barcode Systems and Vision Systems. Any advantages of the RFID systems?

Build a PLC system with a Graphical User Interface for configuration, sensor device indications, and logging.

Task background: RFID system is a type of wireless sensor network that can be used for batch processes and traceability in the process industry. Today the RFID technology consists of many solutions with different frequencies, passive and active sensor devices and sensor devices with write options. A gateway is used for communication with the sensors. The objective of the master thesis is to get a better overview of the technology today, and get some knowledge of the advantages and limitations of this technology. Student category: SCE students. Practical arrangements: The work will be at TUC. The necessary hardware and software will be available from TUC and Pepperl+Fuchs. Signatures: Student (date and signature): ………………………………………………………. Supervisor (date and signature): ………………………………………………………



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Monitoring and control of Lithium-ion batteries TUC supervisor: Prof. Magne Waskaas (main supervisor) and Assoc. Prof. Nils Olav Skeie

(co-supervisor) Task description: The State of Charge (SoC) and State of Health (SoH) are two important parameters for Lithium-ion batteries. The SoC is an important parameter for estimating the maximum capacity of the battery, together with the cell voltage, the cell temperature, and the cell impedance. The sub tasks will be:

Evaluate methods for in situ assessment of the SoC parameter of Lithium-ion batteries, including traditional empirical methods, equivalent circuit model-based methods, electrochemical model-based methods, and experimental methods.

Lithium-ion batteries are based on serial and/or parallel connections of cells. Evaluate the passive and active balancing methods for such batteries.

Any relationship between the SoC and SoH? The degradation of the battery will depend on the SoC and SoH. Any assumption how

the number of charging and discharging cycles will affect the degradation? An experimental setup and measurement of the relationship between the cell

impedance, the cell temperature, the cell voltage, and the SoC. Task background: Today more and more equipment is becoming wireless, and the marked for electrical cars are expanding. This development requires batteries, and the knowledge about how to get the most out of the batteries. The battery in an electrical car is an expensive and large part of the car. Methods are wanted that can improve the available power and energy, enabling the battery to be smaller, lighter, and less expensive. For these reasons, lithium-ion battery control is a

critical research topic for advancing low-cost technologies. In practice, batteries must be monitored and controlled based on parameters that can be measured in situ. A Battery Management System (BMS) is used for monitoring and controlling lithium-ion batteries. Student category: PT, EET, or SCE students Practical arrangements: The work will be carried out at TUC, and a rig will be available for the experiments. Signatures: Student (date and signature): ………………………………………………………….. Supervisor (date and signature): ………………………………………………………...



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Data Fusion with ERT & ECT for image enhancement in interface detection in pipe separators TUC supervisors: Saba Mylvaganam, Britt Halvorsen Co-supervisors: Yan Ru, Chaminda Pradeep , Christo Rautenbach External partner: PTL Ltd., Manchester and University of Manchester Task description:

ECT is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution of the materials in vessels or conduits using capacitance or resistance measurements with non-invasively placed electrodes. Fusion of data from these measurements, leads to useful results for flow visualization. It offers some advantages over other tomography modalities, such as no radiation ablation, rapid response, low cost, being non-intrusive, and the ability to withstand high temperature and high pressure. There is an increased focus on four phase flow studies in the oil and gas industry in pipes. The four phases are usually gas, oil, water and sand. The detection of interfaces between these four phases is important in devising supervisory and control strategies in the production, separation, transport and storage of oil and gas. The planned activities in this project involve

(1) Short survey of current published research in the topics covered here (2) Learning to use ECT and ERT systems (3) Using the ECT and ERT systems for detecting the interfaces in 2 or 3 phase systems (4) Generating bubbly flow and studying the bubbles using tomography systems (5) Verifying selected bubble characteristics using other modalities (6) Observing the particles in multiphase flow and detecting the boundary of the particles. (7) Using digital image processing technologies, such as wavelet and fractals, to improve

the quality and reliability of the images. (8) Report according using template of TUC with systematically archived data sets and

software

Task background: Electrical process tomography has been in existence since the beginning 80’s and has now become an attractive candidate for non-intrusive monitoring and visualisation of processes. HiT is planning a workshop addressing basic principles and applications of electrical tomography, including measurement principles, sensors and software algorithms in January 2010. Considerable work on process tomography has been done during the last 10 years in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics at HiT. HiT has the latest equipment on multimodal and capacitance based tomography. The hardware and software are for running experiments are available in house. Possibilities are there for visiting other organisations and companies working with process tomography. Student category: For SCE students. Prior experience in the usage of tomographic equipment is expected. Practical arrangements: Necessary hardware and software will be provided by HiT. Work will be performed in Sensor Lab and Flow Lab. However, possible interaction with process tomography research groups in Norway and abroad. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Tomographic approach to flow regime identification in multiphase flow TUC supervisor: Saba Mylvaganam Co-supervisors: Yan Ru, Chaminda Pradeep and Christo Rautenbach External partner: PTL Ltd., Manchester and University of Manchester Task description: Main focus on tasks is use of electrical capacitance and resistance tomography in flow regime observations and their identification. Non-intrusive nature of the tomographic approach helps to study flow regimes without altering existing flow patterns. Activities involve

(1) Brief survey of latest literature on relevant topics (2) Studying and experiencing the multimodal tomography sensor to use in multi-phase

flow rig for data acquisition, processing and flow visualisation. (3) Generating different flow regimes in multi-phase flow rig and use of multi modal

tomography for identification of them. (4) Developing a model to identifying the flow regimes, using the data acquired in model

training/development. (5) Repeating the experiment and acquiring the data for validation and prediction. (6) Validation of the model and verifying predictability. (7) Report according using template of TUC with systematically archived data sets and

software Task background: Electrical process tomography has been in existence since the beginning 80’s and has now become an attractive candidate for non-intrusive monitoring and visualisation of processes.

Systems hardware and software dedicated for tomographic measurement systems are available and currently used in various experimental works in TUC. TUC has done work on process tomography during the last 10 years and has the latest equipment on multimodal and capacitance based tomography. The hardware and software are available. Possibilities are there for visiting other organisations working with process tomography. Student category: For SCE and PT students. Prior experience in the usage of tomographic equipment is advantageous Practical arrangements: Necessary hardware and software will be provided by HiT. Work will be performed in Sensor Lab and Process Lab. However, possible interaction with process tomography research groups in Norway and abroad. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Ultrasonic Level Measurements with buffer rods TUC supervisor: Saba Mylvaganam External partner: Håkon Viumdal, Tel-Tek, Morten Liane, Hydro, Bjørn Petter Moxnes, Hydro Task description: Implementing and optimizing a LabView program, for determining different levels/interfaces in liquids, by utilizing acoustic buffer rods to determine levels. The tasks involved in this project are:

1. Depending on available buffer rods, the experiments with focus on SNR properties of the cladded buffer rods vs. the uncladded rods, with ensuing analysis of the results, should be performed.

2. Improve the LabView program developed by the SCE4006 group project “Estimating heights of molten metal using ultrasonic transducer with buffer rods”, which is further improved by Håkon Viumdal. Different data fusion strategies should be evaluated and implemented.

3. The LabView program should import data from the new SIMI ultrasonic measurement device, which the student have to spend some time on setting up and getting familiar with.

4. Real data should be sampled during the programming and used to improve the program

5. Structured testing of the program, making sure that the program is performing robust measurements should be executed. The experiments could be performed in water with a piece of metal placed at the bottom, determining the metal/bath interface, and/or the interface in a water/oil bath.

6. Final test in molten zinc at TUC followed possibly by tests in a real aluminium cell to detect the interface molten aluminium/cryolite.

7. Report using template of TUC with systematically archived data sets and software

Task background: In aluminium electrolysis cells, the temperatures are high in the range of 960C to 980C. Because the cell has liquid molten materials, the possibility of using ultrasonics for the detection of these heights of molten materials has been tested by the present supervisor and others over the past years. However, ultrasonic measurements with acoustic buffer rods could be used for many other applications, but the goal is make a operational measurement system for detecting the aluminium/cryolite interface in the aluminium electrolysis process. The focus will be on improving the LabView program and ultrasonic level measurements testing in water/metal and water oil, with various sensors and buffer design with the necessary LabView based signal processing. Measurements in a real aluminium electrolysis cell will most likely also be a possibility. Close interaction with experts in IEEE UFFC is also planned for this task. Student category: This project is a project that are based on the SCE4006 group project “Ultrasonic time domain reflectrometry in molten metals using various buffer rods”, performed by students autumn 2010, and is mainly designed for one of the group members, but other candidates may also consider this project. Previous experience in the Usage of Panametrics and EPOCH ultrasonic systems is a requisite. Practical arrangements: Different buffer rods, transducers and ultrasound devices will be available at the sensor lab. Security and safety equipment are accessible and should be used in work with molten metal. Prospective measurements will be performed in a real electrolysis process in Hydro Årdal. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: System Integration of NI WSN in DELTA V platform TUC supervisor: Professor Saba Mylvaganam, Hans-Petter Halvorsen, M.Sc. External partner: National Instruments, Emerson Process Management Task description: Sensor networks are very often distributed spatially to function autonomously but have extensive co-operation in providing information on various measurands depending on the applications. Typical examples are temperature, sound level, pressure, humidity, light intensity, concentration of pollutants etc. in a given environment. Increasingly sensor networks are used in intruder detection, estimating vehicles/people present in a given area under supervision. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are being implemented in military, civilian and industrial applications. Following this trend, we want to look into the following: 1. Short survey on WSN in cross platform applications. 2. Improving the functionality of existing WSN system based on NI modules and DELTA V systems 3. Integrating NI WSN in a DELTA V platform 4. Testing remote operations 5. System Integration 6. Report using template of TUC with systematically archived data sets and software Task background: Wireless communication has been implemented successfully in phones and computers. WSN is now implemented in different applications in healthcare, condition monitoring and automatic surveillance in buildings, unmanned supervision and control in the process industries. The challenge lies in automating decision making based on the values process parameters observed by the WSN, preferably without too much of human intervention, thus leading to a truly robust WSN based

Currently, the wireless sensors have been used for monitoring, where a human operator must decide whether the process parameters should be changed or not. The objective is that the technology will prove to be robust enough to also be used to process control where the changes in the industrial processes should happen automatically without human intervention. This will be the next major challenge for systems based on wireless technology. Wireless technology has many potential benefits for remote monitoring applications; however, it has been slow to see adoption in industry because of the complexities of programming and deploying a reliable, secure, and high-performance wireless system.

Figure Typical example of wireless sensor networking , from , from www.ni.no Student category: SCE students. Prerequisite: Experience with WSN is mandatory. Practical arrangements: EIK has the latest wireless sensor modules from National Instruments. The sensor lab has other facilities for testing sensors. The project will be allocated the DELTA V- lab for the practical implementations. Close collaboration with NI is expected. Depending on the need new modules will be purchased during the course of the project. The project is suitable for students with experience in LabVIEW programming. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Flow regime detection in different particles using Electrical Capacitance Tomography TUC supervisors: Prof. Saba Mylvaganam, Assoc. Prof. Britt Halvorsen, PhD student Yan Ru and PhD stduent Christo Rautenbach External partner: PTL ltd. Task description: In the transport of particles, there is a need for identifying flow regimes so as to avoid clogging of transport pipe lines timely enough to avoid expensive maintenance work. Particulate flow can be studied using electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) without affecting the flow pattern, as the technique is based on using non-invasive set of capacitance sensors. In this study, the flow regimes associated with different material particulates in fluidised bed will be investigated using ECT. The tasks assigned are

(1) Literature survey and overview on flow regime studies and the application of ECT in these

(2) Using existing systems for flow visualisation in fluidised beds (3) Usage of ECT for characterizing flows particulate flow (4) Developing flow visualisations using the time series from ECT equipment (5) Identifying and estimating parameters of relevance for flow regime studies (5) Delivery of written thesis following the guidelines from TUC

Task background: Electrical process tomography has been in existence since the beginning 80’s and has now become an attractive candidate for non-intrusive monitoring and visualisation of processes. Basic principles and applications of electrical tomography, including measurement principles, sensors and software algorithms can be learnt direct in a dedicated seminar

in January 2011. HiT has done work on process tomography during the last 10 years and has the latest equipment on multimodal and capacitance based tomography. The hardware and software are available. Possibilities are there for visiting other organisations working with process tomography. Student category: For SCE students and of special relevance to PT-students. Practical arrangements: EIK / HiT has the latest EIT equipment and has close interaction with the University of Manchester. Necessary hardware and software will be provided by HiT. Work will be performed in Sensor Lab and Flow Lab. However, possible interaction with process tomography research groups in Norway and abroad. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Use of CANbus X-analyser from Softing to access CANbus subsea instruments TUC supervisor: Prof Saba Mylvaganam External partner: GE Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Systems Task description:

1. Demonstrate how the X-Analyzer can be used to access a CANbus instrument in the workshop, to evaluate the overall condition of the instrument, prior to deployment. The ability to access a CANbus instrument should be demonstrated on a low cost CANbus transmitter, before accessing the high prised subsea instruments.

2. Demonstrate how the X-Analyzer can be used as logger, to log the traffic on an active

CANbus link from a subsea master electronic unit, to CANbus instruments, prior to deployment. The ability to access a CANbus link should be demonstrated on a low cost CANbus transmitter and CANbus master, before accessing the high prised subsea instruments and subsea electronics.

3. Investigate if the X-Analyzer tool can be used from topside to access subsea

instruments, for diagnostic purposes and troubleshooting. If possible, explain how this can be done.

Task background: The subsea instrumentation business has up to date used many variants of communication, analogue and different digital protocols, between subsea control modules and the subsea instruments. An initiative called SIIS (Subsea Instrumentation Interface Standard) has been formed as a comity. This comity has standardized all communication to CANbus with CAN open. (See http://www.siis-jip.com) To meet the challenge of serving customers in the aftermarket, we are about to acquire proper diagnostic equipment to communicate with subsea instruments, and should gain in depth knowledge of CANbus. Furthermore, we need to

develop a diagnostic tool which can access the subsea instruments from topside. It might be possible to do this with the X-analyzer tool we have purchased. Student category: SCE (Semester 4) For students with GE Oil and Gas Subsea Control Systems knowledge from a summer job or prior experience in Subsea Systems engineering. Knowledge of subsea based instruments and communication protocols (CANBUS). Basic knowledge of PLC (Mitsubishi) including programming using ladder logics and FBD (functional block diagrams) is necessary. Practical arrangements:

1. Mitsubishi MELSEC PLC FX3G-14M 2. Mitsubishi CANOPEN FX2n-32CAN Module 3. CANcard2 from SOFTING 4. X Analyser Software from Warwick Control Technologies 5. GX IEC Developer Software from Mitsubishi 6. CANOPEN WIKA Pressure Transmitter model D-20-9

Main work location is at GE Oil and Gas facility in Dusavik, Stavanger. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Test unit for CO2 capture solvent TUC supervisor: Senior Engineer Hans Petter Halvorsen / Prof. Klaus-J. Jens External partner: Tel-Tek Task description: The task at hand is to design, construct, automize and demonstrate a laboratory test unit for degradation of solvents for the capture of CO2 from exhaust gases. A principal sketch and specification of the amine degradation unit is available. Based on this information a detailed design including apparatus control strategy shall be prepared. The next step is to build the test apparatus and to automize it using appropriate software such as i.e. LabVIEW. Task background: Carbon dioxide removal from flue gas streams is important to reduce its greenhouse effect. MEA is the most widely used solvent for CO2 absorption, but its use may be more limited because of degradation[1], [2], [3]. A better understanding of this possible MEA degradation is important for developing a MEA oxidation inhibition strategy. A critical pre-requisite is access to a laboratory test apparatus to degrade CO2 capture solvents (such as MEA) at relevant conditions. This work is an integral and important part of a big research effort financed by Statoil and the Norwegian Research Council. The focus of this project is to develop new technology for capture of CO2 from exhaust gases. Student category: SCE students

Practical arrangements: The unit shall be constructed in the CO2 laboratory. Financing is available to buy necessary mechanical and electrical components as well as control software. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature): [1] B. R. Strazisar*, R. R. Anderson, C. M. White, Energy & Fuels 2003, 17, 1034. [2] H. Lepaumier, D. Picq, P.-L. Carrette*, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research

2009, 48, 9061. [3] H. Lepaumier, D. Picq, P.-L. Carrette*, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research

2009, 48, 9068.



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Optimization of a Jenike tester TUC supervisor: Gisle G. Enstad External partner: No external partner Task description: The Jenike tester is used to measure flow properties of powders, mainly by measuring yield loci for different densities of the powder. The tester is filled with the powder and the powder is compacted to a certain density, and then sheared to steady state at a normal stress depending on density of the powder. Having thus consolidated the powder, the shear strength at a normal stress lower than at steady state is measured. Then the tester is emptied, and a new sample is filled into the tester and consolidated in the same way as before, and a new shear test is carried out at a different normal stress. For a complete yield locus this procedure has to be repeated 4 times to get 4 points on the yield locus. However, by preparing one sample and shearing only to the onset of failure, and then reducing the shear stress to zero again, the failure strength may be determined without destroying the consolidated sample. The normal stress can then be changed, and the shearing restarted and stopped at the onset of failure, where after the shear stress is reduced to zero again, ready for another test. By repeating this procedure a number of points on the yield locus can be determined by the same sample, saving all the time that otherwise would be needed for refilling, preparing and consolidating new samples. If this scheme is working, it will save a lot of time for carrying out a Jenike test, at the same time as the scatter caused by variation between samples will be avoided. The tester has to be automated so that the shearing can be stopped fast enough, the shear stress can be reduced to zero automatically, and if possible the application of normal stress should also be automated. Tests have to be carried out on a few powders to check if the results obtained in this alternative way are the same as one would get in the traditional way. Task background: Jenike tests in the traditional way are time consuming. There is therefore a need for reducing the time of testing. An alternative tester is the ring shear tester, but instead of investing in such a tester, improving the use of the Jenike tester as described here may make the Jenike tester even less time consuming than the ring shear tester. In fact some preliminary tests of this concept were carried out about 15 years ago in a co-operation with IIT in New Delhi, where a Jenike tester was modified as described. The results looked very promising, but have not been followed up so far.

Student category: The task is best suited for an EET student, but the other categories should not be excluded. (PT, EET or SCE students) Practical arrangements: The automation should be implemented on one of the Jenike testers owned by Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC, where most of the work will be carried out. Office space must be provided by TUC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Powder Power – a feasibility study TUC supervisor: Gisle G. Enstad External partner: Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC Songxiong Ding Task description: Energy from biomass has been of great importance right from the first time man learned how to control fire. In modern times biomass is represented by wood from forests, as well as various types of other crops and also wastes. A number of projects are going on in order to find optimal ways of using this type of energy, but in most cases conversion into a gas or a liquid is used. The advantage is that liquids and gases from biomass can be used more or less directly in equipment developed for oil and natural gases. However, all conversions require energy, and the liquids and gases that are produced, contain less energy than the solids they were produced from. Milling the solids into a powder usually has to be done in any case, and it takes a lot less energy than the conversion to liquids and gases. By using the powders directly the conversion losses are avoided. Therefore power production directly from powders should be an interesting alternative. The aim of the task is to evaluate how feasible direct use of biomass powder can be in power production, and in what circumstances, based on literature surveys and collection of information from other available sources, as well as by carrying out small scale experiments where appropriate. Task background: Biomass is produced from CO2 in the atmosphere. When biomass is burned, the CO2 is released back to the atmosphere again. Therefore using biomass as an energy carrier is CO2 neutral, and may become an important part of the total energy supply for the future. By developing the necessary technology for applying biomass as a powder in the energy conversion, the biomass cycle can become a lot more efficient than by having to convert the biomass to liquids or gases. Student category: The task is suitable for all student categories. (PT, EET or SCE students) Practical arrangements: Experimental work can be carried out at Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC. TUC must provide office space. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Measurement of minimum fluidisation velocity with an elevated temperature fluidisation rig TUC supervisor: Prof. Gisle Enstad External partner: Dr. Songxiong Ding Task description: Minimum fluidisation velocity (umf ) is closely related to the intrinsic properties of particles. It is also found that the umf can be influenced by geometric and operational parameters, pressure and temperature etc. The best recourse to get the minimum fluidisation velocity umf for a specific particulate solid is to carry out experimental measurements. This projects will be mainly using a fluidisation rig at POSTEC to measure the umf for different qualities of particulate solids at elevated-temperature conditions. It will also involve some work on development of the fluidisation rig. Task background: An elevated temperature fluidisation rig has been developed in the present stage; some trial testing has been carried out. Modifications to its control and operational systems are needed to improve its performance. Student category: A preference to students in the PT dept. (PT, EET or SCE students) Practical arrangements: Office space has to be provided by TUC, but the equipment and the test are to be carried out in the Powder Hall of Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Particle size reduction with a pin mill TUC supervisor: Prof. Gisle Enstad External partner: Dr. Songxiong Ding Task description: The pin mill at POSTEC will be used to grind raw feeds into fine particles. The size and its PSD (particle size distribution), and if possible, the shapes will be measured for the feeds and final products. Pins different in shapes and sizes would be used in pin mill, and the effects on the final product with applications of different pins would then be investigated. Task background: The pin mill at POSTEC has been used to grind carbon graphite in order to find an approach to mill carbon down to a size as required. Power consumption was also a concern in the same activity. Student category: A preference to students in the PT dept. (PT, EET or SCE students) Practical arrangements: TUC must provide office space, but the equipment and the tests are to be carried out in the premises of Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):



FMH606 Master's Thesis Title: Determination of Particle Velocities in Pneumatic Conveying TUC supervisor: Gisle G. Enstad External partner: Tel-Tek, dept. POSTEC Chandana Ratnayake Task description: Particle velocity has been identified as a very important parameter in pneumatic conveying systems. Even though conveying air velocity can be determined based on air volume flow measurements, it is difficult to determine particle velocity, which has a big effect on product degradation, pipe wall erosion, etc. Many pressure drop determination models/techniques will also be benefitted with accurate measurement of particle velocity. An attempt will be made to determine particle velocity based on pressure signals. It is widely believed that the fluctuations of pressure signals have a direct relationship to conveying mode. Signal analysis and cross correlation techniques will be used to determine particle velocity. Task background: In pneumatic conveying the solid particle velocity always lags behind the air velocity. The difference between these two velocities, called the slip velocity, plays an important role in the design of pneumatic conveying systems. Velocity of solid is generally determined by knowing the air velocity and slip velocity, which has been discussed in many research studies. But, as per today, there is no solid explanation or way of determining slip velocity or particle velocity. As explained under “Task description”, direct or indirect accurate measuring technique for particle velocity will benefit for pneumatic conveying system design, optimisation, troubleshooting and also on-line mass flow meter. Student category: The study is best suited for a PT or EET student (PT, EET or SCE students)

Practical arrangements: POSTEC Powder hall has a (semi) industrial scale pneumatic conveying rig with necessary measuring sensors and also other bench scale testing devices. The experiments and data collection will be carried out at POSTEC, but TUC has to provide the necessary office space. Signatures: Student (date and signature): Supervisor (date and signature):

Address: Kjølnes ring 56, NO-3918 Porsgrunn, Norway. Phone: 35 57 50 00. Fax: 35 55 75 47.


FMH606 Master’s Thesis Title: Development of a connection card for battery packs in electrical cars TUC supervisor: Dietmar Winkler (main supervisor) and Nils-Olav Skeie (co-supervisor) External partner: MiljøBil Grenland (E. Engen and R. Stoiber) Task description: The main task will be to design and test connection cards for interconnection between battery cells and BMS in an electrical car. The connection card must be designed, produced, and tested according to automotive standards. The sub tasks are:

Give an overview of battery system and BMS with focus on the interconnections between the battery cells and the BMS,

Give an overview of techniques for balancing the battery cells in a battery system, Give an overview of automotive standards and test procedures for such connection

cards, Design a connection card according to automotive standards, with the bus bars

included on the connection card (printed circuit board). The specifications are: o Dimensioning the card for high current (100-200 Amperes) o Evaluate possible production techniques of the connection card, o Include voltage and temperature sensors, or connection of such sensors, o Impedance, quality, and durability of voltage and temperature sensors will be

important parameters for the connection cards, Define test procedures for such a connection card, Develop a prototype of the connection card and test the card according to the test

procedures. Task background:

Electrical cars today have a large battery system controlled by a Battery Management System (BMS). The battery system (battery pack) consists of a set of battery cells interconnected in both serial and parallel to give the required voltage and current. The current can be very high (100 to 200 amperes) demanding a very low internal resistance in the connections between the different battery cells and the connection cards (bus bars), and between the connection cards and the BMS. The connection card can be a printed circuit board (PCB) with the bus bars included. In order to control the charging and discharging of the battery system, the voltage and the temperature of each battery cell should be monitored by the BMS. The connection card should have the sensors included, or connection for the sensors, in addition to the battery cell connections. The connection cards will be an important part of the battery system as impedance, quality and durability of voltage and temperature sensors will be crucial for the power system of electrical cars. Student category: SCE students Practical arrangements: Production and testing of the connection card will be in cooperation with MiljøBil Grenland on Herøya. Signatures: Student (date and signature): ……………………………………………………………… Supervisor (date and signature): ……………………………………………………………..

fmh606+master prcent 26 prcent 23039 prcent 3bs+thesis+2011+including+descriptions

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