fodder processing

7/27/2019 Fodder Processing

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Principles Of Fodder Processing

And Preservation Techniques

D.Desinguraja

Department of animal nutritionCVAS, Mannuthy.


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Introduction

Physical, chemical, thermal, bacterial or other

alterations of a feed ingredients before it is

fed.

Purpose of processing

To improve palatability

To improve digestibility To alter nutrient composition

To detoxify


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To increase voluntary intake

Less wastage of hard and fibrous parts

Increased density Less space required for storage and

convenient handling


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Processing of fodder classified in to,

Conservation of green fodder

Hay and silage making

Quality improvement


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Silage making

wet /green fodder preserved by organic acids

lactic acid

Basic principle Convert the sugar in the ensiled fodder in to

lactic acid.

Reduces the ph

4.0 or lower Anaerobic environment


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WHY ENSILING

Animals prefer soft green fodder than dry

grass

When the grass is over matured with stems, it

is rejected by animals

Storage of dry fodder requires more space.

Large amount of green grass can be stored in a

small silo pits of one cubic meter.


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Silage making

Cut the grass at the early flowering stage.

Dry the grass in the field for about 4 to 5 hours.

Cut into small bits of 10 to 15cm length with a

chaff cutter or a knife.

Prepare molasses solution in a bucket by

dissolving five kg molasses in 20 litres of water. Dissolve one kg salt in five litres of water.


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Make a circular pit in an elevated area.

The size of the pit should be at least one meter in

depth and one meter in diameter.

Every one cubic meter of pit can hold 600 kg ofgreen grass.

Cover the bottom and sides of the pit with dry

leaves or straw Fill the pit with grass for about one foot height

and press it well.


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Sprinkle molasses over it.

Add another one foot layer of grass.

Sprinkle salt solution with the help of a rose can.

Repeat the filling in the same way till the entire pit

is filled.

Press the grass well to remove any air space

inside. On the top, cover the grass with a layer of dry

leaves.


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Cover the pit with mud for about one foot height

to protect the pit from air and water.

Care should be taken to protect the pit from rain

water. Silage will be ready after two months.

Pit can be opened even after four months.


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Crops suitable for silage

Excellent silage may be made from crops like

Jowar, Maize, Bajra Oats and Barely.


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Stage of harvesting the crop:

Flowering to milk stage is recommended for

making silage from maize, Jowar and oats

crops

In case of bajra is best harvested at blooming

stage

Hybrid napier and Guinea grass should be

harvested at 1.25 meter height stage.


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types of silos

pit silo

tower silo

trench silo Bunker silo


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Pit Silo

Dig a circular or rectangular pit of desirable

dimension.

one cubic meter of the silo can have 650 to

700kg settled silage.


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Losses during silage making

During ensiling,

respiration, fermentation and effluent losses

take place.

During longer period of wilting considerable

losses of dry matter as high as 6 to 10 per cent

During fermentation, gaseous losses 5-30%

Molding losses, 4-12%


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Important points for silage making

Crop and plant material rich in soluble sugar

DM -15-30%

Chaffing- increase compactness Silo should be air-tight after filling

Fermentation starts with in hour

Accelerates at 2-3 days Terminates after three weeks


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Merits & demerits

It contain more nutrient

Loss due to shattering, leeching, and

bleaching are avoided

De merits

It requires labor

Construction cost Handling and transportation is more effort


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Hay making

Basic principle:

Reduce the moisture

Storage without spoilage Without nutrient loss

Moisture is less than 15%

Crops with thin stem and many leaves


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Types

1. Natural drying

2. Artificial drying

Forage can be dried in barn by flowing hot airAdv:

Nutrient loss is reduced

Forage can be harvested irrespective ofweather condition

Dis adv- expensive


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Why Hay making

The drying and storing of high quality forageafter harvesting at proper stage

supply of high digestible feed with highly

protein and calorific values all the year round It reduces the amount of concentrates

130 kg of hay containing 90 per cent dry

matter would be worth as much as 780 kg ofgreen forage containing 15 per cent drymatter the same crop


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The storage losses are less than those in

silage.

It reduces the labour involved in handling and

transport green forage


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Stage of harvesting the crop

Cut berseem or lucerne in the pre-blossom

stage

Chop the forage while still moist (fresh or

wilted) with a chaff-cutter

Chopping need not be too fine. The best

length of the cut is about 5 to 8 cm.


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Spread the wet chopped forage in the sun on

a smooth hard surface in a thin layer not

exceeding 12 to 15cm in height.

The usual threshing floors, roof tops,

polythene sheet etc. can be used for drying of

forages.

Stir the drying forage every 2-3 hours

When thoroughly dry(usually) after 2-3 days,


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depending on,

The frequency of stirring,

the intensity of the sun and the movement ofthe air,

When hay balers become available, the

chopped and dried forage can be baled.

Baling reduce the storage space and facilitates

the transport of the forage to the market
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CROPS SUITABLE FOR HAY-MAKING

thin-stemmed grasses namely,

anjan, oat, Rhodes grass, thin guinea, thin

Napier;

legumes, viz. lucerne, berseem, peas,

cowpea, field bean, rice bean and velvet

bean


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Losses in hay making

Depends on,

Maturity when cut

Method of handling Moisture content

Weather condition during harvest


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Respiration by living plant cell after harvesting

Losses due to shattering and dropping of

leaves

Leachingduring rain, soluble nutrient loss

Bleaching of hayexcessive exposure to

sunshine during drying, Especially carotene.

Fermentation and mouldingnutrient losses

15-50%


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For quality improvement

densificationwater treatment

steam treatment

irradiation

PHYSICAL

chaffingbhoosa making

grinding

CHEMICAL

acid ttalkali tt

ammoniation

BIOLOGICAL

bacterial methodfungal tt

physico chemical

NaOH pelletingNaOH STEAM

methods


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1.Chaffing

MACHINES Hand operated 75-100kg/hour @40rpm

Power operated 200-250kg/hour @ 100rpm: 5-10hp

1000-2000kg/hour 1-4 cm long pieces

Increases intake and reduces the scope of hard parts

Adv

Wastage avoid Easy handling

Increase surface area


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2.Bhoosa making

Long straw broken in to various size-5 cm length

More palatable, soft

3.Grinding

Straw- chaffed into 4-5 cm

Grind in a hammer mill- for the densification of

fodder in the form of pellets More uniform mixing of fodder with other

ingredients


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Densification

Compaction of forages

Baling, block making, pelleting

Depends upon, Type of material

Desired final density

Cost of processing

Market value


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Need for densification

Densification

Bulky roughages are compressed several timesand volume reduced to less than 1/3 of the

fodder Bulk density of straw is 50-75 kg/m3

Concentrates- 500 kg/m3


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A)Baling

Compressed product of about half cubic meter

to 1 cubic meter pressing with a machine

Facilitate easy transport

B)Block making

Blocks are similar in baling ,size(10*25*5 cm) Binder is used


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Adv :

Less pre treatment

Less pressure

Less energy

Dis adv:

Densification is not sufficient


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C)Pelleting

Due to grinding rate of passage increases ,

increases digestibility

Adv :

High degree of densification

Dis adv: More energy for grinding and extruding


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Wafering or cube making

5-8 cm cube shape prepared by compressingroughage through the die of desired size andshape

Irradiation

X-rays, gamma rays

Reduces chain length of fibrous CHO-

formation of oligosaccharides- eff. Utilized by rumen micro- organisms


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Basic principle- molecular depolarization,

radical formation

100 M rad

Increasing the availability of nutrient

Adv- enhance the rate of passage, increased

voluntary feed intake

Dis adv- digestability depressed , cost of

treatment


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Water washing

Deeped in water for about 2 hrs- water is

decanted

Washing is repeated twice

Paddy straw- removes oxalates, potassium

Water soaking > 3 hrs soaking in water- swelling and soften


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Adv:

rumen microbes and their enzymes to

penetrate quicker in a pre wetted feed

Less abrasive to mouth

Dis adv:

Loss of nutrients (soluble carbohydrates) DM loss 8-14% -3 days


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Steam processing

Steam is injected in the stacked roughage for

sufficient time to make moist

1-42 kg/cm2-1.5 min

Digestibility increases 26-47%

Increase moisture content


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CHEMICAL PROCESSING

Objective: Increase digestibility

Increase feed intake

Mechanism of action Solubilisation of cell wall components

Disruption of complexes of lignin


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Urea treatment

Only chemical treatment with practical

potential for farmers

Relatively safe chemicals

Easy available

Easy to dissolve in water


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Urea treatment depend upon

Concentration of urea

Duration of treatment

Amount of water

Way of stacking


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Urea

White crystalline N concentration- 46.6%

Equal to cp is -290 g

Urea- ammonia+co2, urease enzyme

Ammonia+H2O -ammonium hydroxide

It enhances the nutritional quality of starw

Improved palatability

Improve digestability


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Factors affecting process

1. Urea concentration:

4 kg urea- 100 kg of starw

lower- not produce sufficient ammonia

2. Water

Essential for hydrolysis of urea

Required to form alkali

50-60 litres- 4 kg of urea


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3. Method of spraying

Uniform spraying is impartant

Gardeners sprinkler

Use broom with bucket

4. Compactness of straw

Adv- ammoniation process is better

Less chance of mould growth


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Outside temp (oC) Treatment time (weeks)

Below 5 More than 8

5-15 4-8

15-30 1-4

Above 30 Less than 1

5. Duration of treatments


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6. Type of crop:

Poor quality-highly effective for treatments

7. Storage method

Covered with layer of untreated straw

Coconut leaves, banana leaves

Empty urea bag


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1.ACID TREATMENT

H2SO4:

Hydrolyse the hemi cellulose

release sugar

Pre-treatment for SCP

1-5% H2SO4 at 120oC

HCL:

1.7% HCL

Digestibility increases 26-36%

Store for 3-4 weeks

Dis adv- handling and transportation of acid

Reduce the palatability


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Oxidizing agents-

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide, ozone,

Sulphur dioxide,

Sodium sulphite,

Sodium thiosulphate,

Sodiumhypochlorite and

Bleeching powder


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Reduce the lignin content

Break the bond between lignin and

carbohydrates

Dis adv:

It may be hazardous

CostUses:

Industrial and bio-technological process


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NaOH treatment

Increase the digestibility by alkali treatment

soluabilize hemicellulose

Not changing cellulose content

Increase hemicellulose and cellulose digestion bymaking to swell

Without removing lignin break bond with cellulose

and hemicellulose

3-4 % only effective


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Soaking straw in 10 times its weight of 1.5%

NaOH solution for about 24 hours.

Liquid is washed and drained off until alkali is

removed.

Organic matter digestibility increases 46-70%.

Leaching losses - 20% , to eliminate this

Spraying of low concentration of alkali on the

chopped straw.


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Calcium hydroxide

Cheaper

Safer

Low solubility

4 kg / 100 kg

Higher digestibility by long incubation


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Ammoniation

Ammonia act as similar to sodium hydroxide

Reaction require much longer time 20 days NAOH 24 hours

Advantages As NPN

No mineral residue in crops

Dis adv

Air tight

Reduced feed intake


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Ammoniation

Chaff the crop residues-2-3 cm length

Dig a circular pit on an elevated place Add 35-40% water to moisten the crop residues

Fill in to the pit and apply 2.5-3.0% liquid ammonia

Cover and seal the pit with plastic sheet Open the pit after 30-35 days by which time the feed

is ready for livestock

Kept in the open for over night before feeding- help

to evaporate excess quantity of ammonia


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BIOLOGICAL METHOD

Fungal treatment

Straw- lignin-reduces digestibility of thepolysaccharides

Wood rotting fungi- delignify the lignin

Eg

Ganoderma applanatum,

Coriolus versicolor-

Preference lignin degrader not hemicellulose

Increases DM digestibility Degrade 45 % lignin

fodder processing

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