focus groups. focus groups characteristics of focus groups there are six to twelve participants....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FOCUS GROUPS
![Page 2: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Focus groups
![Page 3: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Characteristics of Focus Groups• There are six to twelve participants. • Facilitator and at least one note taker.• Tape-recorded, and other supplies may be needed• Group represents a community of interest with some
diversity • Ideally the participants are unknown to each other.• The aim to gain insights into the attitudes,
perceptions, beliefs and feelings of participants. Consensus not necessary
• A small set of predetermined, sequenced, open-ended questions is used
![Page 4: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Advantages of Focus Groups• It produces real-life data in a social environment –
this gives it high face validity.• Flexible, low cost, simple in relation to other
methods.• Speedy results – easy to summarise • It’s a very useful method for triangulating research
data• Long history of use in areas where good
information means $$$ in the bank.
![Page 5: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Limitations of Focus Groups• Whom the focus group represents can be difficult to
substantiate. Two representative groups might have very different views
• Opinions expressed in groups can vary enormously from those privately expressed
• Getting a representative group can be a difficult and demanding task
• Facilitator needs special skills, to ensure depth and openness of discussion.
• Data can be difficult to analyse – sometimes the results seem obvious, lacking in depth.
• The environment of the focus group can influence the outcome - it needs to be pleasant and comfortable
![Page 6: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Participant preparation• Tell them what it’s about beforehand• Put a lot of creative energy into the topic. • Manage the group’s expectations - koha,
transport support, refreshments, activities, being heard, information use
• Use informality: relaxed playfulness, if professional seriousness of purpose
• The physical surroundings: low key, comfortable, safe, avoid desks, give choices
![Page 8: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Exploring change in Ghana
![Page 15: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Structure of the Focus GroupUse the same model as for semi-structured
interviews – No more than 6 major questions
Descriptive questions
Evaluative questions
Resolving/solution questions
Confirming questions – a small number of forced choice questions at the end or at key points of the focus group
Demographic questions
![Page 16: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Creating Questions• Larry Davidson: “Strategies for Interviewing”
• Begin with descriptive questions. Not asking for assessments (though you may get them). You are after a rich description of experience.
• Move to simple evaluations. Likes and dislikes, and what is behind these.
• Then get to major evaluations, after the experiential groundwork has been done.
![Page 17: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Creating Questions• Next are solutions/resolutions. Finish on a hopeful note.
• Confirming questions. In focus groups key hypotheses can
be checked with simple and direct questions.
• Demographic questions. What contexts influence the
answers to the questions? Age, gender, culture, spiritual
orientation, education, occupation and income?
![Page 18: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Starting the focus group
• Encourage divergent thought. • Make it a group. Have rounds, but avoid
serial interview mode. Switch to discussion mode.
• Do not take over. Accept silence
![Page 19: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The energy we want in focus groups
![Page 20: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Finishing off the focus group• Solution/resolution question • What will be the most important strategies to
achieve these goals? • Prompts • Confirmation question (written and private)• On 1-5 scale (1=poor, 3= adequate,
5=excellent) how useful/interesting is this playcentre course (two separate ratings). Please add a comment
• Demographic questions: age, gender, culture. qualifications, employment, income, etc
![Page 22: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Asking the “right questions”, in the “right way”
• An attitude of great interest without reinforcing any particular viewpoint. Avoid “That’s good,” and “Why?” - instead use “What’s that about ...”
• Some of the best “questions” aren’t questions at all. No yes/no questions
• Attend to Non-verbal behaviour, spot congruence and contradictions, speak to it, name it, intensify it. Pay attention to what the people aren't saying
![Page 23: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Non-directive probes• Descriptive: Give me a [picture,
description] of ... Describe what it’s like to ... Tell me what goes on when you ... Tell me about ... Tell me more about that ... Think about a situation in which you …. Tell me about it.
• Explanatory: Explain to me .... Give me an example….. How might someone do that?...
• Involving: I’d like you all to [discuss, decide] ... Ask each other to find out .... Let’s see, I haven’t heard from ...
![Page 24: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Non-directive probes• Involving and summative: Somebody sum this all
up ... Let’s see [pause] I’m having trouble figuring out how I should word this....... I don’t think I'm getting it all. Here’s what I’ve got so far, tell me what I am missing or not getting correctly ... I can’t seem to read the group’s reaction to that. Help me out.
• Summative: So, it sounds like you’re saying ... So, the message you want me to get from that story is ...
• Encouraging diversity: That’s helpful. Now let’s hear some different thoughts ... Let’s hear a different perspective on this.
![Page 25: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Non-directive probes
• Encouraging: Say more.... Keep talking.... Don’t stop.... Just say anything that comes to mind ... Who can build on this last idea?
• Reflecting conflict: You seem to have a lot of excitement and energy around that. Talk to me from the excitement ... [I see in your face ... I hear in your voice] something important, but I don’t know what it is ... Boy, that got quite a rise out of everyone. What is everyone reacting to? ... What’s bothering you? ... How come the energy level of the group just went down?
![Page 30: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Non-directive probes
• Getting practical: I’d like you to word it as an “I wish” or a “How to.” ... Can someone turn that [wish, dream, request] into a reality? Does anyone know how to do it? ... Let's turn this complaint into a problem ... How can we solve it?
• Checking: How important is that concern? ... Before we move on, let’s hear any burning thoughts that you have to get out ... What am I not asking?
![Page 31: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Projective Techniques. • Ambiguous pictures: Imagine what the
picture is about in relation to own past experience.
• Drawing. You can ask people to draw a their real/ideal WINZ office or counselling room
• Role Playing. Another technique is to get people to think laterally by wearing different “hats” (as a client, caregiver, service leader, member of the public)
![Page 32: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Guided Fantasies or Visualizations. “It’s 2015... You have completed your degree...
You are working when a student colleague and friend whom you haven’t seen for three years visits... What are you going to be talking about?”
• Word Association and Sentence Completion. The most worrying thing about the Research
Methods course is...I’d convince people to change their minds by
saying….
![Page 34: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Debrief
![Page 35: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Using graphic organ-isers in a focus group
![Page 36: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Using graphic organisers in a focus group
![Page 37: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Steps to Improve Validity and Reliability
• Prolong the processes of data gathering on site to insure the accuracy of the findings
• Employ the process of “triangulation” - use a variety of data sources as opposed to relying solely upon one avenue of observation.
• Collect referential materials - complement the research information with additional document support.
• Engage in peer consultation - establish validity through pooled judgment of peers
![Page 41: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Creating community• Totnes Transition Streets (8.38)• What’s the alternative to consumption? Community.
Local food, local support systems, local fun, local creativity, local economy, local jobs.
• Creating community at Unitec – Whānaungatanga, connection and the Shave for a cure collaborates with cure JM event
• Using a focus group to explore whether this event engages with whānaungatanga
![Page 42: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Creating Questions• Larry Davidson: “Strategies for Interviewing”
• Begin with descriptive questions. Not asking for assessments (though you may get them). You are after a rich description of experience.
• Move to simple evaluations. Likes and dislikes, and what is behind these.
• Then get to major evaluations, after the experiential groundwork has been done.
![Page 44: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Creating Questions• Next are solutions/resolutions. Social practice
explored solutions; finish on a hopeful note.
• Confirming questions. In Focus groups Key
hypotheses can be checked with simple and direct
questions.
• Demographic questions. What contexts influence
the answers to the questions? Age, gender, culture,
spiritual orientation, education, occupation and
income?
![Page 45: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
How did SFCCWCJM promote whānaungatanga connectedness and should we do more?• Set up room so that there is a feeling of being able to share
experiences, informal, music• Karakia, facilitator introductions, mihi, • Start with coffee and food• Show the powerpoint• Purpose of the focus group• Do an Ice-breaker – two truths and a lie• Our use term of ‘whānaungatanga’ can be described as a
process of getting to know each other, a respectful relationship, a sense of kinship or family connection; shared experience, shared values, a supportive caring relationship; and providing a sense of belonging and/or sense of spiritual connection serving to strengthen each member of the group
![Page 46: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
How did SFCCWCJM promote whānaungatanga connectedness and should we do more?
• Recalling the SFCCWCJM, think of the day, the weather, the atmosphere, think about where are standing, what you are looking at, who are you talking to
• Do a mindmap on a large sheet – most memorable moments
• Tell us about those moments (people – staff, students, the public, organisations; the group experience (was there a coming together), moments of inclusion/exclusion
![Page 47: FOCUS GROUPS. Focus groups Characteristics of Focus Groups There are six to twelve participants. Facilitator and at least one note taker. Tape-recorded,](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032312/56649e2f5503460f94b1fc0c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
How did SFCCWCJM promote whānaungatanga connectedness and should
we do more? • What does whānaungatanga mean to you? (at home, at
Unitec, elsewhere, how does the practice of differ for different people/groups --age, gender, culture)
• Of the different activities of SFCCWCJM which best/least enable whānaungatanga. How does your experience of SFCCWCJM fit with your idea of whānuangatanga?
• Solutions• Confirmations• Demographic questions