focus group practices: studying conversation

8/13/2019 Focus Group Practices: Studying Conversation

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Focus Group Practices: Studying Conversation

Gonzalo Bacigalupe

Review Essay:

Claudia Puchta & Jonathan Potter (2004) Focus Group Practice.

London: Sage, 174 pages, ISBN 0 7619 6691 9 (papera!"#, $%9,9&

!"stract: Focus Group Practice ai's a ana)y*ing +e inera!iona) pro!ess +a sppors +e s!-

!ess o o!s grops. /+e oo" 'a"es spe!ii! oservaions o w+a ee!ive o!s grop 'oder-

aion !an a!!o'p)is+. Inor'ed y +eorei!a) and 'e+odo)ogi!a) approa!+es a"en ro'

!onversaion and dis!orse ana)ysis, +is wor" ai's a an ana)ysis o +e 'i!ro-pra!i!es +a

!+ara!eri*e +e o!s grop pro!ess. /+e seven !+apers o +e oo" in!)de re!o''endaionsor 'oderaors as we)) as resear!+ers ineresed in sdying o!s grop 'e+odo)ogy as a se!

in ise). /+e oo", an ana)ysis o w+a goes on in +e or' o !onversaiona) pro!esses, is

prpose)y no a +ow o o o!s grops, ra+er a !are) nvei)ing o +e !+oreograp+i!

'ove'ens +a )ead o s!!ess) grop inerviews. I in!)des a series o rie e2a'p)es o

'ar"e-resear!+ o!s grops and pedagogi!a) deiniions o !onversaion ana)ysis and dis!rsive

psy!+o)ogy "ey !on!eps. 3 se o prin!ip)es re)aed o w+a !reaes an ee!ive o!s grop

inera!ion organi*es ea!+ !+aper (inera!ion, inor'a)iy, pari!ipaion, and opinions#. 3)so

in!)ded are so'e !onversaiona) ana)ysis aria!s )i"e e2p)anaions ao +ow rans!ripion is

e'p)oyed in !onversaiona) ana)ysis.

#a"le o$ Contents

1. o!s 5rops as is!rsive Evens: 3 o'parison

%. ro' 8ar"e Resear!+ o So!ia) S!ien!e Resear!+: ara))e)s and issonan!es

. Re)e!ing in one2

Reeren!es

3+or

iaion

% Focus Groups as iscursive 'vents: ! Coparison

Somos según como actuamos ;<e are

a!!ording o w+a we a!=

(E>E?ERRI3, 1994, p.191#

)adia @>/3, a 'ar"e resear!+er, and Aona+an //ER, a dis!rsive

so!ia) psy!+o)ogis s!+o)ar, ea' p o wrie a oo" no oo prosai! or oo

asra! +a !on!enraes on +e inera!ion ise) in order o rn pra!i!es

ino sraegies (p.viii#. /+e )" o +is e2 is ased on 'ar"eing resear!+ in

5er'any and dis!rsive psy!+o)ogy, +e sdy o dis!orse as e2s and a)" inso!ia) pra!i!es. is!rsive ana)ysis is siaed wi+in a so!ia) !onsr!ionis view

o )angage as +e 'edi' or inera!ion or +e ana)ysis o w+a peop)e do. 3

C %00& DS +p:www.Fa)iaive-resear!+.neFsor' Da)iaive So*ia)ors!+ng or': Da)iaive So!ia) Resear!+ (ISSN 14G-&6%7#

?o)'e 6, No. %, 3r. 98ay %00&

ey *ords: o!s

grops,

!onversaion

ana)ysis,

dis!rsivepsy!+o)ogy,

inera!ion,

pari!ipaion,

'ar"e resear!+

FORUM: QUALITATIVESOCIAL RESEARCHSOZIALFORSCHUNG

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jonathan.potter1/JP%20Articles/M6DANOT.pdf






FQS 6(%#, 3r. 9, 5on*a)o Ba!iga)pe: o!s 5rop ra!i!es: Sdying onversaion (Review Essay#

dis!rsive approa!+ o o!s grops )o!aes +e ana)ysis in w+a peop)e do in

!onversaion and, as s!+, +is inera!ion is +e !ore o +e )essons we !an )earn

ro' 'oderaing o!s grops. /+e goa) is o dis!over +e s"i))ed pra!i!es +a

good 'oderaors peror' s'oo+)y and see'ing)y, wi+o +in"ing ao +e'

(p.vii#. ;1=

/+is is a !o'pe))ing arg'en +a is !onsisen wi+ +e +er'enei! and iniive

di'ensions +a !+ara!eri*e o!s grops. /+e ana)ysis o o!s grops as a)",

a!!ording o 8HERS and 83N35>/EN (1999, p.17#, is ased on +ree asi!

ass'pions: (1# I ideniies are negoiaed in dis!orse +en +e resear!+er

)oo"s a +ow o!s grops se p and wor" r)es (%# i a)" is organi*ed

'o'en o 'o'en y pari!ipans +en we )oo" or ways +ey deine se!ions,

ra+er +an deining se!ions as ana)yss and (# i a)" is seFen!ed, one +ing

aer ano+er ;...=, we 's !onsider ea!+ eran!e in er's o w+a !a'e eoreand aer. ;%=

/+e inrod!ory and !on!)ding !+apers dis!ss +e !on!epa) and

'e+odo)ogi!a) i'p)i!aions o !onversaion ana)ysis and dis!rsive psy!+o)ogy

as i re)aes o o!s grop pra!i!e. /+e !ore o +e oo" is in +e o+er ive

!+apers in w+i!+ @>/3 and //ER provide readers wi+ a !)ear sense o

w+a +e 'oderaorJs goa) is in a 'ar"e resear!+ o!s grop. irs, 'oderaors

s+o)d !reae an inor'a) !onversaiona) !one2. Inor'a)iy en!orages

inera!ion o +appen (p.%&#. /+e 'oderaor a!+ieves +is goa) +rog+ a !are)

ndersanding o +e pari!ipans psy!+o)ogy and an open disp)ay o inor'a)iy

+rog+ pases and +esiaions (p.&#, word !+oi!es (p.6#, voi!e inonaion,

and a !are) arrange'en o +e p+ysi!a) seing (p.G#. Se!ond, +e 'oderaor

s+o)d ai' a prod!ing pari!ipaion via a se o Fesions. Beginning and

e2perien!ed 'oderaors wi)) ind +is se!ionJs review (+aper /+ree# o +e

nan!ed Fesioning pro!ess very se). +apers or and ive address +e

isse o +e Faniy and Fa)iy o opinions +a !an e +and)ed y s!!ess)

'oderaors. 3 !are) rea'en o B3 a)" (er!epion, pinion, Be)ies and

3ides# is +e +ig+)ig+ o +aper or w+i)e +aper ive dire!s +e readerJs

aenion o e)i!iing se) opinions or +e Fa)iy o +e a)" and no s

e2ended pari!ipaion. In a)) !+apers, +e s''aries are sper a syn+esi*ing

+e 'aeria) and oering sggesions or 'oderaors. /o i))srae, one o +esraegies o e a)e o prod!e se) opinions !onsiss o:

3s" Fesions +a !an e answered wi+ des!ripions. @se repea re!eips o 'ode)

appropriae answers wor"ing rond +e grop 'e'ers w+o are oering answers.

@se proe!ive Fesions i yo wan o +ead o 'e'ersJ worries ao geing +eir

answers wrong. Ear)y in +e grop se a w+ieoard e2er!ise o !)ear)y esa)is+

appropriae ypes o answering. (p.117# ;=

@>/3 and //ER in!)de rie +e)p) deiniions o "ey !onversaion

ana)ysis er's in ea!+ !+aperKi.e., rn a"ing, e2p)i!i verss e'edded repair,

ada!en!y pairs, e!. ey )ierare is sggesed or ea!+, +ese "ey !on!eps

are no i))sraed wi+ o!s grop rans!rips and I was no sre ao is

re)evan!e or +ose )earning ao +e pra!i!e o o!s grops or e!o'ing

C %00& DS +p:www.Fa)iaive-resear!+.neFs




eer a o!s grop a!i)iaion. espie +e s)e !riiFe o +ow o o w+a

wo)d +e)p a 'oderaor o )ead a o!s grop, @>/3 and //ER sgges

spe!ii! gide)ines. In +e )aer sense, I ond +e )as rie se!ion o ea!+

!+aper pari!)ar)y se) or +e oo) o2 o any o!s grop 'oderaor. /+e

disi))ed sraegies in!)de si'p)e and !o'p)e2 sraegiesKro' sggesing +a

'oderaors s+o)d sar wi+ Fesions in a way +a s+ows n!erainy o

reaing pari!ipansJ responses as in!o'p)ee g)osses or w+a +ey rea))y wan

o say (pp.64-6&#. ;4=

In 'y ro)e as a !)ini!ian, Focus Group Practice's aenion o +e deai)s o

!onversaiona) inera!ions re'inds 'e o +e se o !onversaion ana)ysis in

psy!+o+erapy. In +e !ase o +erapei! inera!ions, +e prpose o

!onversaion ana)ysis is o ideniy +e +idden 'agi! or +e'es o +e

+erapei! inera!ion (53LE, 1991 L3<LESS, 53LE M B3I53L@E, %001#. 3 o!s grop, )i"e a psy!+o+erapy session, +as as is 'ain oo) +e inera!ion

eween inerviewer and inerviewee, inera!ion as a)" and !onversaion.

onsr!ing rea)iy ro' peop)eJs a)" ears sri"ing rese')an!es o +e

+erapei! inera!ion, a)+og+ invo)ving a!iviies wi+ very dieren prposes.

/+e !on!epa) and 'e+odo)ogi!a) ensions in !rren !onroversies ao +e

ro)e o +e +erapis are, +owever, si'i)ar o +e parado2i!a) as"s reFired in

rnning a o!s grop. ra!iionersJ ndersanding o +eir inera!ion wi+

paiens is oen inor'ed y ei+er a sraegi! ('odern# andor a

!onversaiona)is (pos'odern# san!e. So'e +erapiss )ead paiens in spe!ii!

dire!ions +rog+ a !are) design o sraegi! inervenions. +er +erapiss

ass'e a no-"nowing and !rios posiion in w+i!+ a nan!ed or' o new

!onversaion ao rea)iy )eads o disso)ving +e pro)e'. In pra!i!a) seings,

+erapiss, )i"e o!s grop 'oderaors, are proa)y operaing wi+in an

inegraed version o +ese wo san!es. 3!!ording o Focus Group Practice, +e

o!s grop 'oderaor ass'es an inor'a) and !rios san!e. >owever, +is

no-"nowing and !rios san!e is ssained y a !are))y or!+esraed p)an. /+e

goa) is or pari!ipans o er words w+i)e no eing a!!ona)e sin!e

a!!oning )eads o sii!aions +a preven )) pari!ipaion and se)

opinions. In psy!+o+erapy, ovios)y, +e inerviewer e2pe!s paiens o a!!on

or +eir responses w+i)e a)so a!!eping +e !ore o +e person +a is, +e

a!!epan!e o +e paien osers 'ore se) responses and +s in!reasedpari!ipaion. ;&=

/+e 'oderaorsJ ro)e is o a!i)iae a !onversaion +a osers pari!ipaion wi+

+e goa) o generaing re)evan, varied and se) opinions. 3 good 'oderaor,

)i"e a good a'i)y +erapis, or!+esraes a seing in w+i!+ a)) pari!ipans s+o)d

ee) ree o e2press +eir ideas, a)+og+ in +e !ase o 'ar"e resear!+, no +eir

sories. /+is seing s+o)d see' inor'a) and i'provised, i is a!a))y a

sraegi! posiion +a 'oves peop)e in pari!)ar dire!ions. In +e !ase o o!s

grops, i is ao opinions, in +e !ase o a'i)y +erapy i is ao s+ared goa)s

andor nspo"en sories. /+e 'oderaor, )i"e a pos'odern +erapis, is in a Jno

"nowingJ posiion (p.9&#, a)+og+ a +e !ore +ere is a sraegi! goa). 3 si'i)ar

parado2 !an e ond in +e a!iviy o a'i)y +erapiss (8N, %00 SI8N,

%00#. 3 good o!s grop, a!!ording o +e a+ors, is one +a prod!es p)eny





o se) opinions +rog+ +e pari!ipaion o a)) o!s grop pari!ipans. 5ood

a!i)iaion !an e)i!i s!+ res)s y a s'oo+ peror'an!e +a is ransparen o

+e 'oderaor. I is as i +e 'oderaor were nara))y a)"ing wi+ pari!ipans.

<e "now +og+ +a +e 'oderaor is )eading +e grop in a spe!ii! dire!ion, in

+e !ase o 'ar"e resear!+ ino generaing opinions w+i!+ +e pari!ipans wo)d

no +ave generaed on +eir own. 3!!ording o Focus Group Practice, +e )eas a

pari!ipan +as o e2p)ain +is or +er posiion, +e eer. ;6=

2 Fro +ar,et -esearch to Social Science -esearch: Parallels andissonances

/as"s in!)de en!oraging o!s grop

'e'ers o: Spea" ao se)e!ed oe!

and ideas say on opi!. 3nd dis!oraging'e'ers ro': e))ing ane!does and sories

i))ing +eir a)" wi+ a!!on !)er arging

wi+ one ano+er.

(@>/3 M //ER, p.7&#

>isori!a))y, +e o!s grop 'e+od owes is origins o srvey resear!+ w+ere

o!s grops are e'p)oyed as an adn! o +e preparaion o srvey Fesions

even +ese days, o!s grops !onine o e e'p)oyed o reine srvey insr-

'ens. In +e 1970Js, 'ar"e resear!+ adoped o!s grops as a oo) o )earn

ao !ons'er preeren!es (8R53N, 19GG#. I is on)y in +e )as wo de!ades

+a o!s grops +ave gained pree'inen!e in +e so!ia) s!ien!es (see or

e2a'p)e: B3RB@R M I/IN5ER, 1999 BLR, R3NL3N, />83S M

RBSN, %001 ;!. B3RNE//, %00%= 3>3N, %001 <ILINSN, 1999 and

pari!)ar)y in +ea)+ servi!es resear!+ (see or e2a'p)e: B@LLIN5/N, NRE-

83R, NRE83R, M SAS/RN-L3N353N, %00 ERRH, 3NNEL, M

@LI, %00% ILLI//ERE, BI5LEH, >IBB3R, M 3<LSN, %00 EHSEN-

B3> M >LER, %00%#. 5ide)ines are avai)a)e in +ndreds o p)i!aions,

severa) ree)y avai)a)e on +e wor)d wide weKro' se) gide)ines p)is+ed

in +e or' o a ro!+re y +e 3'eri!an Saisi!a) 3sso!iaion o sop+isi!aed

repors !reaed wi+ +e prpose o i'pa!ing po)i!y. ;7=

Focus Group Practice invies readers o +in" o +e 'ar"e resear!+ o!s grop

dyna'i!s as !o'para)e o +e ones siaed in so!ia) s!ien!es resear!+. /o

w+a e2end does 'ar"e o!s grop resear!+ provide a 'ode) or so!ia)

s!ien!e resear!+O 8ar"e resear!+ o!s grops are oen no rans!ried or

ana)ysis. /+e !ore o +e ana)ysis o!!rs i''ediae)y aer +e grop +as

inis+ed, even in +e presen!e o +ose w+o are e2pe!ing o )earn ro' +e

!ons'ers. /rans!rips are oen no prod!ed. aa ro' 'ar"eing resear!+

+as a very spe!ii! adien!e +a +as !onra!ed +e servi!es o +e 'ar"eing

resear!+er. /+e re!ipiens o so!ia) s!ien!e resear!+ res)s and daa ana)ysis

are o a very dieren nare oen +e readers o a repor or ari!)e e'erging

ro' a o!s grop-ased sdy wi)) no ne!essari)y e "nown o +e resear!+er. ;G=


http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/brochures/focusgroups.pdf






In +e pra!i!e o o!s grops wi+in so!ia) s!ien!es, an i'poran ass'pion is

+a +e +e'es e'erging ro' pari!ipans are +e !ore e)e'en o +e repor. In

a genera) sense, so!ia) s!ieniss, (as we)) as o+er poenia) sa"e+o)dersKi.e.,

po)i!y 'a"ers#, are ineresed in +e pari!ipansJ sories and +ow +eir opinions

and e2perien!es re)e! +e )arger !o''niy. /+s, gronded +eory and

narraive ana)ysis prevai) in so!ia) s!ien!e repors. Focus Group Practice, on +e

!onrary, 'a"es +e !ase or no paying aenion or e'p+asi*ing +e e))ing o

sories o a!!o'p)is+ +e as" o generaing se) opinions (p.7&#. <+y is +e

e))ing o sories dis!oraged in 'ar"eing resear!+O 3!!ording o +e a+ors,

+is is ao dea)ing wi+ +e negaive i'pa! o a!!onai)iy in +e generaion o

opinions. <i+ rare e2!epions, opinions and views are reaed as good

!onriions o o!s grops, and sories or persona) narraives are no (p.19#.

@se) opinions, +owever, are prod!ed y a 'oderaor w+o a!s wi+ a !erain

)eve) o naiveP: +e 'oderaor needs o e a 'ar"e resear!+ e2per, naQvewi+ respe! o +e nare o +e prod! (p.9&#. ;9=

@>/3 and //ER ra'e +e o!s grop resear!+ wi+in a !one2a) view

o aides. Ra+er +an !on!epa)i*ing aides as !onained in so'e sor o

'ind vases or vesse)s, a dis!rsive approa!+ e2p)ores +e' on)y insoar as +ey

e'erge as !o''na) eva)aions o +e wor)d. 3ides are +e res) o

inera!ion and no eFa) o +e e'pying o +e vesse)s o !ogniive eings in

iso)aion. Besides )earning ao +e e2perien!es and ee)ings enea+ +e

si'p)ii!aion o aides inFiry, o!s grops provide a vene o ndersand

peop)eJs ideas wi+in +e )arger so!ia) and !)ra) !one2s in w+i!+ +ey )ive. /+e

o!s grop provides a seing in w+i!+ rea!ing o +e sories o o+er

pari!ipans e)i!i new sories. /+is "ind o ass'pion see's )ess re)evan in +e

!ase o +e 'oderaion approa!+ ssained in Focus Group in Practice. Is

prpose is no +e deai)ed pro!ess o p)anning, !ond!ing and ana)y*ing

des!ried in o+er e2s s!+ as +e riend)y Focus Group Kit series (8R53N M

R@E5ER, 199G see a)so R@E5ER M 3SEH, %000 !. L3N5E, %00%#. ;10=

onversaion ana)ysis e'p+asis on rns o a)" and on doing +ings +rog+

inera!ion rns +e ris" o 'issing so'e i'poran !one2a) !)es. <+a

+appened eore a pari!)ar rn or w+a provides +e so!ia), !)ra), and

e!ono'i! !one2 or a pari!)ar resear!+ seing is apparen)y invisi)e. <e areno privy o +e se)e!ion o pari!ipans, +e de!isions peop)e 'a"e as +ey !o'e

o grop inerviews, or +e inor'aion pari!ipans +ad ao +e grop, e!. >ow

does +e disse!ion o +e inera!ive a)" !onverge in +e ri!+ re)e!ive pro!ess

+a o!!rs +rog+o +e resear!+ pro!essO /+e oo" inegraes +e !one2a)

!)es in )ess ovios ways )i"e +e se)-presenaion o +e 'oderaor. or

e2a'p)e, in a dis!ssion ao repea re!eips (pp.9G-104#, repeaing or

re)e!ing inor'a))y on w+a a pari!ipan +as said, i is sggesed +a +e

'oderaor presens +i' or +erse) as no +e ina) re!ipien o +e inor'aion

as so'eone w+o is generaing inor'aion or so'e o+er pary (p.99#. ;11=





. -e$lecting in Conte/t

onsr!ing 'ode)s o +eories-in-se is

dii!). ew peop)e +in" ao +eir

+eories-in-se. arado2i!a))y, +eir +eories-

in-se preven +e' ro' doing so.

(3R5HRIS M S>N, 197&, pp.7-G#

ro' 'y perspe!ive, +e o!s grop 'e+odo)ogy is !ond!ive o a varied se

o re)e2ive pra!i!es +a do no s o!!r wi+in +e pre!ise !onines o +e a)"

in a grop per se, as i 'ay e derived ro' Focus Group Practice. Resear!+ers

designing a sdy sar re)e!ing ear)y on as +ey de!ide on +e resear!+

Fesion and ai)or an appropriae 'e+odo)ogy. Laer on, aer !are) se)e!ion,

+e se!s o resear!+ are invied o pari!ipae in a o!s grop. Beore +egrop sars, o+ resear!+ers and pari!ipans prepare or +e even, or'

+ypo+eses and ind +eir way ino +e o!s grop a!iviy ise). ring +e grop

inera!ion, a)) +ose invo)ved !are))y revisi +eir opinions and )ie e2perien!es.

/+e winessed re)e!ions o+ers in rn evo"e new +og+s in a re!rsive

pro!ess in w+i!+ +e sraegi! a"e and !rios )isening o +e 'oderaor is a)so

s+aped. In +e !ase o @>/3 and //ERJs wor", w+en +e grop is over,

resear!+ers +ave +e privi)ege o ins!riing +eir re)e2ive pro!ess as +ey

ana)y*e +e daa, +rog+ w+i!+ +e voi!es o pari!ipans gain and )oose errain,

depending on +e daa ana)ysis pro!ess. +er sa"e+o)ders (i.e., in +e !ase o

'ar"e resear!+, +e !onra!or o 'ar"eing resear!+ servi!es# a)so pari!ipae

as "een, w+i)e disan, oservers, so'ei'es in a si')aneos as+ionKi.e.,

e+ind a one way 'irror. ;1%=

ne o 'y as"s as a +ea)+ servi!es resear!+er in!)des +e p)anning,

'oderaion and ana)ysis o o!s grops. <+en I a!e +e as" o ana)y*ing +e

o!s grop daa, ro' iniia) ie)d noes o 'ode)ing !on!epa) ideas aer a

!are) ana)ysis o 'any rans!rips, +e !+a))enge !an e daning. /+e

opporniy o review a oo" ao o!s grops +a !eners on +e ana)ysis o

o!s grop daa was e2re'e)y ara!ive. 3 dead)ine o !o'p)ee +e review was

a)ways !o'peing wi+ +e dead)ines o ana)y*e and wrie repors o a!a) o!s

grop daa. Iniiaing o+ as"s si')aneos)y ag+ 'e a )o ao +edisin!ive nare o ana)y*ing a)" in inera!ion and ana)y*ing +e ssanive

narraives, dis!orses and +e'es ro' a sdy !onsising o a)'os weny o!s

grops. Bo+ proe!s see'ed so dierenKeven +og+ +e as" o ana)y*ing 'y

daa in!)ded a !are) ra!"ing o +e 'oderaorsJ inervenions. Focus Group in

Practice is deinie)y ao sdying one ')ia!eed aspe! o +e o!s grop

'e+odo)ogy and '!+ )ess ao +ow a resear!+er or 'oderaor wo)d ana)y*e

+e +e'es e'erging in a grop. ;1=

/+e a+ors ee!ive)y ana)y*e +e 'e+od o ee!ive 'oderaing, ra+er +a

+ow a resear!+er wo)d ana)y*e +e grop ise). In 'y own ana)ysis, +e inFiry

o w+a +e 'oderaors did is 'ore ao !are) s!riny o +e 'e+od,

riang)aing +e daa and inerview !onsisen!y a!ross grops. /+e oo", in rn,

is a errii! e2er!ise in +e se)ness o !onversaion ana)ysis and in )earning





ao w+a wiss and rns a 'oderaor s+o)d a"e, ra+er +an +e inri!a!ies

invo)ved in !reaing a pari!)ar !onen. 8y own ana)ysis see'ed so o o o!+

wi+ +e +eorei!a) !o'p)e2iies posed y +e a+orsJ rn a"ing ana)ysis. 8y

own wor" see'ed so prosai! !o'pared wi+ +ese !are) and nan!ed

disi))aions o !onversaion ana)ysis !on!eps in !ons'er resear!+. I is possi)e

+a @>/3 and //ER ind +e'se)ves in +e sa'e disn!ive w+en +ey

are !+a))enged y a rans!rip and +ey 'a"e an ana)yi!a) !+oi!e +a is

!o'pe))ing +eorei!a))y and 'e+odo)ogi!a))yO In 'y !ase, +e !+a))enge o

ana)y*ing a rans!rip !onines o e +e negoiaion o w+a is ssanive, w+a

is re)evan and w+a wi)) inrod!e new perspe!ives in +e !+oreograp+i! dan!e

o !reaing se) "now)edge. ;14=

S:

/+e rans!ripsJ sy'o)s i)i*ed in +e i))sraions are in!)ded in +e appendi2. I

wo)d e +e)p) o +ave +e adio porion as adio srea's or in!)ded in a

o i))'inae +e )eap ro' adio o e2 rans!ripion. ;1&=

-e$erences

3rgyris, +ris M S!+on, ona)d 3. (1974#. Theory in practice: increasing professional effectiveness.San ran!is!o, 3: Aossey-Bass.

Baror, Rosa)ine S. M i*inger, Aenny (Eds.# (1999#. eveloping focus group research. /+osanda"s: Sage.

Barne, Aa!Fe)ine (%00%, Nove'er#. Review Noe: 8i!+ae) B)oor, Aane ran")and, 8i!+e))e/+o'as, M ae Roson (%001#. o!s 5rops in So!ia) Resear!+ ;%1 paragrap+s=. ForumQualitative Sozialforschung ! Forum: Qualitative Social "esearch ;n-)ine Aorna)=, #(4#, 3r. 4.

3vai)a)e a: +p:www.Fa)iaive-resear!+.neFs-e2e4-0%4-0%review-arne%-e.+' ;3!!ess:erary %, %00&=.

B)oor, 8i!+ae) ran")and, Aane /+o'as, 8i!+e))e M Roson, ae (%001#. Focus groups in social"esearch. London: Sage.

B))ingon, Aennier Norde'ar, Ro) Norde'ar, risina M Sosro'-)anagan, +ar)oe (%00#.8eaning o o !+aos: a way o ndersand !+roni! pain. Scan$inavian %ournal of &aring Sciences() (4#, %&-1.

E!+everra, Raae) (1994. *ntolog+a $el lengua,e. Saniago, +i)e: Edi!iones edaggi!as+i)enas.

Eysena!+, 5n+er M T+)er, +risian (%00%#. >ow do !ons'ers sear!+ or and appraise +ea)+inor'aion on +e wor)d wide weO Da)iaive sdy sing o!s grops, sai)iy ess, and in-dep+ inerviews. B-% #./ 0)#10)) .

a+an, Aa'es . (%001#. o!s grops as a oo) or po)i!y ana)ysis. 2nalyses of Social 3ssues an$Pu4lic Policy ((1#, 1%9-146.

reger, Ri!+ard 3. M asey, 8ary 3nne (%000#. o!s grops. 3 pra!i!a) gide or app)iedresear!+ (rd Ediion#. /+osand a"s, 3: Sage.

Lange, Aerey . (%00%, 3gs#. Review Noe: Ri!+ard 3. reger M 8ary 3nne asey (%000#.o!s 5rops. 3 ra!i!a) 5ide or 3pp)ied Resear!+ (rd Ediion# ;10 paragrap+s=. ForumQualitative Sozialforschung ! Forum: Qualitative Social "esearch ;n-)ine Aorna)=, #(4#, 3r. %G.

3vai)a)e a: +p:www.Fa)iaive-resear!+.neFs-e2e4-0%4-0%review-)ange-e.+' ;3!!ess:erary %, %00&=.

8on", 5era)d M 5e+ar, iane R. (%00#. So!iopo)ii!a) a!ivis or !onversaiona) parnerO

isingis+ing +e posiion o +e +erapis in narraive and !o))aoraive +erapies. Family Process/. (1#, 19-0.

8organ, avid L. (19GG#. Focus groups as 5ualitative research. Newry ar", 3: Sage.


http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/4-02/4-02review-barnett2-e.htm


http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/4-02/4-02review-lange-e.htm







8organ, avid L. M reger, Ri!+ard 3. (Eds.# (199G#. The focus group 6it . Newry ar", 3:Sage.

8yers, 5reg M 8a!nag+en, +i) (1999#. an o!s grops e ana)ysed as a)"O In Rosa)ine S.

Baror M Aenny i*inger (Eds.#, eveloping focus group research (pp.17-1G&#. /+osand a"s:Sage.

erry, 8i!+ae) A. anne), Ssan M )io, 3drienne (%00%#. Barriers to -e$icai$ enrollment for lo71income seniors: Focus group fin$ings. <as+ingon, : /+e aiser o''ission on 8edi!aid and+e @ninsred.

i))iere, onna Big)ey, 8ary Be+ >iard, Adi+, M aw)son, 5reg. (%00#. 89ploring consumer perspectives on goo$ physician care: 2 summary of focus group results (No. &7G#: o''onwea)+nd.

Si'on, 5eorge 8. (%00#. Beyon$ techni5ue in family therapy: Fin$ing your therapeutic voice.Boson, 83: 3))yn M Ba!on.

<i)"inson, Se (1999#. o!s grops: a e'inis 'e+od. Psychology of omen Quarterly .#,%%1-%44.

!uthor

Gonzalo B2&3G2;<P8 , Ed, is asso!iaeproessor a +e a'i)y /+erapy rogra',5radae o))ege o Ed!aion, @niversiy o8assa!+ses Boson asso!iae proessor a +ea'i)y 8edi!ine M o''niy >ea)+, @niversiyo 8assa!+ses 8edi!a) S!+oo) Inviedroessor sy!+o+erapei! Inervenions 8aser-egree, S!+oo) o sy!+o)ogy, @niversidadNa!iona) de Ed!a!in a isan!ia (@NE#,8adrid, Spain. >e is !o-senior edior o +eAorna) o Syse'i! /+erapies. 3 re!en )rig+

Senior Resear!+ S!+o)ar a +e @niversia 3no'a de Bar!e)ona, +is ie)dwor" sdied +e!ase o +ea)+ !are a!!ess or i''igrans inaa)nya. >is s!+o)ar)y ineress in!)de +e!)ini!a) wor" wi+ i!)ra) !op)es and a'i)ies,!o))aoraive !ons)aion and spervision, a'i)y+ea)+ psy!+o)ogy, +ea)+ a!!ess or i''igransand +ea)+ a!!ess dispariies (!+roni! painrea'en, 'edi!aion sraegies a'ong e)der)yLainos, +ea)+ !are saisa!ion a'ong Lainoi''igrans, and 3 servi!es#, and Fa)iaivedaa ana)ysis. In a previos isse o FQS 5on*a)oB3I53L@E +as reviewed /+e Iniivera!iioner (edied y /erry 3/INSN M 5yL3U/N, %000#.

ona!:

5on*a)o Ba!iga)pe

@niversiy o 8assa!+ses5E, S100 8orrissey Bv)d.Boson, 83 0%1%&-9@S3

E-'ai): gon*a)o.a!iga)peV'.ed

Citation

Ba!iga)pe, 5on*a)o (%00&#. o!s 5rop ra!i!es: Sdying onversaion. Review Essay:)adia !+a M Aona+an oer (%004#. o!s 5rop ra!i!e ;1& paragrap+s=. ForumQualitative Sozialforschung ! Forum: Qualitative Social "esearch, = (%#, 3r. 9, +p:nn-reso)ving.dern:nn:de:0114-Fs0&0%9.

Revised 6%00G


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