foi;sh - sinhala.dgi.gov.lk · fi; 01 fi;h 32 35 foi;sh 2019 wf.daia;= 01 ljrfha l;dj 38 40 18...

foi;shmqj;a i`.rdj

2019 wf.daia;= 01

ófoksh j,õfõ w;a;ïud

zuyje,sh - ixys¢hdfõ .x.djZ iy z95ka miq

uyje,sZ hk .%ka: oaú;ajh ck.; lf<a ckm;sf.a

m%Odk;ajfhka' ta" cQ,s ui 24 jeks od nKavdrkdhl

cd;Hka;r iïuka;%K Yd,dfõ§' l÷rg" rcrg" W;=re

kef.kysr u;= fkd j wo jhU;a ish Èhjßka tl fia

f;ud,k uyd .x.dfõ .uk zuyje,sh - ixys¢hdfõ

.x.djZ .%ka:h ;=< wka;¾.; hs' isyskhla j mej;s

uyje,sfha ÿIalr u mßÉfþoh fudr.ylkao l¿ .Õ

uyd c,dYh we;=¿ úh<s l,dmSh jdß úiañ;fha l;dj

m%ldYhg m;a lf<a z95ka miq uyje,sZ .%ka:fhka' th

iïmdokfha uQ,sl;ajh .;af;a uyje,s wêldßh hs'

.%ka: oaú;ajfha u m%Odk ixialdrl;ajh oerefõ

fla' wdßh;=x. hs'

01 foi;sh2019 wf.daia;= 01

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foi;sh2019 wf.daia;= 01

ljrfha l;dj

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18 ófoksh j,õfõ w;a;ïud

ia;S% wOHd;auhgtnqKq ia;s%h

ixidf¾ ovhlaldrhd

wjeis jkafka iyDo ixfõoS ks,orejka

isõ jirl wfmalaIdj f,dal fkÜfnda,a Y+r;dj

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m,d,s .=jkaf;dgcd;Hka;rhg

fldf<dïf;dg ke; uy¨ ù

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30;%ia;jdoh yd udOH Ndú;h

iq¿fldg ;lkak neye

28oel .kak fidndisß

ys`o hkak fykr;af.dv

foi;sh 2019 wf.daia;= 0102

ixialdrl uKav,hÿ' w' 011 - 2513757 $ 0112 - 513153úoHq;a ;emE, - [email protected]ÞyeÍfï wxYhÿ' w' 011 - 2515759$ È.=j - 232

WmfoaYl ixiAldrlkd,l l¨jejrcfhA m%jD;a;s wOHlaI ckrd,a

wëlaIK ixiAldrl;s,lr;ak ,shkmgneòs

ixiAldrlud,d u,aldka;s mrK.uf.a

iyh ixialdrlufyaIsld osidkdhl

PdhdrEm ixialrKh rE rgd iy ljr ks¾udKhixÔj fm;a;djvq

úfYaIdx. f,aLlfhdawdkkao chisxy

fvdk,aâ fiakdër

YHdud ikaOHdkdhlf.a

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok

ufkdacd iurkdhl

m%jD;a;s ks,Odßks,añ‚ m%kdkaÿ

l<ukdlrK iydhpJøsld .=KfiAlr

PdhdrEm WmfoaYliqo;a is,ajd

PdhdrEm Ys,amSka,laisß iqNdIK w,aúiA

huqks rYañld

o¾Yk lreKdr;ak

;=is; pkaøl=udr

t,a' tA' frdayK

msgljrfha PdhdrEmhohdka ú;drK

fnÞyeÍfï l<ukdlreã' fla' ú;dkf.a

uqøKhrcfhA uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%ldYkh yd fnÞyeÍurcfhA m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=j

fj¿u 42" l,dmh 12" 2019 wf.daia;= 01

rcfha m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=j" 163" lsre<mk wejksõ"fmd,afyakaf.dv" fld<U 05'

fõÈldj" ß§ ;srh yd mqxÑ ;srh tl f,i ch .;a weh kñka whsrdx.kS

fiarisxy' fkdfndaod ish Èúfha 92 jeks ie;mqï lkqj miq l< weh ;ju;a

rx.kfha ksr; j isákafka iuld,Sk yd kj mrmqrg Yla;shla fjñka'

YslaIKfhka ,enQ wef.a rx. m%;sNdj <ud" ;reK" uy¨ fm%alaIl yoj;a

fidrd .ekSug hs iu;a jqfKa' th foia" úfoia fm%alaIld.dr lrd f.k

hñka Tjqkaf.a ld,amksl f,dalhg idOdrK;ajh bgq lsÍfuka whsrdx.kS

fiarisxy mrudo¾YS pß;hla ùu Y%S ,dxlslhka f,i wm wdvïnr úh hq;=

lreKla'

wef.a Wmka fm<m;" wOHdmk uÜgu fuka u ,enQ iudc weiqr rx.k

Èúfha id¾:l;ajh msgqmi ;sfnk nj wm yeu okakd lreKla' tfuka u

wef.a ksy;udkS .;s mej;=ï yd f,ka.;= nj lshd mdkafka l,dfõ È.=

.ukla hkakg thska ,efnk úYaùh wdYS¾jdoh b;d n,j;a nj hs' rx.k

lafIa;%fha weh jgd isák ku /ka¥ rx.k Ys,amSka weh ms<snò buy;a

.¾jfhka l;d lrkafka wef.ka ,o .=reyrelï jvd;a lD;fõ§ j isysm;a

lrñka'

flfia fj;;a wm lk.dgq úh hq;= lreKla fï fudfydf;a isysm;a

lsÍu l< hq;= hs' we;eï rx.k Ys,amSka" Ys,amsKshka yereKq úg kj mrmqr

fï jk úg .uka lrñka isákafka l,dfõ uqLH wruqKqj,ska neyer jQ

.ukau`.l' tys§ lemS fmfkk ldrKh jkafka rx.kh wd¾Ól m%;s,dN

uQ,sl lr .ekSu;a ksis yeoEÍulska f;dr j th ú,dis;djla lr .ksñka

ckm%sh;ajh fidhd hdu hs' wfkla w;g we;eï ks¾udKlrejka ±kqfuka"

l=i,;dfjka fmdaIKh fkdùu;a kj mrmqr i;= rx. l=i,;dj y`ÿkd

.ekSug ndOdjla ù ;sfnkjd' fï ksid l,dfõ meje;au /l .ekSug;a wm

bÈßfha ;sfnkafka úYd, wNsfhda.hla'

fï iòyd wm l< hq;= ld¾hhka /ila ;sfnkjd' ta" j.lsj hq;= md¾Yaj

úiska l,dj hñka ;sfnk u. kej;;a fjkia lrñka tys rej .=K kj

mrmqr fj; h<s <x lrùug mshjr .ekSu hs' tys§ zwhsrdx.kS fiarisxyZ jeks

hq.fha ±jeka; pß; ukdj yeoEÍug lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a' furg ß§ ;srh

muKla fkdj c.;a ß§ ;srh o tl¨ lrkakg wehg yels jQfha weh i;= jQ

úYaùh rx.kfha wmuK .=Kh hs'

fï ksid whsrdx.kS fiarisxy kï jQ ófoksh j,õfõ w;a;ïud wo

wm wdorfhka je<ò .; hq;af;a weh l,dfõ mrudo¾YS pß;hla jQ ksid

u fkdfj hs' weh i;= udkùh .=KO¾u l,dfõ meje;aug f.k ÿka

wdYS¾jdoh u;=jg;a wmg wjYH jk ksid'

wehg Ñrx ch;= ææ'

úYaùh l,dfõ rej .=K ÿgq weh

- ixiAldrl -


foaY ú;a;sfoaY ú;a;s

hdmkfha m,d,s .=jka

f;dgqfmd< fï jif¾ isg YS%

,xldfõ ;=ka jeks cd;Hka;r .=jka

f;dgqfmd< njg m;aùug kshñ;

hs' tA" ,nk iema;eïn¾ udifha§

bkaÈhdj we;=¿ wdishdkq l,dmfha

rgj,a lsysmhlg isú,a .=jka fiajd

wdrïN lsÍug isú,a .=jka fiajd

wêldßh uÕska lghq;= lrf.k

hk neúka'

fï i|yd wÈhr ;=kla hgf;a

m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd< ixj¾Okh

lsÍu ±ka wdrïN fldg ;sfnkjd'

tA fjkqfjka l< wdfhdackh

remsh,a ñ,shk 2250la' thska

remsh,a ñ,shk 1950la YS% ,xld rch

jeh lrk w;r remsh,a ñ,shk

300l wdOdr uqo,la fï i|yd ,nd

fokafka bka§h rch úiska'

m<uq wÈhf¾§ ±kgu;a .=jka

hdkd fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd

Ndú;hg .efkk óg¾ 2305la

È. m%Odk Odjk m:fhys óg¾

m,d,s .=jkaf;dgcd;Hka;rhg ohd ,xldmqr

950l w¨;ska fldkalS%Ü we;sÍu

hs isÿ flfrkafka' th ksu jQ miq

wdik 72g wvq 'Bomberdier 100Z j¾.fha .=jkahdkd m,d,s .=jka

f;dgqfmd<g f.dv neiaiùug yels

jk nj mejiqfõ .=jka m%jdyk yd

isú,a .=jka fiajd wud;H w¾cqk

rK;=x.' tA m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd<

l,dmSh .=jka f;dgqfmd< f,i

ixj¾Okh lsÍu wdrïN lrñka

miq.shÞ tys meje;s W;aijhg tla

fjñka'

fuys§ bkaÈhdj flakaø

lr.ksñka l,dmSh jYfhka

isú,a .=jka fiajd wdrïN lsÍug

hs kshñ;' fuys m<uq wÈhr

wjika ùfuka miq bkaÈhdfõ

uqïndhs" yhsødndoa" fldÑka yd

nex.f,da¾ wd§ .ukdka; olajd

.=jka .uka wdrïN flfrkq

we;s' m,d,s .=jkaf;dgqfmd< YS%

,xldfõ ;=kajeks cd;Hka;r .=jka

f;dgqfmd< njg m;a jkqfha tA

wkqj'

hdmkfha isg lsf,daóg¾ 16la

ÿßka msysá m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd<

1940 jif¾ fojeks f,dal hqoaO iufha§ ì%;dkHh rdclSh .=jka yuqÞj úiska bÈfldg ;sfnkakla' tA" Tjqkaf.a hqo .=jka hdkd fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd hs' tu hqoaOh wjika ùfuka miq

ì%;dkH .=jka yuqÞj fuh w;yer oud we;s w;r miqj isú,a .=jka fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j

hg;g hs th m;a jkafka'


m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd<

ixj¾Okh lsÍfï fojeks wÈhf¾§

m%Odk Odjk m:fha ;j;a

lsf,daóg¾ 1'5l m%udKhla w¨;ska

fldkalS%Ü we;sÍu isÿ flfrkq

we;s' m%Odk Odjk m:fha uq¿ ÿr

m%udKh jQ lsf,da óg¾ 2'3 olajd

iïmQ¾Kfhka u fldkalS%Ü we;ssÍu

f;jeks wÈhf¾§ isÿ lsÍug kshñ;

nj isú,a .=jka fiajd wêldßh

m%ldY lrkjd'

hdmkfha isg lsf,daóg¾ 16la

ÿßka msysá m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd<

1940 jif¾ fojeks f,dal hqoaO

iufha§ ì%;dkHh rdclSh .=jka

yuqÞj úiska bÈfldg ;sfnkakla'

tA" Tjqkaf.a hqo .=jka hdkd

fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd hs' tu

hqoaOh wjika ùfuka miq ì%;dkH

.=jka yuqÞj fuh w;yer oud

we;s w;r miqj isú,a .=jka fiajd

fomd¾;fïka;=j hg;g hs th m;a

jkafka'

h<s fuh ilS%h jQfha 1947 jif¾§

zthd¾ isf,dakaZ .=jka iud.u

msysgqùu;a iuÕ hs' tu iud.u

i|yd vefldagd ã' iS' 3 (DAKOTA DC 3) j¾.fha .=jka hdkd 3la ñ,

§ f.k ;snqKd' zthd¾ isf,dakaZ

.=jka .uka fufyhqï isÿ flrefKa

r;au,dk .=jka f;dgqfmd< flakaø

lr.ksñka'

fï iud.fï m%:u ux., .=jka

.uk isÿ lr we;af;a 1947 foieïn¾

10 od' ziS;dfoaùZ hkqfjka kï fldg

;snQ tu zvefldagdZ .=jkahdkh tÈk

r;au,dk .=jka f;dgqfmdf<a isg

u.Ska 16 fokl= o /f.k .=jka.;

ù m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd<g f.dv

nei tys§ ;j;a u.Ska o /f.k

uÿrdish ^±ka fpkakdhs& n,d

mshdir l< nj hs YS% ,xld .=jka

b;sydih úuik úg fmkS hkafka'

tu hdkfha kshuqjd jYfhka

lghq;= lr we;af;a lms;dka mSg¾

m%kdkaÿ hs'

±kg jir 72lg fmr o

W;=f¾ ck;djg m,d,s isg

uÿrdishg .=jkska hdug yels

ù ;snqKd muKla fkdj Tjqkag

zthd¾ isf,dakaZ hdkd uÕska

wïmdr" uvl,mqj" r;au,dk yd

;s%l=Kdu,hg o hdug yels jqKd'

fï w;r W;=f¾ fldá ;%ia;jd§

;¾ck wdrïN ùu;a iuÕ 1976

jif¾ § m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd< YS%

,xld .=jka yuqÞj hg;g hs m;aj

;snqfKa' hqoaOfhka miq h<s isú,a

.=jka .uka wdrïN ùu ksid 2013

ckjdß ui 4 jeks Þ m,d,s .=jka

f;dgqfmdf<a kj u.S m¾hka;

f.dvke.s,a, újD; lrkq ,enqjd'

m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmd<

l,dmSh .=jka f;dgq fmd<la

f,i ixj¾Okh lsÍfï§ tys

u.S m¾hka; f.dvke.s,a, o

kùlrKh flfrkjd' tA w;r

rd;S% ld,fha§ .=jka hdkd

f.dvneiaiùug yels jk mßÈ

.=jka Odjk m:fha úÿ,s nqnq¿

w¨;ska iú lsÍug hs kshñ;'

.=jka hdkd k;r lr ;eîu i|yd

wx.khla ^yeka.¾& o bÈ lsÍug

kshñ; w;r .=jka hdkd md,k

l=¨k o kùlrKh flfrk nj

hs m%jdyk yd isú,a .=jka fiajd

rdcH wud;H wfYdala wfíisxy

mjikafka'

fï jk úg m,d,s .=jka

f;dgqfmdf<a fldgila .=jka

yuqÞj uÕska o wksla fldgi

isú,a .=jka fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j

hgf;a o md,kh fjkjd' .=jka

yuqÞfõ .=jka hdkd fuka u isú,a

.=jkahdkd o fuys isg uÕSka yd

NdKav m%jdyk lghq;= isÿ lrkjd'

fï wkqj wÈhr ;=fka u

ixj¾Ok lghq;= wjika jQ miq

m,d,s .=jka f;dgqfmdf<a md,k

l=¨k uÕska j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 1800

l .=jka wjldYh wdjrKh jk

mßÈ .=jkahdkd yeisrùug yels

jk nj hs isú,a .=jka fiajd

wêldßh mjikafka'

fuys ;=ka jeks wÈhr ksu

ùfuka miq Ökh" ;dhs,ka;h

iy we;eï wdishdkq rgj,

tA 320" tA 340 wd§ zthd¾ niaZ

.=jka hdkdj,g m,d,s .=jka

f;dgqfmd<g meñŒug wjia:dj

ysñ ùu;a iqúfYaIS lreKla'


f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha kQ;k iólaIK

jd¾;dj,g wkqj f,dal ck.ykfhka

fndfyda msßila frda.Ska njg fuka u urKhg

m;ajkafka ÿïfld< yd u;aøjH Ndú;h fya;=fjka'

jirlg f,dal ck.ykfhka ñ,shk 18la ñhhk

njhs f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh wkdjrKh lrkafka'

Y%S ,xldfõ ÿïmdkh ksid jirlg 20"000lg wdikak

ixLHdjla iy uoHidr Ndú;fhka 20"000lg wêl

msßila ñh hk nj;aa fy<s ù ;sfnkjd' fï ksid th

f.da,Sh fi!LH .eg¨jla f,i hs y÷kdf.k ;sfnkafka'

fujeks miqìul f,dalfha úúO iïuq;s" tlÕ;d"

wOHhk" m¾fhaIK Tiafia úi÷ï fiùug mshjr f.k

we;s w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ta i|yd fm< .eiSu o úuid

ne,sh hq;af;a ÿïfld< iy uoHidr ms<sn| cd;sl

wêldÍ mk; ms<sn| Èjhsk mqrd fï Èkj, úfYaI

l;dnyla f.dvkef`.ñka ;sfnk ksid' ta" 2006 wxl 27

ork ÿïfld< iy uoHidr ms<sn| cd;sl wêldÍ mk;

W,a,x>kh lrk mqoa.,hka kS;sfha /yekg yiqlr

.ekSug bl=;a cQ,s ui ;=kajeks i;sfha isg l%shd;aul

ùu;a iuÕ'

ta wkqj" uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljreka uÕska Èjhsk

mqrd úfYaI jeg,Sï isÿ lsÍug ÿïfld< iy uoHidr

ms<sn| cd;sl wêldßh lghq;= l<d' 2006 jif¾§

ÿïfld< iy uoHidr ms<sn| cd;sl mk; bÈßm;a jqj o

fj<|ie,a uÕska jhi 21ka my< mqoa.,hkag ÿïfld<

iy uoHidr wf,ú lsÍu isÿfjkjd' fg,skdgH" Ñ;%mg

iy mqj;am;a iÕrd wdÈfhys tu mk; W,a,x>kh

lrñka jl% f,i ÿïjeá iy uoHidr Ndú;h m%j¾Okh

lsÍu;a oelsh yels hs' fï wkqj fuh j<lajd .ksñka

Yla;su;a f,i mk; l%shd;aul lsÍug ÿïfld< iy

uoHidr ms<sn| wêldßh úiska mshjr .ekSu meiish hq;=

lreKla'

2003 j¾Ifha f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh uÕska ÿïjeá

md,kh i|yd m%{ma;shla bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r ta i`oyd

rgj,a 168la w;aika ;nd we;s nj hs i|yka jkafka'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a b;sydifha jvd;a mq¿,a f,i u

wfkl=;a rgj, odhl;ajh ,enqKq m%{ma;sh fuh hs'

fï iñnkaOfhka woyia olajk ÿïfld< iy

uoHidr ms<sn| cd;sl wêldßfha iNdm;s ffjoH

md,s; wfífldaka¦ zzfï m%{ma;shg fmr isg Y%S ,xldfõ

idrdxY.; m%{ma;shla uoHidr yd ÿïjeá iïnkaOfhka

mej;=Kd' flfia fj;;a f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha

m%{ma;sfhka miqj 2006 j¾Ifha wxl 27 ork ÿïfld<

iy uoHidr ms<sn| mk; m%ldYhg m;ajqKd' 2007

jif¾§ ÿïfld< iy uoHidr ms<sn| cd;sl wêldßh

msysgjQfha o fï mk; l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd hs'˜

ufkdacd iurkdhl

2003 j¾Ifha f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh uÕska ÿïjeá md,kh i|yd m%{ma;shla bÈßm;a

lr we;s w;r ta i`oyd rgj,a 168la w;aika

;nd we;s nj hs i|yka jkafka' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a b;sydifha jvd;a mq¿,a f,i u wfkl=;a rgj,

odhl;ajh ,enqKq m%{ma;sh fuh hs'

ÿïfld< mk;h<s mKf.k


uyck fi!LH wdrlaId lsÍfï woyiska ÿïfld<

iy uoHidr ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla we;s lsÍu yd

iólaIKh lsÍfuka ÿïfld< yd uoHidr wdY%s; .eg¨

wju lsÍug;a Bg fhduq jkakka y÷kdf.k ta iòyd

wjYH ls%hdud¾. .ekSug;a ÿïfld< ksIamdokh iy

uoHidr ksIamdokh" wf,úh iy mßfNdackh lrkakka

w;ßka úfYaIfhka <uhska ÿïmdkh yd uoHidr

Ndú;hg fhduq ùu wffO¾hu;a lsÍu i|yd úêúOdk

we;=<;a lsÍug ÿïmdkh yd uoHidr ksIamdokj,g

m%fõYhg we;s ud¾. wjysr lssÍfï l%shdud¾. .ekSug;a

fï mkf;a úêúOdk l%shd;aul lsÍu jeo.;a'

mk;g wkqj wjqreÿ 21g wvq mqoa.,hka uoHidr fyda

ÿïfld< ksIamdokh lsÍu" wf,úhg bÈßm;a lsÍu yd

fhoùu iy ta ms<sn| j wkqn,§u fkdl< hq;= hs' fï

jro isÿlrk whl= remsh,a 4000lg fkdjeä ovhlg

fyda wjqreoaolg fkdjeä ld,hla nkaOkd.dr.; lsÍu fyda

hk folg u hg;a l< yels hs' fuh ÿïfld< Ndú;hg

tfrys j .;a jeo.;a mshjrla' tfia u ÿïfld<

ksIamdok we;=<;a iEu melÜgqjl u fi!LHhg ydkslr

njg wk;=re we`.ùu iy ksIamdokj, wvx.= ;dr

iy ksfldáka m%udKh ms<sn| i|yka l< hq;= hs' tu

f,an,h melÜgqfõ m%udKh wkqj lshúh yels whqßka

meyeÈ,s j fmfkk fia oelaùu wjYH fjkjd' ta

úêúOdk lv lrk ljrl= fyda remsh,a 2000 blaujk

ovhlg fyda jirlg fkdjeä isro~qjulg fyda ovh

yd isr o~qju hk folg u fyda hg;aúh hq;= nj tu

mkf;a i|yka fjkjd'

óg wu;r j mqoa.,hka 30 fokl=g jeä m%udKhla

isák wjia:dfjdaÑ; mßÈ fldgq lrk ,o ia:dkhl

fyda m%foaYhl fyda ÿïmdkh l< fkdyels nj o

mkf;a i|yka' tu úêúOdk lv l< whl=g remsh,a

50"000l ovhlg iy wjqreoaolg jeä isro~qjulg hk

folg u fyda uqyqK§ug isÿfjkjd' ÿïfld< Ndú;h

uÕska rgg wjYH Y%u iïm;a wysñjkjd muKla

fkdj rfÜ ixj¾Okh úYd, miqnEulg ,lafjkjd'

Bg fya;=j ÿïfld< Ndú;fhka yDohdndO" uqL

ms<sld" Yajik wdndOj,g f.dÿreùu ksid mqoa.,hl=

jevlrk ld,h" ld¾hlaIu;dj my; nisk w;r Ôú;

ydks ùfuka Y%un,ldh rgg wysñùu hs' ÿïfld<

iy uoHidr Ndú;h wju lsÍfuka È<s÷lu ;=rKaù

;srir ixj¾Ok b,lal lrd myiqfjka <Õdúh yels

nj f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh wkdjrKh lrkjd'

ÿïfld< iy uoHidr fya;=fjka rgg orkakg isÿjk

msßjeh ÿïfld< iy uoHidr ;=rka lsÍu uÕska rfÜ

ixj¾Okhg fhdod.; yels nj hs fuhska wjOdrKh

lrkafka'

fï ms<sn| j woyia olajk fndafkdjk frda.

tallfha wOHlaI ;s,la isßj¾Ok¦ zzY%S ,xldj úiska

w;aika ;nd we;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha

fndafkdjk frda. j<lajd,Su ms<sn| foaYmd,k

m%ldYfha i|yka mßÈ rch úiska l%shd;aul ÿïjeá iy

uoHidr iy u;aøjH Ndú;h wju lsÍu iy je<elaùfï

jevms<sfj<g isú,a ixúOdk" m%cduQ, ixúOdk iy

iafõPd ixúOdk úiska mQ¾K iydh iy wkq.%yh

,nd§ug lghq;= l< hq;= hs' j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ isÿ

jk fndafkdjk frda. i|yd rchg iuia; fi!LH

úhofuka 90]la jeh lsÍug;a isÿ fjkjd' ñka jeä

ixLHdjla isÿ jkafka ÿïjeá iy uoHidr Ndú;h ksi

hs' j¾;udkfha fndafkdjk frda. iuia; f,dalhg

u oefkk .eg¨jla ù we;s neúka f,dalfha iS>%fhka

jHdma; jk fndafkdjk frda. je<elaùu i|yd oi

wjqreÿ ie,eiaula tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska

zfnda fkdjk frda. j<lajd,Su ms<sn| foaYmd,k

m%ldYkhZ kñka bÈßm;a lr ;sfnkjd' ta i|yd Y%S

,xldj w;aika ;nd wjika'˜

rch úiska 2025 jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ ÿïjeá Ndú;h

fï jirg idfmalaI j wvq lsÍfï b,lal iys; j

wjYH m%;sm;a;s iy m%cd l%shdldrlï ie,iqï l< o

isú,a iudcfha o iydh ,ndf.k §¾>ld,Sk u;aøjH

ksjdrK iy m%;sldr jevms<sfj<la l%shd;aul l< hq;=

nj hs fi!LH m%j¾Ok ld¾hdxYfha wOHlaI md,s;

lreKdfidau i|yka lf<a' flfia fj;;a uoHidr

yd ÿïmdkh lrkakkag tfrys j igka lsÍu fjkqjg

l< hq;af;a tajdfhys wk;=reodhl nj oekqï §u fuka

u uoHidr yd ÿïmdkh lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu kj;d

oeóu hs' tkï weíneys ùu iuÕ igka lsÍug jvd

th je<elaùu myiq ld¾hhla' fï wkqj ÿïfld< yd

uoHidr ms<snò cd;sl wêldÍ mk; kej; Yla;su;a

lsÍug mshjr .ekSu ta iòyd úfYaI odhl;ajhla fokq

we;s'


YS% ,xld jrdh wêldßh

msysgqjd fï jirg jir 40la

imsfrkjd' tf;la jrdh fldñIka

iNdj" jrdh ^keõnvq& ixhqla;

uKav,h yd jrdh iei÷ï yd

wdrlaIl fiajd ixia:dj hk

wdh;k ;=kla u`.ska fufyhjk

,o fld<U jrdh 1979§ wêldßhla

njg m;a flrefKa jvd;a

ld¾hlaIu fiajdjla mj;ajdf.k

hEfï wruq‚ka' lsishï rgl

jrdhla hkq tys yoj; n÷ hs'

ld¾ñl úma,jfhka miq f,dj

ish¨ u rgj,a cd;Hka;r fjf<|

/,a,g yiq jQ fyhska wd¾Ól

foayfha meje;aug yd ixj¾Okhg

rgl jrdhlska isÿjkafka wk,am

fufyhla'

ol=Kq wdishdfõ fyd|u

jrdhj,ska tlla jkafka fld<U

jrdh hs' W;=re wlaIdxYl 6-57 ;a

kef`.kysr foaYdxYl 79-51;a w;r

N++f.da,Sh msysàul we;s fld<U

jrdh ngysr yd kef.kysr hd

flfrk keõ .ukd.uk ud¾.

hl flakaø.; j msysgd ;sîu

ksid w;S;fha mgka u wrdì" .S%l"

frdau yd m¾ishdkq kdúlhka w;r

m%p,s;j mej;=Kd' tÞ fmrÈ.g

uy;a Ok iïNdrhla Wreu lr ÿka

fiao ms<s /.;a Ök hd;%djkaf.a yd

uOHOrŒ uqyqfoa ießierE fjf<|

fk!ldjkaf.a bkaÈhdkq ihqf¾

yqjudre uOHia:dkh jQfha YS%

,xldj hs' w,s we;=ka" fudKre"

we;ao<" uq;=ue‚la yd l=`Mnvq

yqjudrej tys§ isÿ flreKd' tfy;a

ngysr fjf<`o kdúlhka fld<U

jrdh y÷kd.;af;a 1505 mD;=.SiSka

furgg meñŒfuka miqj hs'

mD;=.SiSka fld<U jrdh jd‚c

jrdhla f,i Ndú; l< o Tjqkaf.ka

miq furg md,kh l< ,kafoais

hq.fha yd ì%;dkH hq.fha uq,a

ld,h f;la furg m%Odk jrdh

f,i Ndú; jQfha .d¨ jrdh hs' 1807

jif¾ fÊ' fldaâk¾ úiska ;nk

,o igyklg wkqj fld<U jrdh

mßmQ¾K jrdhla f,i ye|skaùug

;rï iqÿiq ;;a;ajhla fkd;sì neõ

i|yka fjkjd' l=vd hd;%d lsysmhla

muKla kj;d ;eîug myiqlï

;snQ tys wdrlaIs; f,i hd;%d kj;d

;eìh yels jQfha foieïnrfha

isg wfm%a,a olajd muKla neõ tys

i|yka'

1869 jif¾ iQjia we, újD;

ùu;a iuÕ tu ud¾.h Tiafia wE;

fmrÈ.g hd;%d l< fk!ld fl<ska

u <Õd jQfha .d,a, jrdhg' tu

flá uÕ Tiafia ,kavkfha isg

i;s ;=klska .d,a,g <Õd ùug yels

jQ fyhska .,a w`.=re ,nd .ekSug

yd fj<fy<|dï lghq;= i|yd;a

jvd;a m%p,s; jQfha .d¨ jrdh hs'

tfy;a .,amr msysàu;a ksß; È.

fudaiï iufha ±ä iq<Õ;a ksid

.d,a, wkdrlaIs; jrdhla jqKd'

mS' tka' ´ kue;s keõ iud.u

i;= zu,nd¾Z kue;s fk!ldj

.d¨ jrdfha§ úkdY ùfuka miq

fndfyda keõ tu jrdhg msúiSug

ue,slula ±lajQjd' tfyhska .d¨

jrdh ixj¾Okh lsÍu fyda fjk;a

jrdhla ie,iqï lsÍu läkñka

isÿúh hq;a;la jqKd'

wrdîkaf.a yd mD;=.Siskaf.a

m%Odk keõ f;dgla jqj o fld<U

jrdfha fjr<dikak ;Srh

wk;=reÞhl m%foaYhla jqKd'

fld<U jrdhg úYd, fk!ldj,g

meñ‚h fkdyels whqßka úYd,

je,s l÷ .yK j meje;s w;r th

iQjia yd wE; fmrÈ. ud¾.fhka

ie;mqï ;syla muK wE;ska msysgd

;snqKd' tjeks miqìula hgf;a jqj

o fld<U jrdfha NdKav yqjudrej

isÿ flreKd' 1830§ fjf<|du

ms‚i tys meñ‚ keõ ixLHdj

130la jQ w;r wdkhkh l< NdKav

m%udKh fgdka úis oyila muK

jqKd'

tjl w.k.rh fuka u

foaYmd,ksl k.rh o jQfha fld<U'

m%Odk fjf<| jeú,s Èia;s%lal yd

fldf<dïf;dg ke; uy¨ ù

ms%hkacka iqf¾Ia o is,ajd


ne÷Kq ux udj;a yd ÿïßh fiajd

ish,a, fld<U yd flakaø.; ù

;snqKd' tfyhska fld<U jrdh

kùlrKh lsÍfï jeo.;alu tjl

isá bx.S%is md,lhkag jegyqK o

m%;sixialrK msßjeh w;ska .d¨

jrdhg jvd úYd, uqo,la jeh jk

fyhska Tjqkaf.a ks.ukh jQfha .d¨

jrdh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu jeo.;a

nj hs' fuys§ jeú,slrejkaf.a

ix.uh yd fjf<| uKav,h

tu u;hg ;rfha úreoaO jqKd'

Tjqkg wjYH jQfha fld<U jrdh

kùlrKh fldg m%Odk jrdhla

f,i th Ndú;hg .ekSu hs'

flfia fj;;a bx.S%is rch

Tjqkaf.a u;hg tlÕ fjñka

fld<U jrdh mq`M,a lsÍug mshjr

.;a;d' l%ufhka th f,dj mqrd

m%p,s; jQ w;r wE; fmrÈ.g .uka

.kakd fk!ld fld<Ug meñŒu

isÿ jqKd' iQjia we, újD; lsÍfuka

miq furgg <Õd jQ m<uq fk!ldj

zú,shï ñ,¾Z kue;s fk!ldj hs' ta

1870 fmnrjdß 10 jeks Èk

ksß;È. yd BidkÈ. fudaiï

iq<Õska .d¨ yd ;s%l=Kdu,

jrdhkg ;rï n,mEula fld<U

jrdhg we;s jQfha keye' YS%u;a

fcdaka l=äf.a jd¾;djla wkqj

th ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh l< hq;=

njg YS%u;a y¾lshq,sia frdìkaika

wdKavqldrjrhd ;SrKh l<d' tA

wkqj fld<U .,afndlafla isg

úysfok Èhlvkhla bÈlsÍu

i|yd jk fhdackdjla Tyq 1871

§ jHjia:dÞhl uKa;%K iNdjg

bÈßm;a fldg iïu; lr .;a;d'

tu ld¾hh ls%hdjg kexjQfha Tyqg

miqj meñ‚ YS%u;a ú,shï f.%.ß

wdKavqldrjrhd úiskq hs' 1875§

ksß;È. Èhlvkh i|yd tjl

fõ,aiays l=udrhd jQ 7 jeks tâjâ

rc;=ud úiska uq,a., ;enqjd'

zzud tx.,ka;fhka msgùug fmr

hg;a úð; ld¾hd,fha meje;s

idlÉPdjl§ úuiqug ,la jQ

m%Odk ud;Dldjla jQfha ,xldfõ

jrdhkays myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu

ms<sn|j hs' iq`M uqo,lska .d¨ jrdh

wk;=re rys; jrdhla njg m;a

lrkjdo@ ke;skï wêl úhoula

ord fld<U jrdh ,xldfõ m%Odk

jrdh njg m;alrkjdo hk

mekh wmg ;snqKd' w.ue;sjrhd

we;=`M weue;s uKav,fha woyi

jQfha wju uqo,lska .d¨ jrdh

ixj¾Okh lsÍu hs' bv myiqlï

iys; wk;=re rys; kùk jrdhla

bÈ lsÍfuka tys meñ‚h yels

keõ ixLHdj ms<sn| j Tjqkaf.a

wjOdkh fhduq jQfha keye' tfy;a

.d¨ jrdfha wk;=reÞhl ;;a;ajh

ud w;aúkaÞ' tx.,ka;fha isg

.d,a,g meñK f.dvniskakg

hdfï§ ud Èfha fkd.s,S fírefKa

wkQkjfhka' uf.a NdKavj,ska

fldgila úkdY jqKd heZZhs

Èhlvkhg uq,a ., ;enQ wjia:dfõ

úfYaI m%ldYhla l< YS%u;a ú,shï

f.%.ß wdKavqldrjrhd m%ldY l<d'

1884 jif¾ w.Nd.fha wä

ydroyia foish oyhla È.e;s

ksß;È. Èhlvkfha bÈlsÍï wjika

jqKd' tA i|yd jeh jQ iuia; jeh

rkamjqï y;a ,laIhla' l%ufhka

keõ úYd, m%udKhla fld<U

jrdfha kjd;eka me;=jd' tfyhska

;j ÿrg;a th mq`M,a l< hq;= jqKd'

tA wkqj 1893 bÈßm;a flreKq

ie,iqï wkqj wä 800l yd 700l

uqjfÞr hq.<la iys;j wä 1100la

È. BidkÈ. Èhlvkh o wä

2470la È. jhUÈ. Èhlvkh o

ksu lrkq ,enqjd' tu`.ska wdjrKh

flreKq c,dYs%; m%foaYh wlalr

yhish y;<sia ;=kla' fld<U

jrdh mQ¾K wdrlaIs; jrdhla

jQfha 1906§ BidkÈ. Èhlvkh

yd 1912§ ksß;È. Èhlvkh ;j;a

È.= lsÍfuka miqj hs' 1882 isg

fld<U jrdfha md,kh mej;sfha

zydn¾ fndaâZ kue;s mßmd,k

uKav,fhka' 1913 miq th fld<U

jrdh fldñIka iNdjg mejreKd'

1950 miq jrdfha md,k lghq;=

mejrefKa zfld<U mßmd,k

mk;Z kï wd× mk; hg;g'

1950 § jrdfha ixj¾Ok lghq;=

m%xY iud.ulg mejreKq w;r

Tjqka hgf;a /ðk md,u yd

fv,a*aÜ ;gdlh bÈflreKd' tu

lghq;= i|yd jeh flreKq uqo,

remsh,a 56342270la' ishjilg

wêl ld,hla mqrd fld<U jrdfha

fufyhqï lghq;= fm!oa.,sl

iud.ï úiailg wêl m%udKhla

hg;g m;aj ;sfnkjd' tu ld,fha

jrdh fiajlhka ±ä ÿIalr;djkg

uqyqK ÿka neõ mejfikjd' tfyhska

Èjx.; w.ue;s tia' ví,shq' wd¾'

ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d jrdfha

keõ nvq fufyhqu cki;= lsÍug

mshjr .;a;d' tA 1958 wf.daia;= 1jeks

Èk fv,a*aÜ ;gdlfha kex.=rï ,d

;snQ iagd¾,hska tkag¾m%hsia kï

fk!ldfõ isg hs' t;eka isg 1979

jk ;=re keõnvq fufyhùfï

lghq;= Ndr jQfha jrdh ^keõnvq&

ixhqla; uKav,h" jrdh fldñIka

iNdj yd jrdh iei÷ï yd wdrlaIl

fiajd ixia:djg hs' wdh;k ;=kla

u`.ska fufyùï lghq;= isÿ lsÍfï§

mek keÕ=Kq ÿIalr;d wju lr

.ekSu i|yd 1979§ jrdh wêldßh

ìys flreKd' fï jk úg th jir

40la imqrd ;sfnkjd'

ishjilg wêl

ld,hla mqrd fld<U

jrdfha fufyhqï

lghq;= fm!oa.,sl

iud.ï úiailg wêl

m%udKhla hg;g m;aj

;sfnkjd' tu ld,fha

jrdh fiajlhka ±ä

ÿIalr;djkg uqyqK

ÿka neõ mejfikjd'

tfyhska Èjx.;

w.ue;s tia' ví,shq'

wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl

uy;d jrdfha keõ nvq

fufyhqu cki;= lsÍug

mshjr .;a;d'


úYajúoHd," mdi,a"

m¾fhaIK wdh;k"

wdfrda.HYd,d we;=¿

rdcH iy fm!oa.,sl

wdh;k i|yd wjYH

jk úoHd;aul ùÿre

NdKav (Scientific Glassware) wdkhkh

lsÍug Y%S ,xldj

jd¾Isl j jeh

lrkafka úYd, uqo,la'

fï ùÿre NdKav

blaukska ìf|kiq¨

neúka kej; kej;

wdkhkh lsÍug o isÿ

fjkjd'

úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK

w¨;ska u ksmoùu;a levqKq" ñ,

wêl úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK

kej; Ndú;hg .; yels jk fia

ieliSu;a le,‚h úYajúoHd,fha

úoHdmSGfha ùÿre WmlrK

ks¾udK uOHia:dkh uÕska isÿ

flfrkafka msgrgg .,d hk

fkdìf|k ìf|k n÷kaúYd, uqo,a m%udKhla b;sß lrñka'

we;eï m¾fhaIK i|yd wjYH jk

úfYaIs; úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK

wjYH;dj wkqj ilid §u o

fuys§ isÿ flfrkjd'

úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK

ks¾udK uOHia:dkfha

iïnkaëldrl ridhk úoHd

wxYfha uydpd¾h pkaÈud chiQßh

ta iïnkaOfhka woyia oelajQfha

fuf,iska¦ zzúoHd.dr ;=< Ndú;

jk úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK

;ekSu i|yd fhdod .kafka

wêl WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok

ta jf.a u laI‚l WIaK;aj

fjkiaùïj,§ fkdìf|k" bß

fkd;,k úfYaIs; ùÿre j¾.hla'

fï ùÿre wêl WIaK;ajhlg

r;alr øj njg m;a lsÍfuka

wjYH yevh ilia lr.kakjd'

bkamiq WIaK;ajh b;du;a fiñka

wvq lrñka ldur WIaK;ajhg hs

m;a lr.kafka' fï i|yd wjYH

hkaf;%damlrK iy mqyqKq Ys,amSka

wm uOHia:dkh i;= hs' we;eï

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok

úoHd.dr ;=< Ndú; jk úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK

;ekSu i|yd fhdod .kafka wêl WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok ta jf.au

laI‚l WIaK;aj fjkiaùïj,§ fkdìf|k"

bß fkd;,k úfYaIs; ùÿre j¾.hla'

m¾fhaIKm¾fhaIK


m¾fhaIlhkag wjYH fjkjd

;uka úiska ks¾udKh lrk

fudaia;rh wkqj úfYaIs; ùÿre

WmlrK idojd.ekSug' fï

uOHia:dkfha§ tjeks úfYaIs;

wjYH;d wkqj ùÿre WmlrK

ieliSu o isÿ fjkjd' úoHd.drj,

mßyrKfha§ leãhk ñ, wêl

ùÿre NdKav ms<silr lsÍu flá

ld,hla we;=<; isÿ l< yels

w;r ta i|yd jeh jkafka o

iq¿ uqo,la' fï iïnkaOfhka

oekqj;a msßi ta fiajdj wfmka

,nd.kakjd' fï ms<sn| mqyqKq

mdGud,d o wm úYaúúoHd,h

uÕska mj;ajk w;r bÈßfha§

mqyqKqj i|yd n|jd .kakd

msßi jeä lsÍug;a ie,iqï lr

;sfnkjd'ZZ

úYajúoHd,hSh uQ,H m%;smdok

uÕska úoHd;aul ùÿre ksmoùu

iy ms<silr lsÍfï uQ,sl myiqlï

ridhk úoHd wOHhk wxYh ;=<

ia:dms; flrefKa 1990 jif¾§'

ta" tjlg ridhk úoHd wxYfha

fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hjrhl=

f,i lghq;= l< wdpd¾h lS¾;s

úl%uisxyf.a ixl,amhlg wkqj

uydpd¾h tï' tï' fÊ' udrisxy

Wml=,m;sjrhdf.a mQ¾K iyfhda.

fhka' ta wdldrfhka ridhk úoHd

wOHhk wxYfha wdrïN jQ fï

myiqlu wo jk úg jvd;a ÈhqKq ù

we;af;a jeo.;a mshjr .Kkdjla

Tiafia'

le,‚h úYajúoHd,h yd

ì%;dkHfha .a,diaf.da úYajúoHd,h

w;r ia:dms; jQ Ôj ridhk

úoHd iyfhda.s;d jevigyk

hgf;a hs fï úoHd;aul ùÿre

WmlrK ks¾udK uOHia:dkh

werfUkafka' fuys§ ì%;dkH

ljqkais,h uÕska iemhQ uqo,a

m%;smdok u; ridhk úoHd

wOHhk wxYfha ld¾ñl ks,OdÍ

tï' ;s,lr;ak fhduq lf<a

.a,diaf.da úYajúoHd,fha ihuia

mqyqKqjlg' ta wkqj úoHd;aul

ùÿre yeisrùu ms<sn| mqyqKqjla

,enQ m<uq ,dxlslhd Tyq hs'

1999 jif¾§ úoHd yd

;dlaIK wud;HdxYh hgf;a

y÷kajd ÿka wdishdkq ixj¾Ok

nexl= uqo,a m%;smdok o le,‚h

úYajúoHd,fha úoHd;aul ùÿre

WmlrK ks¾udK uOHia:dkh wo

mj;sk ;;a;ajhg f.k taug w;s

oejeka; msgqjy,la ù ;sfnkjd'

fï uOHia:dkh cd;sl uÜgfï

úoHd;aul ùÿre WmlrK ks¾udK

uOHia:dkhla njg m;a lr ol=Kq

wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< úoHd;aul

ùÿre WmlrK ks¾udKh ms<sn|

mqyqKq lsÍfï uOHia:dkhla njg;a

m;alsÍfï wruq‚ka lghq;= lsÍu

fuys lemS fmfkk ldrKhla'

úoHd.drj, mßyrKfha§

leãhk ñ, wêl ùÿre

NdKav ms<silr lsÍu

flá ld,hla we;=<;

isÿ l< yels w;r ta

i|yd jeh jkafka o iq¿

uqo,la' fï iïnkaOfhka

oekqj;a msßi ta fiajdj

wfmka ,nd.kakjd' fï

ms<sn| mqyqKq mdGud,d o

wm úYaúúoHd,h uÕska

mj;ajk w;r bÈßfha§

mqyqKqj i|yd n|jd

.kakd msßi jeä lsÍug;a

ie,iqï lr ;sfnkjd'


le,‚ iriú b;sydihg

we;af;a iqúfYaIS .uka

uÕla' ls%'j' 1506 § isÿ jQ mD;=.Sis

wdl%uKfhka miq tf;la mej;s

idudðl" wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl yd

ixialD;sluh ish¨ fCIa;% wvmK j"

wrdðl j" WÞiSk j meje;s hq.hl

tu ì| jegqKq ish¨ fCIa;%j, kj

mqk¾Ôjkhla WÞ lr,Sfï WÞr

fufyjr

;u fojqr u;g .kakg ls%hd lf<a

cd;sfh;a foaYfh;a mskg my< jQ

je,súg msKavmd;sl wirK irK YS%

irKxlr ix>rdc udysñhka úiska'

Wkajykafia fï ish¨ fCIa;% kÕd

isgqjQjd muKla fkdj ,xldfõ

NdId Ydia;%dÈfhys we;s l< ÈhqKqj

jvd;a lemS fmfkkjd' tA i|yd

Yla;su;a .sys meúÈ mçjre úYd,

msßila ìys lsÍu fujeks w.%.kH

úYajúoHd,hla ìys lsÍfï uQ,sl

wä;d,u hs'

tu mrmqf¾ Wreuh ,nñka uE;

ld,fha ìys jqKq ix> mS;djrhdKka

jykafia jkafka mKaä;dpd¾h

r;au,dfka YS% O¾udf,dal iajdóka

jykafia hs' Wkajykafia ls%'j' 1860

§ r;au,dk mqrdK úydrfha m%dÖk

Ydia;% Yd,djla wdrïN lr .sys meúÈ

úYd, msßilg O¾u Ydia;%h ,nd

ÿkakd' tys m%;sM,hla f,i c.;a

lS¾;shg m;a mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr

msßfjk 1875 fkdjeïn¾ 01 jeks

Èk wdrïN jQfha Wkajykafia ;enQ

mshjfrys kj mßÉfþohla ,xld

b;sydifha iksgqyka lrñka' tu

hq. fufyjr bÈßhg mj;ajd f.k

hdug .sys meúÈ NdKl msßila ìys

lr,kakg mqrd jir 160l ld,h

;=< Wkajykafia .;a wm%;sy;

ffO¾hh w;sYHhska u m%YxikSh

ld¾hhla' ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a

m%Odk YsIH r;akhla úoHd,xldr

msßfjfkys fojeks mßfõkdêm;Ska

jykafia jQfha;a tA m%Yia; .=re

N+ñldj ksid' tA id¾jfN!u mKaä;

r;au,dfka YS% O¾udrdu iajdñka

jykafia hs' r;au,dfka YS% O¾udf,dal

iajdñka jykafia wmj;aùfuka 50

jeks .=KdkqiaurK mqfkHda;aijfha§

O¾udf,dal úoHd,h;a .=rel=,

úoHd,h;a úoHd,xldr msßfjka

N+ñfhys u wdrïN lsÍu iqúfYaIS

isÿùula' tA yd iudk j ,xldfõ

m%:ujrg idys;Hdpd¾h iy

;s%msgldpd¾h hk Wmdê mdGud,dj

m%Þkh lsÍu úoHd,xldr msßfjk

uÕska isÿ flreKd' tA" mKaä;dpd¾h

¨Kqfmdl=fKa Oïudkkao kdhl

iajdóka jykafiaf.a iufha§'

1959 ckjdß 01 jeks Èk wNskj

úYajúoHd,hla f,i kS;s.; jQ

úoHd,xldr úYajúoHd,fha m<uq

l=,m;s iajdñka jykafia jQfha

mKaä;dpd¾h lsßj;a;=vqfõ m%×idr

kdhl ysñmdKka' úYajúoHd,fha

wNsjDoaêh ms‚i ish¨ wOHhk

yd wkOHhk lghq;= bgq l<

id¾jfN!u mKaä; wdupl%j¾;s

yslalvqfõ m%×rdu kdhl iajdñka

jykafia;a tu ld¾hhkag fkdu|

iyhla ,nd ÿka úkhdpd¾h

kd;a;dkaäfha m[aØlr kdhl

iajdñka jykafia;a fï 60 jeks

iegjia ieurE úÿ,lrle,‚h úYajúoHd,hg

2019 cqks ui 17

jeks Èkg jir 60

iemsreKd' fï ,smsh tA

ksñ;af;ka'

fvdk,aâ fiakdër

wOHdmkwOHdmk


ixj;airfha§ wksjd¾hfhka u isys

le|úh hq;= hs'

úoHd,xldr msßfjk ngysr

wdlD;sfha úYajúoHd,hla njg m;a

lsÍu uÕska rch úiska mrud¾:

folla bgq lr .ekSug wfmalaId

l<d' tys uQ,sl wNs,dIh jQfha isxy,

NdIdj mßiudma; w¾:fhka u rdcH

NdIdj njg m;a lsÍug ls%hd;aul

ùu hs' m%:ufhka u YsIHhka 363

fokl= úYajúoHd,hg n|jd.;a w;r

msßñ isiqka muKla thg we;=<;a

jqKd' 1972 jif¾ isg 1978 foieïn¾

31 jeksÞ olajd ls%hd;aul jQ 1972

wxl 1 ork mk; wj,x.= lrk

;=re úYajúoHd, mßmd,k jHqyh

mßj¾;k jHqyhla f,i hs mej;sfha'

tu ld, iSudj kdulrKh lrk

,oafoa YS% ,xld úYajúoHd,fha

úoHd,xldr uKavmh f,iska'

úYajúoHd,h wdrïN l< uq,a

ld,fhys th mj;ajd f.k hkq

,enqfõ mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr

N+ñfha yd Bg hdn| .=re l=,

úoHd,hSh f.dvke.s,sj, ùu ksid

úYajúoHd,fha fN!;sl ixj¾Okhg

jQfha ndOdjla' thg úi÷ula

jYfhka 1960 - 1961 j¾Ij,§

o¿.u zuhsk¾ lEïmaZ kue;s wlalr

21 lska hq;= bvula rch úiska

w;am;a lrf.k ridhkd.dr

iys; úoHd f.dvkeÕs,a,la" l,d

f.dvkeÕs,a,la" mqia;ld,hla"

YsIH ksjdi we;=¿ fjk;a wjYH

f.dvkeÕs,s bÈ l<d' bka miqj hs

tu wNskj N+ñfhys úYajúoHd,h

ks, jYfhka wdrïN jQfha' tA wkqj

1965 - 1966 wOHhk j¾Ih jk úg

úoHd yd YsIH f.dvkeÕs,s bÈ lr

wjika j ;snQ ksid uOH yd wjidk

j¾Ifha mka;s kj N+ñhg /f.k

hdug hs yels jqfKa' 1978 wxl

16 ork úYajúoHd, mk; uÕska

úYajúoHd, jHqyh mßj¾;khlg

,laùu fï ld,iSudj ;=< ±lsh

yels iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla' tA wkqj

fuf;la zYS% ,xld úYajúoHd,fha

úoHd,xldr uKavmhZ f,i ye¢ka

jQ úYajúoHd,h 1977 ckjdß 01

jeks Èk isg le,‚h úYajúoHd,h

kñka iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla njg

m;a jqKd' t;eka isg Wml=,m;sjre

17 fokl= hgf;a md,kh jQ

le,‚h úYajúoHd,fhys 60 jeks

ixj;airh iurk fudfydf;a tu

Oqrh fydnjkafka uydpd¾h ã'tï'

fiauisxy hs'

wNHka;r isiqka oioyilg wêl

m%udKhla isák úYajúoHd,fha

wOHdmkh yeoEÍug úfoaYSh isiqka

foiShlg jeä m%udKhlg wjia:dj

ysñ hs' tfuka u ndysr Wmdê

wfmalaIlhka fooyi blaujñka

yd mYapdoa Wmdê ämaf,daud iy

ämaf,daud wfmalaIlhka fooyi

blaujñka le,‚ iriúfha

wOHhk lghq;=j, kshe,S isákjd'

le,‚h úYajúoHd,h furg

rdcH úYajúoHd, moaO;sh

;=< Ydia;S%h yd fN!;sluh

ixj¾Ok lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul

w.h wkqj fm< .efykafka

;=ka jeks ia:dkhg' cd;sl

úYajúoHd, moaO;sh ;=< m<uq

yß; úYajúoHd,h njg m;a jQfha

o th hs' fujeks iqúfYaIs wx.

/ilska hq;a le,‚h úYajúoHd,fha

kQ;k NdId yd jD;a;ShdNsuqL

mdGud,d" úúO m¾fhaIK fCIa;%

mokï lr.;a kùk úIhhkaf.ka

hq;a kj wOHhk mdGud,d fï jk

úg;a ls%hd;aul hs' tA" úYajúoHd,hg

m%fõY jk úoHd¾Òkaf.a l=i,;d

Tmakxjd rfÜ ixj¾Okhg Þhl

jk hym;a mqrjeishka msßila ìys

lsÍfï wruq‚ka' Bg wu;r j cd;sl

ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka jeo.;a kj

fidhd .ekSï .Kkdjlg ohl;ajh

iemhSug o le,‚h úYajúoHd,h

iu;a j we;af;a tu mdGud,dj,

M,Þhs;dj úoydmdñka'

fuys§ woyia ±la jQ le,‚h

úYajúoHd,fha Wml=,m;s

ã'tï' fiauisxy¦ zz1959 jif¾§

úYajúoHd,hla njg m;a jqj;a tys

uq,a Èj hkafka 1875 jir olajd

wE;g' kj ±kqu ks¾udKh lsÍug;a

;sfnk ±kqu fiiq wh w;f¾ fnÞ

.ekSug;a Wmßu f,i lemùug

hs úYajúoHd,h lghq;= lrkafka'

bÈßfha § fï wruqKq ;j ;j;a jeä

ÈhqKq lrñka rfÜ ixj¾Okd;aul

ld¾hhkays§ odhl;ajh ,nd§ug wm

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd' j¾;udkh

jk úg úúO /lshd fCIa;%j, wm

úYajúoHd,fha WmdêOdßka úYd,

m%udKhla kshe,S isákjd' Tjqkaj

foia úfoiays by<u ms<s.ekSulg

,la ù isàu i;=g okjk ldrKhlaZZ

ksyd,a mSßia

wefußldj iy ì%;dkHh;a"

wfkla w;ska ngysr

úfrdaë rdcHhla jk brdkh;a

w;r WKqiqï fjñka we;s wd;;sh

cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k lr<sfha

jvd;a u wjOdkhla Èkd.;a

ldrKdjla njg m;a j ;sfnkjd'

ál lf,l isg j¾Okh fjñka ;snQ

fï .egqïldÍ ;;a;ajh l%ufhka

jvd;a WÉP wjia:djla lrd <Õd

fjñka we;s wdldrhla olskak

ms<sjka' miq.sh Èkj, fuhg

wÞ, ;SrKd;aul isÿùula jQfha

ì%;dkH Och hgf;a ´udk fndlal

m%foaYfha hd;%d lrñka ;snQ f;,a

kejla brdk yuqÞ úiska ish Ndrhg

.kq ,eîu hs' iafgkd bïfmfrda

;=kafldka l;dny WKqiqï

kñka ye¢kajqKq fï f;,a kej tys

isá úiailg wdikak kdjqlhka

msßi o iuÕ brdkh hg;g

m;aùu;a iuÕ ngysr n,j;=ka

iy brdkh w;r úYd, wd;;shla

W;aikak ùug mgka .;a;d' fï

,smsh ,shk wjia:dj jkúg;a

brdkh fï kej fyda keúhka fyda

ksoyia lsÍug lghq;= lr ;snqfKa

keye' brdkh úiska iafgkd

bïfmfrda fk!ldj fï wdldrfhka

ish Ndrhg .kakd ,oafoa th

cd;Hka;r kS;s W,a,x>kh l<

njla mjiñka' tfy;a ì%;dkHh

fï fpdaokd ms<s.;a njla fmkqfKa

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brdkh fï kej w,a,d

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tlg tl lsÍula jYfhka nj hs

ksÍCIlhkaf.a woyi jqfKa'

thg fya;= jQfha fï isoaêhg i;s

lsysmhlg l,ska ì%;dkH yuqÞ

úiska brdk f;,a kejla o fï

wdldrfhka u w,a,d .ekSfï

fufyhqulg iïnkaO ù ;sîu hs'

f.%aia 1 hkqfjka ye¢kajqKq fï

brdk kej tA jkúg isßhdjg

f;,a /f.k hñka isá njg

ì%;dkHh iel u;= lr ;snqKd'

;j;a ngysr úfrdaë rdcHhla f,i

ie,flk isßhdjg tfrys j fï

jkúg hqfrdamd ix.uh úiska úúO

iïndOl mkjkq ,en we;s w;r

tA wkqj Tjqkag fï wdldrfhka

f;,a iemhSu ;ykï' flfia

fj;;a brdkh ì%;dkH Och

hgf;a .uka lrñka ;snQ iafgkd

bïfmfrda f;,a kej brdkh ;u

hg;g .;af;a ì%;dkHfha by;

fufyhqug m%;spdrhla jYfhka

nj hs fï .ek wjOdkfhka miqjk

fndfyda ksÍCIlhkaf.a woyi' fï

isÿùu;a iuÕ brdkh iy ngysr

l|jqr w;r wd;;sh jvd;a by<

hdug mgka .;a w;r wefußldj

o ì%;dkHfha iydhg bÈßm;a ùug

iQÞkï njla m< l<d'


;;a;ajh fufia ;sìh§ miq.sh

23 jeks Èk ;j;a wdkafoda,kd;aul

isoaêhla .ek cd;Hka;r udOH

jd¾;d lr ;snqKd' thska lshejqfKa

brdkh ;=< T;a;= n,ñka isá

weußldkq iS'whs'tA ixúOdkhg

iïnkaO msßila brdk wdrCIl wxY

úiska w;awvx.=jg .kq ,en we;s

nj hs' Tjqka w;ßka lsysm fokl=g

urK o~qju kshu lr we;s nj o

fï mqj;a jd¾;d uÕska wkdjrKh

lr ;snqKd' weußldj iy brdkh

w;r W;aikak fjñka we;s

.egqïldÍ ;;a;ajh fï isoaêh ksid

;j;a jeä ÈhqKq jkq we;s nj hs

fmkS .sfha'

brdkh iy weußldj w;r

±ka ál lf,l isg u mj;skafka

WKqiqï ;;a;ajhla nj ryila

fkdfj hs' thg wdikak u fya;=j

jQfha brdkh iuÕ w;aika lr ;snQ

kHIaál .súiqulska wefußldj

bj;a lr .ekSug fvdk,aâ g%ïma

ckdêm;sjrhd miq.sh jif¾

^2018& mshjr .ekSu hs' 2015 jif¾

w;aika lrk ,o fï .súiqfuys

tla md¾Yajhla jQfha brdkh hs'

wfkla md¾Yajh f,i wefußldj"

ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" c¾uksh" reishdj"

Ökh w;aika lr ;snqKd' fujeks

.súiqula w;aika lsÍug wjYH jQfha

tA jkúg brdkh bÈßhg f.k

hñka isá kHIaál jevigykla

iïnkaOfhka ngysr l|jqrg .eg¨

u;= ùu ksid hs' Tjqka l,amkd lf<a

fï kHIaál jevigyk yryd

brdkh kHIaál wdhqO ksmoùug

ie,iqï lrk nj hs' fï fya;=j

u; Tjqka brdkhg tfrys j úúO

iïndOl mekùug lghq;= l<

w;r tA yryd brdkh u; mSvkhla

we;s lsÍug mshjr .;a;d' fï

iïndOl ksid brdk wd¾Ólhg

f,dl= n,mEula we;s jqKd' tA

ksid iïndOl ,sys,a lr .ekSug

brdkhg o wjYH jQ w;r 2015

.súiqu w;aika flrefKa tA wkqj hs'

fï .súiqu wkqj brdkh Tjqkaf.a

kHIaál lghq;=j, hï hï iSud

we;s lsÍug tlÕ jqKd' ngysr

md¾Yajh o iïndOl ,sys,a lsÍug

leue;a; m< l<d'

tfy;a 2017 jif¾ fvdk,aâ

g%ïma weußldfõ ckdêm;s Oqrhg

m;a ùfuka miq ;;a;ajh ;rula

fjkia ùug mgka .;a;d' Tyqf.a

woyi jqfKa by; lS .súiqu ,sys,a

jeä nj hs' tA ksid ljÞ fyda Èfkl

brdkh kHIaál wú ksmoùfï

yelshdjla we;s nj Tyqf.a woyi

neõ fmkqKd' tfuka u ueo fmrÈ.

l,dmfha isá fi!os wrdìh"

BY%dh,h jeks wefußldfõ ñ;%

md¾Yajj,g tfrys j lghq;= lrk

we;eï ;%ia;jd§ ixúOdkj,g

brdkh Woõ lrk njg o

wefußldj me;af;ka fpdaokd

t,a, fjñka ;snqKd' fï ;;a;ajh

u; g%ïma mejiqfõ weußldj

by; .súiqfuka bj;a lr.ekSug

;uka mshjr .kakd nj hs' fï

.súiqug jvd Yla;su;a .súiqula

wjYH njo Tyq lshd isáhd' fï

wkqj wefußldj miq.sh jif¾

fï .súiqfuka bj;a jQ w;r thska

miq kej;;a brdkhg tfrysj ±ä

iïndOl mekùug Tjqka lghq;=

l<d' fï ksid ±ka kej;;a brdk

wd¾Ólhg úYd, n,mEula we;s

ùfï ;;a;ajhla u;= ù ;sfnkjd' tA

ksid Tjqka o ;rula ±ä wdldrfhka

m%;spdr ±laùug iQÞkï jk njla

fmfkkakg ;snqKd' tys§ brdkh

mejiqfõ .súiqu hgf;a l,ska iSud

lr ;snQ we;eï kHIaál lghq;=

kej; weröug ;uqka o mshjr

.kakd nj hs' fï ksid brdkh;a"

weußldj;a w;r .egqïldÍ

;;a;ajh ;jÿrg;a W;aikak ùug

mgka .;a w;r hqouh .egqula mjd

we;s úh yels o hk ielh we;eï

md¾Yaj u;= lrñka isákjd'

±ka we;s ù ;sfnk f;,a

keõ ms<sn| m%Yakh o fï isÿùï

Þufha u fldgila f,i ie,lsh

yels hs' i;s lsysmhlg fmr

ì%;dkH yuqÞj, iyNd.s;ajfhka

brdkfha f.%aia 1 kej w,a,d

.ekSu wefußldfõ jqjukdj

u; isÿjkakg we;s nj iuyr

ksÍCIlhkaf.a woyi hs' ^weußldj

iy ì%;dkHh hkq b;d ióm

ñ;=rka fofokl= nj o wuq;=fjka

lsj hq;= ldrKhla fkdfj hs'&

brdkh ;jÿrg;a wmyiq;djg

m;a lsÍu tys wruqK jkakg we;s

nj hs Tjqka fmkajd fokafka'

flfia fj;;a brdkh o thg

m%;spdr olajñka ì%;dkH kej ish

Ndrhg .ekSu;a iuÕ fï l,dmfha

keõ .ukd.ukh iïnkaOfhka

o w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;s

fjñka ;sfnkjd' ´udk fndlal

m%foaYfha we;s fydauqia iuqø ikaêh

wdikak l,dmfha hs fï ;;a;ajh

j¾Okh fjñka ;sfnkafka' fuh

f;,a m%jdykfha§ ;SrKd;aul

f,i n,mdk l,dmhla f,i;a

ie,flkjd' tys we;s ù ;sfnk

fï WKqiqï ;;a;ajh ksid f;,a

iemhqïj,g ndOd we;s ùfuka

bÈßfha§ f;,a ñ, by< hdfï

wk;=rla we;s úh yels njg;a

fï jkúg wkdjels m<fjñka

;sfnkjd'

brdkh iy weußldj w;r ±ka ál lf,l

isg u mj;skafka WKqiqï ;;a;ajhla nj ryila

fkdfj hs' thg wdikak u fya;=j jQfha brdkh

iuÕ w;aika lr ;snQ kHIaál .súiqulska wefußldj bj;a lr

.ekSug fvdk,aâ g%ïma ckdêm;sjrhd miq.sh jif¾ ^2018& mshjr .ekSu hs' 2015 jif¾ w;aika lrk ,o fï .súiqfuys

tla md¾Yajhla jQfha brdkh hs'



úfoia ú;a;súfoia ú;a;s

;ud w.ue;s Oqrfhka b,a,d

wiajk nj ì%;dkHfha

ysgmq w.ue;sks f;f¾id fï

miq .sh cqks udifha ksfõokh

lsÍu;a iuÕ ld ;=<;a l=;=y,h

±k jQ ldrKh jqfKa trg B<Õ

w.ue;sjrhd ljqreka jkq we;a

o hkak hs' udi tlyudrlg

wdikak ld,hla ;siafia we§

.sh ls%hdj,shlska wk;=re j ±ka

trgg w¨;a w.ue;sjrhl= ,eî

;sfnkjd' Tyq l,la f;f¾id fï

f.a leìkÜ uKav,fha úfoaY

f,alïjrhl= f,i o lghq;= l<

fndßia fcdkaika' fndßia miq.sh

cq,s 24 jeks Èk fojeks t<sifn;a

uy /ðk yuq ù ì%;dkHfha kj

w.ue;sjrhd f,i jev Ndr.;a;d'

ysgmq w.ue;sks f;af¾id fï o Bg

fmr uy /ðK uqK .eiS ;udf.a

b,a,d wiaùu .ek ks, jYfhka

±kqï ÿkakd'

flfia fj;;a weh uqyqK ÿka

w¾nqohg miqìï jQ .eg¨ ;ju;a

úi£ fkdue;s w;r fndßiag o

bÈßfha§ b;d wiSre wNsfhda.

/ilg uqyqK §ug isÿjkq we;s

nj ryila fkdfj hs' f;f¾id

fï Oqrfhka úis ù hdug n,mE

m%Odku ldrKh jQfha fn%laisÜ

(Brexit) fyj;a ì%;dkHh hqfrdamd

ix.ufha idudðl;ajfhka

bj;a ùfï ls%hdj,shg ksis

wdldrfhka kdhl;ajh §ug;a th

l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug;a weh

wiu;a ùu hs' ±ka lõre;a n,d

isákafka wehg mek.; fkdyels

jQ fï lvq,a, ch .ekSug fndßia

fcdkaika iu;a jkq we;a o lshd hs'

f;f¾id fïg ;j jir 3 lg

lsÜgq ld,hla w.ue;s Oqrfha

lghq;= lsÍug b;sß j ;sìh§

wehg yÈisfha tu Oqrfhka b,a,d

wiaùug isÿ jQfha ukao hkak o

fuys§ isysm;a lsÍu jeo.;a' fndßia

fcdkaika yuqfõ we;s wNsfhda.

f;areï .; yels jkafka o fuf;la

È. yereKq tu isÿùï Þuh wjfndaO

lr .ekSfuka muK hs' tys jeo.;a

u wjia:djla jQfha 2016 jif¾

trg meje;s cku; úpdrKh hs'

tys§ PkaoÞhlhkaf.ka úuid

n,k ,oafoa ì%;dkHh ;jÿrg;a

hqfrdamd ix.ufha idudðlhl=

f,i isáh hq;= o keoao hkak hs'

ì%;dkH ck;djf.ka nyq;rhla

;SrKh lf<a tu idudðl;ajfhka

bj;a úh hq;= nj' rgj,a 28

lska iukaú; hqfrdamd ix.uh

;=< isàfuka ì%;dkHfha wd¾Ól

ksoyi" ixialD;sl wkkH;dj jeks

ldrKdj,g n,mEula t,a, jk nj

fmdÿ ms<s.ekSu jqKd'

cku; úpdrKfhka miqj

f;f¾id fï w.ue;skshg mejreKq

úYd,u j.lSu jQfha ì%;dkHh

hqfrdamd ix.ufhka fjkaùug

wÞ< .súiqï ilia lsÍfï§ ì%;dkH

md¾Yajhg kdhl;ajh §u hs' §¾>

iy fjfyilr ls%hdÞuhlska

miq fuhg udi lsysmhlg fmr

fï ms<sn| .súiqï flgqïm;la

ilia flreKd' lsysm jrla u

fï flgqïm; md¾,sfïka;=fõ §

mrdchg m;a jQ w;r wjidkfha

ysgmq w.ue;sksh iïnkaOfhka

md¾,sfïka;=fõ fuka u mCIfha o

jeä msßilf.a úYajdihla ke;s nj

fmkqKd' mlaIfha kdhl;ajfhka

fuka u w.ue;s Oqrfhka o bj;a

ùug wehg n, flfrk ;;a;ajhla

we;s jQfha fï miqìu ;=< hs'

flfia fj;;a f;f¾id fï f.a

kdhl;ajfhka hq;=j ilia l<

.súiqug jvd fyd| .súiqula ilia

lr .ekSug fndßia fcdkaikag

yels fõú o@ fuh b;d ixlS¾K

m%Yakhla' thg tla fya;=jla kï

fï .súiqu iïnkaOfhka hqfrdamd

ix.uh o b;d ±ä ia:djrhl

isàu hs' Tjqka ±kg ;sfnk .súiqfï

ixfYdaOk isÿ lsÍug t;rï leue;s

njla fmfkkakg ;snqfKa keye'

th f;f¾id fï o uqyqK ÿka

.eg¨jla jqKd' fndßia fcdkaika

mjikafka Tjqka thg iQÞkï

ke;skï .súiqulska f;dr j

ì%;dkHh hqfrdamd ix.ufhka bj;a

lr .ekSug ;uqka mshjr .kakd

nj hs' kuq;a fujeks mshjrla jqj

o ì%;dkHhg ys;lr fkdjkq we;s

njg we;eï md¾Yaj fj;ska woyia

m<fjkjd' tfia kï l< hq;af;a

l=ula o@ fndßia fcdkaika fï

w¾nqoh ljrdldrfhka ch.kq we;a

o hkak ±ka ì%;dkH cd;slhka

muKla fkdj cd;Hka;r ldrKd

.ek Wkkaÿj olajk ljqre;a

l=;=y,fhka hq;=j n,d isák

ldrKhla njg m;a j ;sfnkjd'

f;f¾id <`.gfndßia

ksyd,a mSßia


mDÓúfhka msg; ie;mqï ,laI .Kkla

wE; msysá fjk;a zf,dalhlgZ f.dv

nyskak ñksiqkag yels jkq we;e hs wE;

w;S;fha úiQ wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka lsisúfgl

fkdis;kakg we;s' tfy;a tA is;sú,s fndre

lrñka" ie;mqï 240"000 la ^ls'ó' 380"000la&

wE; wyfia wm jgd .uka lrñka ;sfnk

i| u; md ;eîug fuhg jir 50 lg

fmr m<uq j;djg ñksiqka fofokl= iu;a

jqKd' th ñksia j¾.hd ,enQ w;s±jeka;

ch.%yKhla' wNHjldY .fõIKfha iy

thg wÞ< ;dCIKfha fhdaO bÈß msïula

iksgqyka lsÍug fï isoaêh iu;a jQ nj lsj

yels hs'

kS,a we,avka wdïiafg%daka iy tâúka

bhqðka ´,aä%ka hk weußldkq wNHjldY

.dóka fofokd fï wdldrfhka m<uq jrg

i| u; md ;enqfõ 1969 cQ,s ui 21 jeksÞ

hs' Tjqka fofokd ;j;a .uka i.hl= jQ

uhsl,a fld,skaia o iuÕ mDÓúfhka msg;a

jQfha cq,s 16 jeksÞ hs' weußldkq wNHjldY

wdh;kh jk kdid wdh;kfha fufyhqula

jQ fï jHdmD;sh ye¢kajqfKa zwemf,da

11Z hkqfjka' Bg fmr lsis Þ w;ayÞ n,d

fkd;snqKq fï .uk ieneúka u Ôú;h

mrÿjg ;nd hd hq;= .ukla jqKd' tA ksid

fï wNHjldY.dókaf.a wd;au úYajdih"

tä;rnj iy ffO¾hh o úfYaIfhka

i|yka l< hq;= ldrKd' hï fyhlska

l=ula fyda wlr;eínhla isÿ ù kS,a iy

tâúka fofokd i| u; fldgq jqKd

kï l=i.skafka ñh hdug fyda Èú kid

.ekSug Tjqkag isÿjkakg ;snqKq nj fï

pdßldfjka miq tla ks,Odßhl= i|yka lr

;snqKd'

cQ,s ui 16 jeksÞ mDÓúfhka msg;a jQ

kS,a" tâúka iy uhsl,a ;sfokd if|ys

lCIhg <Õd jQfha Èk ;=klg miqj"

tkï cQ,s 19 jeksÞ hs' thska miq uhsl,a

fld,skaia m%Odk hdkh i| jgd mojdf.k

hñka isáh§ kS,a iy tâúka fofokd

thg iïnkaO lr ;snQ ;j l=vd hdkhlg

we;=¿ jqKd' Tjqka fofokd i| u; f.dv

niskakg kshñ; j ;snqfKa fï l=vd pkaø

hdkfhka' th kï lr ;snqfKa zB.,aZ

^rdcd,shd& hkqfjkq hs' wk;=re j fï

y|g mekakfhdaO msïu

ksyd,a mSßia


pkaø hdkh zfldf,dïìhdZ kñka

ye¢kajqKq uõ hdkfhka fjka

flreKq w;r th fifuka my;g

.uka lr cQ,s ui 20 jeks Èk i|

u;g f.dv neiaid' B.,a hdkh

m%Odk hdkfhka fjka ù i| olajd

.uka lrk w;r;=r b;d ;%dickl

wjia:d lsysmhlg u uqyqK §ug

tys isá fofokdg isÿ j ;snqKd'

jrla hdkh ;=< ;snQ mß.Klj,ska

tl È.g u jdf.a wk;=re weÕùï

ix× ksl=;a ùug mgka .;a nj;a

th úi|d .; fkdyels jQ ;ek i|

u; f.dvneiSu wj,x.= lr kej;

meñfKkjd o hk woyi mjd u;=

jQ nj;a i|yka fjkjd' tfy;a

wk;=re weÕùfï ix× mß.Klfha

hï .eg¨jla ksid u;= jQ tAjd

nj fidhd .ekSu;a iuÕ f,dl=

wk;=rla ke;s nj jgyd .ekSfuka

miq hdkh i| u; f.dv neiaiùug

;SrKh l<d' B.,a hdkh f.dv

neiaiùug is;df.k isá ia:dkhg

th f.dv neiaiùug fkdyels

ùfuka o hï jHdl+,;ajhla u;=j

;snQ w;r hdkfha bkaOk uÜgu

wvq ùfï .eg¨jla o we;s ù ;snqKd'

miqj tys fÞr újr lr .ekSfï

m%Yakhla mek ke.=Kq nj;a i|yka

fjkjd' flfia fj;;a" fï lsisjla

f,dl= m%Yak njg m;a fkdjQ ksid

m<uq i| .uk lsisÿ .eg¨jlska

f;drj id¾:l lr .ekSug yels

jqKd' tfy;a hdkh ;=< by; lS

.eg¨ u;= fjoa§ kS,a iy tâúka

fofokd ;rula fkdikaiqka ù isá

njla o jd¾;d fjkjd'

Tjqka fofokd B.,a hdkfha

fÞr újr lrf.k bka msg;g

ú;a i| u; md ;enqfõ cQ,s ui 21

jeks Èk .s%ksÉ fõ,dfjka w¨hï

ld,fha hs' i| u; md ;enQ m<uq

ñksid ùfï f.!rjh ysñ jQfha

kS,a wdïiafg%dakag hs' tA jk úg

39 jeks úfhys miq jQ Tyq b;d

m<mqreÿ" olaI kshuqjl= f,i hs

ie,l=fKa' iuia; i| .ufka m%Odk

wK fok kshuqjd f,i lghq;=

lf<a;a Tyq hs' uhsl,a fld,skaia

zfldf,dïìhdZ hdkfha kshuqjd jQ

w;r ´,aä%ka B.,a hdkfha kshuqjd

f,i lghq;= l<d' fï i| .uk

i|yd mqyqKqùï iy w;ayÞ ne,Sïj,

ksr;j isáh § Bg fmr jif¾ ^1968&

jrla kS,a wdïiafg%daka urKfhka

.e, ù ;snqfKa wkQ kjfhka'

hï w;ayÞne,Sula i|yd hdkhla

mojñka isáh§ tys md,l moaO;sj,

we;s jQ fodaIhla fya;=fjka hdkh

Tyqf.a md,kfhka .s,syS .shd' th

fmdf<djg lvd jefgkakg wdikak

j ;sìh§ kS,a Tyqf.a merIqgh

wdOdrfhka msg;g mek .ekSug

iu;a jQ w;r Bg fudfyd;lg miq

hdkh lvd jeà .sks cd,djla njg

m;a j ;snqKd'

kS,a wdïiafg%daka cQ,s ui 21

jeks Èk i| u; m<uq md igyk

;nñka mejiQ joka tl /hska f,dj

mqrd m%isoaêhg m;a jqKd' zfuh tla

ñksil=f.a l=vd mshjrla muK hs'

tfy;a ñksia ixy;sh mskQ fhdaO

msïulaZ hehs Tyq tys§ m%ldY l<d'

kS,a iy tâúka meh 2 l=;a úkdä

12 l muK ld,hla hdkfhka msg;

.; l<d' tys§ hï hï m¾fhaIK

isÿ lsÍug lghq;= l< w;r if|ys

mia iy .,a idïm, /f.k tAu o

Tjqka fj; mejÍ ;snQ lghq;a;la'

fï fofokd i| u; isáh tl,

weußldfõ ckdêm;s moúh ±rE

ßpâ kslaika Oj, ukaÈrfha isg

Tjqka iuÕ ÿrl;kfhka l;dnyl

ksr; jQ nj o mejfikjd' fuh

Oj, ukaÈrfha isg .kakd ,o

ft;sydisl u ÿrl;k weu;=u

jkq we;e hs Tyq tys § i|yka lr

;sfnkjd' kslaika ckdêm;sjrhd

fï wNHjldY.dókaf.a lghq;= uy;a

fia w.h lrñka l;d lr ;snqK;a

tA jkúg jeä fokl= fkd±k isá

;j;a l;djla Tyq iQÞkï lrf.k

isá nj hs mejfikafka' hï fyhlska

.uk jer§ kS,a iy tâúka fofokd

ioyg u i| u; fldgq jQjd kï Tyq

cd;sh wu;d lrkakg isá l;dj hs

tA' wcgdldY.dóka fofokdg i| u;

Ôú;h mqo lsÍug isÿjk ;;a;ajhla

brKu úiska ;Skaÿ lrkq ,en we;s

nj tys i|yka jqKd' ;uka fírd

.ekSu .ek n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìh

fkdyels neõ kS,a iy tâúka okakd

nj;a" tfy;aa Tjqka l< mß;Hd.h

ñksia j¾.hd fj; n,dfmdfrd;a;=

/ila b;sß lrkakla nj;a tys

i|yka jqKd'

flfia fj;;a tjeks lsisÿ

wdmÞjla isÿ fkdjQ w;r kS,a iy

tâúka kej; ish pkaø hdkfhys

keÕS if|ka msg;a jqKd' pkaø

hdkh i| u; ;snQ uq¿ ld,h meh

21 l=;a úkdä 36 la nj i|yka

fjkjd' B<Õg ;snqfKa pkaø

hdkh kej; fldf,dïìhd uõ

hdkh iuÕ iïnkaO lsÍu hs' b;d

;SrKd;aul lghq;a;la jQ fuh o

id¾:l j ksu lsÍug yels jQ w;r

bkamiq kS,a" tâúka iy uhsl,a

;sfokd cQ,s ui 24 jeks Èk

kej; mDÓúh fj; fiakaÿ jqKd'

zwemf,da 11Z m<uq i| .uk

tf,i iksgqyka l<;a th tlu

i| .uk jQfha keye' ñksiqka i|

fj; /f.k .sh ;j;a jHdmD;s

lsysmhla u thska miqj o ls%hd;aul

jqKd' tys wjika jHdmD;sh jQfha

1972 jif¾ ls%hd;aul jQ wemf,da

17 jHdmD;sh hs' kS,a iy tâúka

fofokdf.ka miq ;j;a wcgdldY

.dóka 10 fokl= i| u; md

nkakg iu;a jqKd'

B.,a hdkh f.dv neiaiùug is;df.k

isá ia:dkhg th f.dv neiaiùug fkdyels ùfuka o hï jHdl+,;ajhla u;=j ;snQ w;r hdkfha bkaOk uÜgu wvq ùfï .eg¨jla

o we;s ù ;snqKd' miqj tys fÞr újr lr .ekSfï

m%Yakhla mek ke.=Kq nj;a i|yka fjkjd'

PdhdrEmh - ohdka ú;drK



ijia hdufha weh ;u ksjfia

wd,skaofha wiqka f.k wjg

mßirfhka kefÕk l=re¨ l+ckhg

ijka § isákjd' ksfji bÈßmi we;s

úi,a wei< .iska .s,sfyk u,afm;s

ñÿ, mqrd mdjv t,d we;s fia hs' fmr

fuka läir j jevlghq;=j, kssr;

úh fkdyelss jqj o weh ;ju;a ;u

rx.k Èúhg kej;Su ;nd keye'

yqfol,dfõ is;sú,s w;r lsñfok

iEu fudfyd;l u wef.a is;sú,s

iam¾Y lrkafka rejkaje,af,a uQÿf.

duqj .ïudkfha ófoksh j,õfõ

f.jqKq ;u <ud úh hs' udjjq,kaf.a"

fldrjlalkaf.a f;drf;daxÑhla

ke;s lE.eiSï" .eñ f.orl

w;a;ïud flkl= nK fmd;l

msgqjla lshjk y~"

.=ref.dv Tfha mdre mÈkakkaf.a

mdre lú wef.a u;lhg kefÕkjd'

tA ish,a, isysfkka .E iqj|la hehs

wehg ysf;kjd' fï jk úg weh

92 yeúßÈ w;a;ïud flfkla' ;u

Ôú;h ;udg u mykla fldg

fkd.;a weh ;ud Wmka ìfï

ck;dj fj; o tA wdf,dalh /f.k

.shd' mdi,a fõÈldfjka rx.khg

msúis weh ;ju;a ;u rx.k

l=i,;dfjka iqjyila rislhkaf.a

Ôú; wdf,dalfhka mqrjd,kjd'

weh f¾Ldfõ l;sßkd' nlauy

§f.a <ud;ekS' hfYdardjfha iqÿ

ydñfka' ¥orefjdays v,ais wdÉÑ'

fï ish¨ pß; tl u rEmldhl

leá jQ nyqúO pß;' weh whsrdx.kS

frdlaidkd ófoksh'

újdyfhka miq fiarisxy njg

m;a weh isxy, yd bx.S%is fõÈldj"

iskudj iy rEmjdysksh hk

l,d udOHh ;=k u ch.;a ;ju;a

rx.kfha fhfok wm w;r isák

jfhdajDoaO u tfuka u olaI;u

pß;dx. ks<sh hs' úYajúoHd,

Wmdêhla w;e;s j iskudjg msúis

m%:u ks<sh jkafkao weh hss'

1927 cqks 21 jeks Èk

rejkaje,a,g wdikak uQÿf.duqj

.ïudkfha ófoksh j,õfõ Wm;

,o whsrdx.kS ófoksh fld<U

idka; ì%cÜ lkHdrdufhka" ìfIdma

úoHd,fhka yd uykqjr Wiia

nd,sld úoHd,fhka wOHdmkh

,enqjd' idka; ì%cÜ lkHdrdufha

l=vd ±ßhl f,i mdi,a fõÈldfõ

zfjdag¾ fíîiaz kï kdglfha rÕk

úg wef.a jhi wjqreÿ 6 hs' miqj

uykqjr Wiia nd,sld úoHd,fha

Wiia fm< yÞrk wjÈfha mdi,a

fõÈldjg f.k wd n¾kdâ fIdaf.a

zms.afu,shkaZ kdgHfha m%Odk

pß;h rÕmEfõ weh hs' Wiia fm<

iu;a jQ wehg 1947 § úYajúoHd,hg

msúiSfï jrï ysñ jqKd' tfy;a wef.a

mshd jQ Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,fha

W.;a ófoksh rfÜ uy;a;hd ;u

ófoksh j,õfõ w;a;ïud

whsrdx.kS fiarisxy


weh f¾Ldfõ l;sßkd'

nlauy §f.a <ud;ekS'

hfYdardjfha iqÿ

ydñfka' ¥orefjdays

v,ais wdÉÑ' fï

ish¨ pß; tl u

rEmldhl leá jQ

nyqúO pß;' weh

whsrdx.kS frdlaidkd

ófoksh' újdyfhka

miq fiarisxy njg m;a

weh isxy, yd bx.S%is

fõÈldj" iskudj iy

rEmjdysksh hk l,d

udOHh ;=k u ch.;a

;ju;a rx.kfha

fhfok wm w;r isák

jfhdjDoaO u tfuka u

olaI;u pß;dx.

ks<sh hs' úYajúoHd,

Wmdêhla w;e;s j

iskudjg msúis m%:u

ks<sh jkafkao wehhss'

ljrfha l;djljrfha l;dj


Èh‚h úYajúoHd,hlg hkjdg

t;rï leu;s jqfKa keye' zzTn

tA úIu;dfjka msreKq .=ydjg

hkjg ux leu;s keyeZZ hkak

wef.a mshdf.a u;h jqKd' tA jk

úg;a wef.a ×;s fidfydhqrl=

úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh ,nñka

isá w;r Tyq rfÜ uy;a;hdg

whsrdx.kS úYajúoHd,hg hjk

fuka lrk ,o weúá,s ksid

wjidkfha wehg tA i|yd wjir

,enqKd' weh úYajúoHd,fha

m<uq jir f.joa§ wef.a mshd

fuf,dj yer .shd'

fhdjqka úfha mgka weh ;=<

iudcjd§ woyia jefvkakg

jqKd' Bg n,mEfõ wef.a

×;shl= jQ jfï jHdmdrfha

n,lKqjla j isá tiaukaâ

úl%uisxy yd wef.a ×;s

fidfydhqrkaf.a wdNdih hs'

,xld úYajúoHd,h wef.a

olaI;d Tmakxjd .ekSug

lÈu f;da;ekakla jqKd' tys

ksIamdokh l< fndfyda bx.S%is

kdgHj,g weh rx.kfhka

Þhl ù ;sfnkjd' úYajúoHd,

kdgHj, rÕmdkjdg mjqf,ka

úfrdaOhla u;= jqfKa keye'

tys kdgH ix.uh iEu jirl

u Wiia kdgHhla rx..;

l<d' tA iEu kdgHhlg u

weh rx.kfhka Þhl jqKd'

uydpd¾h B' t*a' iS ¨fvdjhsla

hgf;aa wehf.a olaI;d Tma

kexjqKq w;r furg isá

iqm%lg uqÞkdgH Ys,amshl= jQ

Ñ;%fiakf.ka kegqï yÞrkakg

o wehg yels jqKd'

uydpd¾h ¨fvdjhslaf.a

iyfhka ,kavkfha ì%iag,a

´,aâúla kdgH mdi,g o weh

iïnkaO jqKd' tys jirl

ld,hla wOHdmkh ,o weh

;j;a jir folla ,kavka rx.

l,d yd l:k mqyqKq wdh;kfha

wOHdmkh ,enqjd'

kdgH l,d wOHdmkh

,nd h<s furgg meñ‚

weh uydpd¾h ¨fvdjhsla

yd Tiaá%hdkq hqfoõ kdgH

wOHlaIjrhl= jQ ksõuka

cqnd,af.a fõÈld kdgHj,g

Þhl;ajh ,nd ÿkaakd' tf;la

fld<U fõÈld.; l<

kdgH rÕ ±lajQfha fld<U

úYajúoHd,fha fcdaÊ rdc

Yd,dfõ' 1953 foieïn¾ 12

jeks Èk fld<U ,hk,a

fjkaâÜ rÕy, újD; l<

Èkfha fõÈld.; jQ cqnd,a

úiska ksIamdokh l< uelaisï

f.da¾lsf.a zf,daj¾ fvma;aiaZ

kdgHfha kdiaÜhdf.a pß;h

rÕmEfõ whsrdx.kS fiarisxy hs'

bkamiq weh isxy, fõÈldjg

o msúiqKd' fykaß chfiakf.a

zwmg mqf;a u.la kef;aZ"

Oïu cdf.dvf.a zfjia uqyqKqZ"

zfmdaßidohdZ jeks kdgH bka

lsysmhla'

whsrdx.kS tx.,ka;fha

kdgH l,dj yÞrk iufha trg

udOHfõÈhl= f,i lghq;= l<

f,iag¾ fÊïia mSßia y÷kd

.kakg wehg yels jqKd' miq

lf,l f,iag¾ ,xldjg meñK

rcfha Ñ;%mg wxYhg iïnkaO

jqKd' weh uq,ska u leurdjla

bÈßfha rÕmEfõ rcfha

Ñ;%mg wxYh u`.ska ks¾udKh

l< f,iag¾ fÊïia mSßiaf.a

zî fia*a ´ î fidßZ kue;s

jd¾;d Ñ;%mgfha' tys weh

ßheÿrejßhl f,i rÕmEjd'

f,iag¾ ;u m%:u jD;a;dka;

Ñ;%mgh jQ f¾Ldj i|yd wehg

weßhqï lf<a wehf.a rx.k

l=i,;dj uekúka y÷kd.;a

neúka' weh 1950 yd ydmqrd lshd

jD;a;dka; Ñ;%mghlg iïnkaO

jk úg wef.a jhi wjqreÿ 23 hs'

tA ms<sn| j weh jrla fuf,i

i|yka l<d' zzug tA oji

ljÞj;a wu;l fjkafk keye'

tA ms<sn| is;kfldg ±kq;a


lsishï wdiajdockl yeÕSula we;s

fjkjd' isxy, iskudfõ yerjqï

,laIhla n÷ f¾Ldfõ rÕmdkak

,eîu uy;a Nd.Hhla'ZZ

f¾Ldfjka miq weh f,iag¾f.a

ikafoaYh" fof,djla w;r" rkai`M"

f.daâ lsx" wjr.sr" jElkao j,õj

jeks Ñ;%mgj,g Þhl jqKd'

.ïfmr<sh Ñ;%mgfha ud;r ydñfka

f,i o weh f;dard.;a;;a wef.a

isref¾ yevh tu pß;h i|yd

fkd.e<mqKqq fyhska f,iag¾ Ydka;s

f,aLd f;dard .;a nj jrla weh

i|yka lr ;snqKd'

weh fjk;a wOHlaIjrekaf.a

Ñ;%mg /ilg o Þhl jqKd'

ohdkkao .=Kj¾Okf.a znlauy

§f.aZ ghsgia f;dgj;a;f.a zf;j;Z"

wurkd;a ch;s,lf.a zms%hx.dZ"

.dñŒ f*dkafialdf.a zid.rhla

ueoZ" tÉ' ã' fm%aur;akf.a zfojeks

.ukZ" jika; Tfífialrf.a

zovhuZ" pkaøka r;akïf.a

zwdor l;djZ iy zfmdfrdkaÿjZ"

iqñ;%d mSßiaf.a zf,dl= ÿjZ" iqks,a

wdßhr;akf.a ziqÿ fijke,sZ rkað;a

l=remamqf.a zmjk r`M úhZ jeks

Ñ;%mg wehf.a rx.kfhka Tma

kexjqKq Ñ;%mg' tA w;r iaàjka

iamS,an¾f.a zbkaähdkd fcdakaia

fgïm,a T*a vQïZ" §md fï;df.a

zfjdag¾Z jeks cd;Hka;r Ñ;%mg o

jkjd' 1950 f¾Ldfjka werô wehf.a

iskud Èúfha fï jk úg rÕ md

we;s Ñ;%mg ixLHdj 37 la' 2019

;sr.; jQ ziq<Õ wm /f.k hdúZ

Ñ;%mgfha o weh w;a;ïud f,i

wmQre rx.khl fhfokjd'

wehf.a rEmjdysks w.ukh

isÿ jQfha mrdl%u ksßwe,a,f.a

hfYdardjh fg,s ks¾udKfhka' tys§

iqÿ ydñfka f,i w;sm%n, rx.khl

fhfoñka weh ±la jQ olaI;d

iqúfYaI hs' Ô' ví,sõ' iqf¾kaø jeks

olaI pß;dx. k`Mjl= iuÕ Ôú;fha

ÿla .eyeg ú¢k ujlf.a pß;h

weh tu fg,skdgHfha wmQrejg

ks¾udKh l<d' t;eka isg weh mqxÑ

;srfha fkdueflkiqM pß;hla

jqKd' hfYdardjfhka miq wehf.a

rx.k l=i,;d fm%alaIlhka w;rg

wdfõ kd,ka fukaäiaf.a z¥orefjdaZ

fg,s kdgHfha v,ais wdÉÑf.a

pß;fhka' n¾g%ï ksyd,af.a z.ï

fmr<shZ" fuka u zkEoEfhdaZ" zwïuhs

;d;a;hsZ" zi;amqr jeisfhdaZ zuq;=

lsß,a,SZ" zwukaÞZ" iy z;d;a;dZ hk

fg,s kdgH /il úúO pß;j,g

weh mK ÿkakd'

whsrdx.kS fiarisxy ñhqishia

úoHd,fha bx.S%is iy b;sydih

ms<sn| .=rejßhl f,i;a" ghsïia

mqj;amf;a yd .=jkaúÿ,sfha

udOHfõÈkshl f,i;a fiajh l<d'

miqj ixpdrl l¾udka;hg tla jQ

weh uelajqâia wdh;kfha lksIaG

úOdhl ks,Odßkshl f,i o lghq;=

l<d' 1960 § furg isá olaI fõÈld

k`Mjl= jQ úkaiagka fiarisxy yd

újdy jQ weh mq;=ka fofokl=f.a

ujla' Tjqka fofokd f,iag¾f.a

f¾Ldj Ñ;%mgfha rÕ md ;snqKd'

whsrdx.kSf.a tla mq;%hl= wld,fha

ñh hEu wef.a Ôú;hg f.k ÿkafka

úYd, fõokdjla'

mßirhg fnfyúka wdorh

lrk weh mßirh /l.ekSfï

wruq‚ka zrela /l.kafkdaZ kñka

ixúOdkhla 1975 § wdrïN l<d'

iafõÉPd fiajhla jQ th .iaje,a

/l.ekSu ms<sn| j ìï uÜgñka

ck;dj ±kqïj;a lrk ixúOdkhla'

weh ;ju;a .fï ksixi, mßirhg

leu;s hs' ;u fudag¾ r:h meoúh

yels iufha uo úfõlhla fidhd

weh fn,syq,aTh mUyskafka msysá

ksjykg f.dia fjfyi ksjd.kakg

leue;a;la ±lajQjd' tys we;s úi,a

rela f.duq w;r yqfol,dfõ

isákakg weh leu;s jQjd' tfy;a

wehg ±ka ;ks j tys hd fkdyels hs'

weh ;ju;a leu;s k.rfha

f>daIdfjka ñ§ is; ksjk ;ekl

/f|kakg hs'

l,d lS¾;s iy z2017 YS% ,xlka

T*a o bh¾Z iïudkfhka mqo ,o

fï f.!rjdkaú; ud;dj ß§ ;srfha

yd rEmjdysksfha wïud' w;a;ïud'

jir 70lg wdikak ld,hla rx.k

lafIa;%fha ksr; jk weh furg ks<s

mrmqrg u wdo¾Yhla ÿka ldka;djla'

,xld úYajúoHd,h wef.a olaI;d Tmakxjd

.ekSug lÈu f;da;ekakla jqKd' tys ksIamdokh l< fndfyda bx.S%is kdgHj,g weh rx.kfhka Þhl ù ;sfnkjd' úYajúoHd, kdgHj, rÕmdkjdg

mjqf,ka úfrdaOhla u;= jqfKa keye'

hfYdardjh fg,s kdgHfhka

iskudj iy kdgHh ms<sn|

yeoEÍula we;s j úfYaIfhka

tx.,ka;fha§ tA ms<sn| Wmdêhla o

,ndf.k fï lafIa;%hg msúis m%:u

ks<sh jkafka whsrdx.kS fiarisxy

hs' tA Ydia;%Sh miqìu wef.a rx.k

Èúfha id¾:l;ajhg fnfyúka

bjy,a jQ nj lsj hq;= u ldrKhla'

wef.a rx.k Ôú;h jeämqr u

f.jqfKa ug jvd f,iag¾ iuÕ'

f¾Ldj Ñ;%mgfhka werô tu .uk

f,iag¾f.a jElkao j<õj Ñ;%mgh

olajd u meñ‚hd' Tyqf.a Ñ;%mg

10l muK weh rÕ md ;sfnkjd'

fndfyda rx.k Ys,amSka" Ys,amsŒka

isáh;a whsrdx.kS jvd;a lemS

fmkqfKa pß;hg lsÞ nisñka weh

W.;a ±kqñka tA pß;hg bgq l<

idOdrK;ajh yd tu pß;h ;=< ±la

jQ rx.k l=i,;dj ksid' weh ;rï

rx.kfha úYsIag rx. m%;sNdjla

fmka jQ ks<shla ud ±l keye' weh

iuÕ fï lafIa;%fha fndfyda ÿrla

tkakg ,eîu;a wfma mskla'

ud wOHlaIKh l< Ñ;%mg w;r

weh uq,ska u rx.khg tla jQfha

ÿjg ujl ñi Ñ;%mgfhka' bka miq

f,dl= ÿj Ñ;%mgfha isg ud wjika

jrg wOHlaIKh l< ffjIaKdù

Ñ;%mgfha rÕ mEjd' flfia fj;;a

wehf.a ;reK ld,fha ug weh;a

iuÕ pß;hla lrkakg ,enqKd

kï th uf.a Nd.Hhla' th ug

fkd,enqK;a tA wjia:dj f,iag¾g

iy .dñŒg ,enqKd' ug u;l hs

jElkao j<õj Ñ;%mgfha flduä

isÿùulg weh rx.kfhka Þhl

jQ wdldrh' wdidfjka th b;d

iSrefjka weh l<d' ud is;kafka

keye .eyekq pß;hla ;=<ska tjeks

rx.khla iskudjg isÿ lr we;s

lsh,d'

mqoa.,hl= úÈyg;a weh

ish,af,ka u fmdfydi;a'

me<eka;sfhka" W.;alñka jf.a

u ukqiailñkq;a weh by<

;,hl isákjd' mßirh .ek

ksrka;rfhka Wkkaÿjla olajk

rg .ek lelal=ula ;sfnk tA

.ek wjfndaOfhka l;d lrk

ldka;djla weh' tjeks iqúfYaI

pß;hla ,xldfõ ìys fjkak ;j

fndfyda l,la .; fõú' uf.a Ôú;

ld,h ;=< kï tjekakla isÿ fõ

hehs lshkak wudre hs' tfy;a wef.a

Ñ;%mg rx.k b;sydih yÞrk u;=

mrïmrdj l,a .syska fyda wef.a

tA iqúfYaI;ajh y÷kd .kSú' ud

is;kafka weh jeks rx.kfha

iqúYd, pß;hla we.hSug md;%

jqKd uÈ lsh,d' óg jvd we.hSula

wehg ,nd Èh hq;= hs' foi;sh

iÕrdfjka wef.a rx.k m%;sNdjg

,nd fok fï we.hSu ud b;d w.h

lrkjd'

iqñ;%d mSßiam%ùK Ñ;%mg wOHlaI

we.hSu m%udKj;a

keye

úYajúµd, Ôú;fhka miq

whsrdx.kS ug yuqjqfKa

,hk,afjkaâÜ r`.yf,a§' weh

ta jkúg;a fndfydu iqkaor

;reKshla' weh fõÈld rx.khg

msúisfha ìfIdma úµd,fhka' ta"

zMy Fair LadyZ bx.%Sis kdgHfha

msßñ pß;hlg mK fmdjñka

uydpd¾h ys.skaiaf.a pß;hg hs'

tl, j<õ me<eka;shla iys; weh

mej;s iudc" ixialD;sl jgmsgdjg

wNsfhda. lrñka fõÈldjg

f.dvjqfKa fndfyd u ks¾Nh j'

fõÈld kdgH l,dj hs tl,

m%Odk;u oDYH l,d udOHh

f,i mej;sfha' ta fya;=fjka

kdgH krUk fm%aËl msßila

ks¾udKh jqfKa by< me,eka;sh

jf.a u uOHu mdka;slhka o

ksfhdackh jk whqßka' fudjqka

tl, ckm%sh bx.%Sis kdgHh o

w;afkdyer krUkak mqreÿ ù

isáhd' uydpd¾h ¨fvdjhslaf.a

kdgHj,ska fõÈldfõ mshjr uek .sh

whsrdx.kS miqj rx.kfhka tla jQfha

m¾isfld,sïf;daïf.a kdgHj,g'

fid,sisg¾ ckrd,ajrhl=

f,i furg fiajh l< Tyq ud,d u,aldka;s mrK.uf.a

fof,djla w;r iskud mgfhka



kdgH l,djg ±la jQ m%sh;dj

ksid u whsrdx.ksh yd ud Tyq

iu`. b;d lsÜgqfjka kdgH

jevlghq;=j,g iïnkaO jqKd' ta"

,hk,afjkaâÜ r`.y, wdrïN l<

uq,a ld,fha§' ¨fvdjhslaf.ka yd

m¾isfld,sïf;daïf.ka miqj ìys

jQ bx.%Sis kdgH .Kfha w.%.KH

ksIamdoljrhd jQfha w¾kiaÜ

uelskagh¾' Tyqf.a kdgHj,g ud

fuka u whsrdx.ksh rx.kfhka

odhl jqKd' iamd[a[ kdgHlrejl=

jQ .d¾Ishd f,da¾ld whsrdx.kshf.a

rx.k l=i,;d Wr.d neÆ ;j;a

tla kdgH ksIamdoljrfhla' b;d u

.eUqre Ôjk o¾Ykhla bÈßm;a l<

n¾kdvd kdgHfha weh ksh¿fKa

m%Yia; rx.khl'

fYalaiamsh¾f.a Tf;f,da" uelan;a

hkd§ úfoaYSh kdgHj,g o weh

i;= ksi`. rx.k l=i,;d tla l<d'

bx.%Sis NdIdj yeisrùfï ksmqK

nj fï kdgHj, pß;j,g mK

fmùfï§ jv jvd;a weh ;=<ska lemS

fmfkkakg jqKd' tx.,ka;fha

Royal Grmatic Academyfha

kdgH l,dj ms<snò j úêu;a

j yeoErE weh ,xldfjka ìys jQ

úYsIag ks<shla j. fkdmudj lshd

mEfõ TmuÜgï jQ wef.a tu rx.k

fl!I,Hfhka'

bx.%Sis kdgHj,ska miqj weh

f,iag¾f.a Ñ;%mg /ilg u

rx.kfhka odhl jqKd' Bg;a

miqj hs whsrdx.ksh fg,s ;srfha

wmg olskak ,enqfKa' fõÈldfõ"

iskudfõ" fg,skdgHfhaa weh l=uk

pß;hlg msúish;a ta iEu pß;

ksrEmKhla u weh lf<a b;d u

w.%.KH wdldrfhka' bx.%Sis kdgH

fõÈldfõ /ðk jQfha whsrdx.ksh hs'

b;d oË k¿fjl= jQ wef.a iajdñ

mqreIhd jk úkaikaÜ fiarisxy

iu`. whsrdx.ksh tla j r`.mEfõ

fkdfhla ks¾udKj, úúO pß;

ksrEmKh lrñka' wef.a l,d

Ôú;h ;j ;j;a wdf,dalu;a jqfKa

fï fofokdf.a iqixfhda.h ksid'

ysñ jQ pß;h uq,ska u ;ukaf.a

lr.;a wehf.a lemS fmfkk

,ËKh jQfha wod< pß;hg

wdfõY ùu hs' pß; ,ËK jvd;a

fyd`Èka .%yKh lr.;a weh pß;

ksrEmKfhka Wmßu idOdrKhla

bgq lsÍug hs lem jqfKa' mqyqKqùï

w;r;=r ´md¥m l;dnfya fhÿKq

msßfika ñÿKq weh fmd;lg

keUqre fjkafka pß;h ms<snò j

fydò iQodkulska'

ud ksÍËKh l< whsrdx.ksh

jD;a;Sh ixhuh m%n,j ÈhqKq

l< ks<shla' pß; ksrEmKfha

wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajd u

wjOdkh fkdì`§ ;nd .ekSug

weh iu¾Óhla' iqyo nj" ir,

pdï .;a mej;=ï yd wjxl

l;dny weh flfrka úµudk jQ

ñksi;anfõ .=K iqjò hs' weh;a

wfma cd;sl jia;=jla' fujeks

fid`ÿre ñksiqkaf.a fkdñfhk l,d

ks¾udK fjkqfjka l,d.drhla fyda

l,d fl!;=ld.drhla ks¾udKh

l< hq;= hs' ta wfma wkd.; mrmqr

fjkqfjka'

kdfu,a ùruqKsl,d lS¾;s" kdgH lS¾;s"

wêkS;s{

jD;a;Sh ixhuh m%n,j ÈhqKq l<

ks<shla

ufyaIsld osidkdhl


fï isÿùu jqfKa z¥ orefjdaZ

fg,skdgHh wOHlaIKh

l< ld,fha§ hs' Èkla ud kskafoka

wjÈ lrjñka uOHu rd;%sfha ksjfia

ÿrl:kh kdo jqKd' ÿrl:k weu;=u

,ndÿka ;eke;a;d ffjoHjrfhla'

Tyq ;ukaj y÷kajd foñka lshd

isáfha z¥orefjdaZ fg,skdgHfha

rx.k Ys,amskshla ta fudfydf;a

Tyq fj; meñK isák nj hs' wê

reêr mSvkfhka fmf<k wehg

Èk lsysmhla úfõlfhka .; lrk

f,i Wmfoia ,nd ÿkak o weh miq

od WoEik má.; lsÍïj,g hd

hq;= u nj mjiñka uqrKavq jk nj

lshd isá ffjoHjrhd uf.ka b,a,d

isáfha yels kï wehg Wmfoila ,nd

fok fuka' miqj ud ÿrl:kfhka

wu;d má.; lsÍï l,aoud.; yels

nj fmkajd §fuka wk;=rej hs

weh úfõl .ekSug tlÕ jQfha' ta

fudfydf;a tu ffjoHjrhd wi<

isá rx.k Ys,amsksh wka lsisjl=

fkdj whsrdx.kS fiarisxy uy;añh

hs' th ud wef.a lemùfï ;ru

y÷kd.;a tla l=vd isÿùula muK hs'

whsrdx.ks fiarisxy ug uq,ska

u yuq jQfha 1978 jif¾§' ,hk,a

fjkaâ rx. Ys,am Yd,sldfõ

Oïu cdf.dv fufyh jQ kdgH

mdGud,djlg ud o iïnkaO ù

isáhd' weh jrla tu mdGud,djg

iyNd.s jQfha WmfoaYljßhla f,i'

1986 jif¾§ ug wjia:djla ,enqKd

z.ïfmr<shZ fg,skdgHfha weh

iuÕ jev lrkak' weh fl;rï

ie,iqï iy.; j lghq;= lrk

rx.k Ys,amskshla o hk j. ud

wjfndaO lr .;af;a bkamiqj

hs' weh miq;,hg meñfKkafka

msgm; fyd¢ka wOHhkh lsÍfuka

wk;=re j ;ukaf.a pß;h ms<sn|

j mQ¾j iQodkula we;s j' 1990

jif¾ isg §¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,a

ud wOHlaIKh l< z¥orefjdaZ"

zkEoEfhdaZ" zi;amqr jeisfhdaZ jeks

kdgH .Kkdjl§ ug wjia:dj

,enqKd weh b;d ióm j weiqre

lsÍug' tys§ ud ÿgqjd ks¾udKhlg

iïnkaO ùfï§ wehg l,a;shd

msgm;l wjYH;dj mj;sk

nj' fg,skdgHl uQ,sl moku

;sfnkafka msgmf;a' msgm; iuÕ

fyd¢ka .kqfokq lr ;ukaf.a

pß;h ms<sn| j ukd wjfndaOhlska

miq;,hg meñfKk weh jeks

l,dldßkshka iuÕ lghq;= lsÍu

wOHlaIljrhl=g fndfydu myiq

hs' zwïuhs ;d;a;hsZ"zmdrd§ihZ"zTn

ljqoZ"z¥jreZ jeks fg,skdgHj,oS

th ud fyd|ska w;aÿgqjd'

hï cjksldjla m<uq wjia:dfõ

u ksjerÈ j leurd ldpfha

igyka lsÍug yels wkaofï

rx. m%;sNdjla weh i;= nj ud

okafka w;aoelSfuka' wksl=;a

rx.k Ys,amSka iuÕ mj;ajk

iïnkaO;dj úfYaIfhka w.h

l< hq;= hs' fcHIaG yd kjl

k¿ks<shka hkqfjka fjkila

ke;sj u weh ish,a,ka iuÕ

lghq;= lrkafka b;du;a iqyo

j' weh fonia WÉpdrKh

lrk wdldrh kjlhkag fyd|

wNHdihla ,ndfokjd' hï ks¾udK

lghq;a;lg iïnkaO jQ miq b;d

u iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrk

l,d Ys,amskshla úÈyg hs ud wehj

y÷kd.kafka'

ffjoH Wmfoia fkd;ld

weh uE;la jk;=re u rx.k

kd,ka fukaäiam%ùK Ñ;%mg wOHlaI

ud ÿgq úYsIag pß;dx. ks<sh weh hs

ÿ orefjda fg,s kdgHfhka

zf¾LdjZ

iskud

ks¾udKfhka

whsrdx.kS

fiarisxy

rx. l,djg

,ndÿkafka

iqúfYaI

jákdlula'

m%:u j;djg wm

isxy, ß§ ;srfha

;d;aúl rx.kh

ÿgqfõ wehf.ka'

w;sYfhdala;sh"

Ndjd;sIh jQ

rx.k ú,dih

;=< isr j isá

wm j thska

.,jd .ksñka"

fmdf<dfõ

mh .id Ôj;a

jk ñksiqkaf.a

ienE iajrEmh

iskudjg

m%:ufhka u

we;=¿ lf<a o

weh hs' b;d u

l=vd wjÈfha

kerUQ zf¾LdjZ iskudmgfha

whsrdx.kS fiarisxy ksrEmKh l<

ì;a;r fjf<kaÈhf.a pß;h wo o

ud isysm;a lrkafka uE;l kerUQ

iskudmghl pß;hla f,iska'

t;eka mgka fy< iskudj ;=<

weh ksrEmKh l< N+ñldj, jQ

úúO;ajh iy weh ta ta pß;j,g

Ôjh ÿka wdldrh foaYSh iskud

jxYl;dfõ muKla fkdfj hs úYaj

rx.k b;sydifha;a igyka jkafka

fkdueflk whqßka'

zrkai¿Z jeks iskudmgj,

weh Ôjh ÿka by< uOHu mdx;sl

l=, ldka;djlf.a pß;h fia u

zid.rhla ueoZ

iskudmgfha

mrïmrd l=,

.¾jfhka ysi

Wÿïud.;a jhia.;

ro< ldka;djlf.a

iajrEmh weh úiska

ksrEmKh lrkafka

o úYsIag wkaoñka'

ß§ ;srfha fuka

u mqxÑ ;srfha

o weh bÈßm;a

lf<a m%Yia;

fia u m%YxikSh

rx.khla'

z¥orefjda Z jeks

fg,sjD;a;dka;j,

oßø;dfjka u

fkdfm¿K o my<

uOHu mdx;sl

mjq,l ish,a, ord

isák ldka;djl

f,i wef.a

pß; ksrEmKh

w;súYsIag hs' ud

weh i,lkafka

foaYSh iskudfõ

w.%.KH rx.k

Ys,amskshl jYfhka' wef.a

pß; ksrEmKfha ksrka;rfhka

y÷kd.; yels iqúfYaI;ajh

jkafka pß;fha iajrEmh l=ula

jqK;a weh tu pß;h wm w;r

Ôj;a jk iÔù pß;hla ;rug

wmg ióm lrùu hs' pß;h ljrla

jqj;a fma%laIl yoj; wNHka;rhg

weh msúfikafka iÔù rEmldhla

f,iska' ;d;aúl;ajhg ta ;rug

u ióm ùfï yelshdj rx.k

Ys,amskshlg fyda Ys,amshl=g

,efnk úYd, Nd.Hla f,i hs ud

i,lkafka' 1956 isg wo olajd u

l%shdldÍ j rx.kfha kshef<k

whsrdx.kS fiarisxy fma%laIl yo

lghq;=j, ksr; jQfha rx.kh

;rug i;=gla f.kfok ;j;a

hula wehg fkdjQ neúka' jhia.;

ùu;a iuÕ we;sjk YdÍßl ÿn,;d

mjd uÕyrjd .ksñka ;uka

Ndr.;a ks¾udK lghq;a;g Wmßu

idOdrKhla bgq lsÍug weh lrk

lemlsÍu m%YxikSh hs' kj mrmqf¾

l,dYs,amSkag iy Ys,amskshkag

wehf.a Ôú;fhka Wlyd.; yels

.=Kdx. fndfydauhla ;sfnkjd'

fg,skdgH lafIa;%h ;=< weh

j ksrka;rfhka f;dard .ekqfKa

ujf.a pß;hg' tfia jqj;a tys

iqúfYaI;ajh jQfha weh ksrEmKh

l< ish¨ uõjrekaf.a pß;

tllg tlla yd;amiska u fjkia

iajrEmhla .ekSu hs' úúO iudc

mka;sj, uõjrekaf.a pß; weh

ksrEmKh lr ;sfnkjd' z¥orefjdaZ

fg,skdgHfha weh ksrEmKh lf<a

uOHu mdx;sl mjq,l ujlf.a

pß;hla' zkEoEfhdaZ fg,skdgHfha

by< uOHu mdx;sl mjq,l ujla'

weh ta ta iudc mx;s ms<sn| ukd

wjfndaOhla we;sj hs wehg ysñ

pß;h ksrEmKh lf<a' fuf,i

msgmf;ka ;ukag mejfrk pß;h

l=uk mx;shl l=uk ;rd;srul

pß;hla o@ hkak uekúka wjfndaO

lrf.k idOdrK pß; ksrEmKhla

lsÍfï yelshdj weh i;= hs' wef.a

m%Yia; rx.kh fma%laIl u;lfhka

.s,syS fkdhkq we;e hs hkak hs

uf.a úYajdih'

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok

fg,skdgHl uQ,sl moku

;sfnkafka msgmf;a' msgm;

iuÕ fyd¢ka .kqfokq lr

;ukaf.a pß;h ms<sn| j

ukd wjfndaOhlska miq;,hg

meñfKk weh jeks

l,dldßkshka iuÕ lghq;=

lsÍu wOHlaIljrhl=g

fndfydu myiq hs'

;d;aúl rx. m%;sNdj fm%alaIl yo fidrd .;a;d

rùkaø rkafokshm%ùK rx.Or

weh jfrl ug .=rejßhl o jQ j. ud úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= hs' ud

,hk,a fjkaâÜ rx. Ys,am Yd,sldfõ rx.kh yoErE wjêfha weh wmg lgy~ yeisrùu iïnkaOfhka fndfyda foa lshd ÿkakd'


ika;dkfha yeu úg u by<

;,hl Tijd ;enqfõ wef.a úYsIag

rx. m%;sNdj hs'

weh jfrl ug .=rejßhl o

jQ j. ud úfYaIfhka i|yka l<

hq;= hs' ud ,hk,a fjkaâÜ rx.

Ys,am Yd,sldfõ rx.kh yoErE

wjêfha weh wmg lgy~ yeisrùu

iïnkaOfhka fndfyda foa lshd

ÿkakd' rx.k Ys,amshl=f.a lgy~

yeisrùu" y~ Ndú;h tys§ úfYaI

hs' b;du;a u úoHd;aul miqìul

lgy~ yeisrùu wfma .=re;=ñh

w;ska uekúka bgqjqKd' .=rejßhl

jYfhka wE ;=< jQ fY%aIaG;ajh

iy hula meyeÈ,s j wjfndaO

lr§ug weh .;a W;aidyh úYsIag

hs' rx.kh i|yd ;ukaf.a lgy~

Ndú;h ms<sn| tx.,ka;fha

z,kavka welvñ T*a v%dud

wekaâ iamSÉZ wdh;kfha úfYaI

mdGud,djla yeoErE weh rx.khg

fia u rx.kh b.ekaùug úfYaI

iqÿiqlï ,ndisá ldka;djla'

weh iskud rx.kfha §

lsysmjrla u uf.a ujf.a pß;hg

mKÿka nj wu;l l< fkdyels

hs' tfia u lsisjl=;a fkdis;k

wkaoñka zysu l;rZ iskudmgfha

weh uf.a Nd¾hdj f,i pß;

ksrEmKfhka odhl jqKd' w;S;fha

ojil weh;a uu;a Ñ;%mg foll

pß; ksrEmK fjkqfjka fyd| u

ks<sh iy fyd| u k¿jd iïudk

Èkd.;af;a tl u fõÈldjl' rx.k

Ys,amskshl f,iska weh j b;du;a

ióm j weiqre lsÍug ud ,enqfõ

jákd wjia:djla' ta ióm weiqr

ksid weh flfrys ksrka;rfhka

u mej;s iy oekg;a Èfkka osk

j¾Okh jk f.!rjh;a weh wfma

jD;a;sfha idudðldjla ùu ms<sn|

oefkk wNsudkh;a iod ud isysm;a

lrkafka f.!rjfhka' weh wfma

fYa%IaG;u rx.fõÈksh nj hs ud

woykafka¡

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok

hï lsis l,d lD;shla wjika

jkafka i;=glska kï tu l,d

lD;sh mj;sk iudc l%uhg Woõ

lsÍug ke;skï th hqla;siy.;

lsÍug WmldÍ jk nj;a hï l,d

lD;shla fYdalhlska fl<jr

fjkjd kï th mj;sk l%uh

úfõpkh lrk nj;a Theodor Adorno kï c¾udkq úpdrlhd

mjid ;sfnkjd' fuys§ whsrdx.kS

fiarisxyf.a rx. m%;sNdj ;=<ska

wm fndfyda úg olskafka fYdalh

uqiq rx.khla ksid mj;sk my<

uOHu mdka;sl iudc rgdjg

f.fkk úfõpkhla wef.a r`.mEu

;=< biau;= fjkjd' tys§ wef.a

;d;aúl rx.kh thg bgq lrk

idOdrK;ajh fjk;a rx. Ys,amSka

;=<ska u;= jkafka keye'

Y%S ,xldfõ fg,skdgH iy

isxy, rx. l,djg fndfyda úg

weh oek isáhd rx.kh ;sfnkafka

ú{dkfha nj



wj;S¾K jkafka my< ueo mka;sh

hs' tfy;a whsrdx.kS fiarisxy

rx.khg msúfikafka by< mka;sh

ksfhdackh lrñka' weh ,nd .;a

wOHdmkh jf.a u wef.a iudc

mka;sfha YsIag;ajh;a wef.a id¾:l

rx.khg fya;=jla' hïlsisjl=

wú{dksl j hula bIag lr .ekSug

jpk Ndú;d lsÍfukq hs YsIag;ajhg

meñfKkafka' tys§ jpkj,

wdêm;Hh jeä hs' ueo mka;sfha

iajNdjh th hs' fndfyda k¿

ks<shka tys§ jpkj, w¾:hg jvd

úfkdaohg hs uq,a ;ek fokafka'

tfy;a whsrdx.kS fiarisxy jpkfha

w¾:hg uq,a ;ek fok w;r

úfkdaohg hs fojeks ;ek ,nd

fokafka'

whsrdx.kS fiarisxy r`.mEu

iïnkaOfhka ,ndf.k ;sfnk

úfoia mqyqKqj wehf.a rx.k

Ôú;fha id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk

m%Odk ldrKdjla' ;sr msgm;g

wkqj r`.mEu j¾;udkfha fndfyda

úg ±ls h yels hs' tfy;a rx.kh

ms<snò tjeks úfYaI yeoEÍula l<

flkl=g msgm;g Ndjuh rx.kh

tla l< yels hs' rx.k Ys,amshl=f.a

fyda Ys,amskshlf.a ld¾hh jkafka

msgmf;a rx. iajNdjh u;= lr,Su

hs' Ndj W;amdokh fm%alaIlhkag

whs;s ld¾hhla' mqyqKqqj u`.ska rx.

Ys,amshl=g Ndj ksrEmKh oDIaáuh

jYfhka fmkaúh yels w;r

krUkakdg tys wdNdih ,nñka

Ndj p,kh isÿ lr .; yels hs'

wjidkfha tu Ndjh {dkfhka

fl<jr lr .ekSu hs iqúfYaI

jkafka' flfia fj;;a olaI ks<shla

hkq hïlsis lD;shla u`.ska ;ukaf.a

fm%alaIlhd fjkilg Ndckh

lsÍu hs' th ,efnkafka úêu;a

rx. wOHhkhlska muK hs' fï

iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ ,,s; l,d

mqyqKqj ÈhqKq uÜgul fkdue;sùu

lk.dgqjg lreKla'

iych miqj hs y`ÿkd

.efkkafka' th bkaÈhdkq

ri ksIam;a;sh ke;fyd;a

fi!kao¾hfõofhkq hs

meñfKkafka' tfy;a ri

ksIam;a;shg jvd kQ;k l,d

lD;sj, fi!kao¾hh Êsthetic& ke;fyd;a úkaokhg hs ;ek

,efnkafka' iqpß; .ï,;af.a

isg fndfyda fokd u;= lf<a l,d

lD;shl im%fhdackj;aNdjh iy

úkaokh hs' foaYmd,k lshùula

l,d lD;shlg lrkjd kï ±ka

;sfnkafka ks¾úkaokh lrk l,d

lD;s Ânesthesia& hs' fï ksid

iych ud i,lkafka fidndúl

Wreuhla f,i fkdj ixialD;sl

ks¾udKhla f,i hs'

kd¾ iskud l,dj 1940 oYlfha

fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka miq

weußldfõ m%p,s; jQjla' w`ÿre

fyj;a ksYdpr iskud l,dj

hkqfjka y`ÿkajk fuys olakg

,efnkafka mjq,a w¾nqoh ke;skï

mjqf,a ìò jeàu Ndjuh jYfhka

ksrEmKh lsÍula' zksOdkhZ"

zfof,djla w;rZ" zje,s l;rZ jeks

Ñ;%mg ìysjkafka fï iskudfõ

wdNdih ,nñka' uOHu mka;sh

Idkrh fldg .;a kd¾ iskud

lD;sj, t,sifn;a fÜ,¾ jeks

ngysr ks<shkaf.a rx.k wdNdih o

whsrdx.kSg ,enqKd'

weh l,dj fjkqfjka lem

jQ flfkla' ;ukag iSud mkjd

.ksñkq hs weh rx.kfhys ksr;

jqfKa' wo mrmqf¾ ;sfnkafka

mßfNdack ixialD;shla' lsisjla

mß;Hd. lsÍug leu;s keye' Tjqka

rx. uQ,h f,i i,lkafka we`ÿï"

me<`ÿñ" jdyk ú,dis;d iy YÍr

w,xlrKh hs' tfy;a whsrdx.kS ±k

isáhd rx.kh ;sfnkafka ú{dkfha

nj' tfy;a weh fuka wfkla

ks<shka rx.kfha wdNdih Wreuhla

fldg .kafka keye' tys úhelS

hdul= hs olakg ,efnkafka'

f,iag¾ jeks wOHlaIjre

hg;a úð; hq.fha wOHdmkh

ukdj yeoEre wh' Tjqka weiqf¾

lghq;= lsÍug whsrdx.ks

fiarisxyg yelsùu;a wehf.a rx.k

fl!I,Hh ÈhqKqùug n,mEjd'

wo weh jeks olaI ks<shka ìys

fkdùug Rcq j n,mdkafka tjeks

ks¾udKlrejkaf.a wvqj hs'

kQ;k Okjdohg l,dj wjYH

keye' tfy;a l,dj mj;sk

weußldj" tx.,ka;h jeks Okj;a

rgj, fï i|yd by< jákdlula

;sfnkjd' fï ksid wjYH jkafka

iú×ksl md,lhka ìys lr

.ksñka l,djg mqkre;am;a;sh §ug

wfmalaId lsÍu hs'

,xldfõ ,,s; l,d wOHdmkh

úYajúoHd, uÜgñka úêu;a lsÍu

wjYH hs' tu mdGud,d Tiafia

YslaIKh ,nk úoHd¾Òka ìys úh

hq;= hs' furg ,,s; l,d f,i

y`ÿkd .kafka Wvrg kegqï" my;

rg kegqï" fldfydU lxldßh

wdÈh hs' tfy;a kQ;k ñksidf.a

ufkdaNdj úYaf,aIKh lsÍug

wjYH kHdhhka ;sfnkjd' fï

ksid úfoaYSh úoaj;=kaf.a o iydh

u; fï wdh;k yd mdGud,d

m%;sixialrK lsÍu wjYH hs'

ud,d u,aldka;s mrK.uf.a

oSma;s l=udr .=Kr;akiskud úpdrl


bx.S%is cd;sl i¾ fykaß fjda¾â

wdKavqldr;=ud úiska fld<U - kqjr

lkao Wvrg ÿïßh ud¾.h wdrïN lf<a

1853 wf.daia;= ui 03 jeks Èk hs' fï jif¾

wf.daia;= ui 03 jeks Èkg thg jir 166la

iïmQ¾K fjkjd'

fï ÿïßh ud¾.fha bÈ jQ fiiq m%Odk ÿïßh

ia:dk lsysmfhka fykr;af.dv ÿïßh ia:dkh

o b;d úfYaIs; hs' fld<U - kqjr m%Odk ÿïßh

ud¾.h bÈlr ksud jQfha jir yhlg miq' tjlg

fykr;af.dv ÿïßh ia:dkh o idÞ ksu lr ;snQfhka

1864 foieïn¾ ui 27 jeks Èk m<uqjrg fï ud¾.fha

Odjkh l< ÿïßh fykr;af.dv ÿïßh ia:dkfha

o k;r lrkjd' fï wjia:dj fykr;af.dv wjg

.ïjdiSkag úYauhckl o¾Ykhla jQjdg iel keye'

hqfrdamd mqkreoh;a iuÕ hqfrdamd cd;Ska j¾I 1400

ld, jljdkqfõ isg ls%hd lf<a foaY .fõIKh lrñka

wd.u m%p,s; lsÍug;a l=¿ nvqj, jd‚c n,h ;yjqre

lr .ekSug;a'

mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais cd;slhkaf.ka miq YS% ,xldjg

meñ‚fha ì%;dkH cd;slhka' Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh

m%Odk jYfhka fhduq jQfha jeú,s wd¾Ólhg tA

fya;=fjka 1870 jir muK jk úg ,xldfõ m%Odk

Ofkdamdhk ud¾.h jQfha fldams' tA jk úg Èjhsfka

wd¾Ól lghq;= ish,a, u fldams l¾udka;h u; hs r|d

mej;sfha'

tfy;a l÷lr mdrj,a Tiafia fld<Ug fldams

m%jdykh lsÍu ÿIalr jQjd fia u úhoï wêl

ld¾hhla o jqKd' tu ksid blauka yd ,dNÞhs

wdldrhg fldams mgjd tùfï l%u wjYH jqKd'

hqfrdamfha fndfyda rgj, ÿïßh mdrj,a iE§u

wdrïN lr ;snQ ksid ,xldfõ o ÿïßh mdrla iE§fï

wjYH;dj ì%;dkH md,lhkag fmkajd ÿkafka

jeú,slrejka úiska' tA Wvrg j;=lrfha isg wvq ñ,g

fldams mgjd tùug ÿïßh ud¾.hla ke;s jqjfyd;a

fldams l¾udka;h msßfykq we;e hs jeú,s lrejka

l,amkd l< ksid' tu wjYH;dj imqrd .ekSug

jeú,slrejka Woaf>daIKhla lsÍug hs lghq;= lf<a'

fï lreK uq,alrf.k ,xldfõ m%:u jrg jd¾;d

jkafka jeú,s lrejkaf.a fï Woaf>daIKh hs' fï

fya;=fjka fld<U isg uykqjr olajd ÿïßh mdrla

iE§fï l¾udka;h mejerefKa bx.S%is fjf<| iud.

ulg'

tA wkqj YS% ,xldfõ ÿïßh ud¾.hla ;ekSfï

ft;sydisl wjia:dj iksgqyka jQfha 1858 wf.daia;=

oel .kak fidndisßys`o hkak

fykr;af.dvt,a' ví,sõ' wdßhr;ak

fykr;af.dv WoHdkh miqld,Sk

j kï jQfha fykr;af.dv WoaNso

WoHdkh kñka' fykr;af.dv

ÿïßh ia:dkh tÞ ia:dms; lsÍu

ksid miqld,Sk j .ïmy k.rh o

ckdlS¾K m%foaYhla njg hs m;a

jqfKa' tÞ wo fuka u.S m%jdyk

nia fiajd fkdjQfhka m%Odk m%jdyk

ud¾.h jQfha ÿïßh'

w;S; ießirw;S; ießir


ui 03 jeks Èk' tA" fykaß fjdaâ wdKavqldr;=ud

ÿïßh mdr iE§fï m%:u mia msve,a, lemSu;a iuÕ'

tfy;a 1861 jif¾§ tys jev k;r lrk ,oafoa

wjdikdjka; f,i hs'

Bg fya;=j jQfha ÿïßh mdr fjkqfjka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ úhoug jvd ;=ka .=Khla muK

úhoïjk nj fmkS .sfhka' miqj 1863 jif¾§ kej;

jev wdrïN lf<a ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska u fï

l¾udka;h l< hq;= hehs ;SrKh l< ksid' tu ÿïßh

ud¾.fha jev ksudlr ,xldfõ m%:u jrg ÿïßhla

Odjkh lrjk ,oafoa 1864 foieïn¾ 27 jeksÞ'

,xldjg meñ‚ fn,aðhfï Tgqkak ysñ l=udrhd jQ

n%enkaÜys wdÈmdo;=ud /.;a fï úfYaI ÿïßh Odjkh

jQfha fld<U isg wfòmqiai olajd' 1867 § fld<U

isg uykqjr olajd ÿïßh ud¾.h idÞ wjika jQ

fyhska fld<U yd kqjr w;r ÿïßh .ukd.ukh

wdrïN jqKd'

fï jk úg >k le,Ejla j mej;s .ïmy t<s

fmfy<s lr t<suyka lsÍu 1815ka miq wdrïN jQ

njg idCIs orkafka hg;a úð; iufha f,aLk' tA

,xldfõ bx.S%is cd;sl miajeks wdKavqldrjrhd jQ i¾

tâjâ ndkaia uy;df.a ld,fha§'

1825 § fld<U- kqjr uyd ud¾.h ;ekSfï lghq;=

wdrïN lsÍfï wjia:dfõ§ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhd

.ïmyg o meñ‚ nj i|yka fjkjd'

tâuâ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhdf.a iufha§

±kg .ïmy k.rh msysá ia:dkfha

meje;sfha >k le,Ejla ;=<ska jeà

;snQ wämdrj,a' tA ufÕys ,ka;Ereï

iúlr.;a nr lr;a; uykqjr isg

fld<U olajd fldams /f.k .uka l<

w;r lr;a;lrejka .suka yeÍug úfõl

.;a ia:dkh j¾;udkfha ye`oskafjkafka

ñßiaj;a; kñka'

ÿïßfhka .uka l< bx.S%is cd;slhkag .uka

úvdj uÕyrjd .ekSu ms‚i tl, Ndú;d

lf<a fykr;af.dv m%foaYh' tA fya;=fjka tys

jfkdaoHdkhla bÈlsÍug mshjr .;af;a bx.S%is

cd;slhka úiska' tfy;a Whfka isß krUd úvdj

ikais÷jd .ekSug ÿïßfhka nei jfkdaoHdkh

fj; hdug isÿ jqKd' ÿïßh kej;=ï ia:dkhla

fykr;af.dv bÈlsÍug bx.S%is md,lhka ls%hd

lf<a tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka' fykr;af.dv ÿïßh

ia:dkh ia:dms; jkafka tf,i hs'

fykr;af.dv WoHdkh miqld,Sk j kï jQfha

fykr;af.dv WoaNso WoHdkh kñka' fykr;af.dv

ÿïßh ia:dkh tÞ ia:dms; lsÍu ksid miqld,Sk

j .ïmy k.rh o ckdlS¾K m%foaYhla njg hs

m;a jqfKa' tÞ wo fuka u.S m%jdyk nia fiajd

fkdjQfhka m%Odk m%jdyk ud¾.h jQfha ÿïßh'

mer‚ fykr;af.dv ÿïßh ia:dkh mqrd

úoHd;aul jákdlula we;s ia:dkhla jYfhka

.eiÜ lr ixrlaIKh lrkafka mqrdúoHd

fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska' fï fm!rd‚l ia:dkfha

jákdlï ±k lshd .ekSfï whs;sh wkd.; mrmqrg

ysñ hs'


udOHudOH

.egqï l<ukdlrKh kï

úYd, úIh m:h ;=< we;s

tla lafIa;%hla f,i ;%ia;jdoh

iy udOH y÷kd.; yels hs' fuys§

jeä ie,ls,a,la oelaúh hq;af;a

;%ia;jd§ l%shdjka wdjrKh lsÍfï§

udOHfõ§ka ikakoaO úh hq;=

wdldrh ms<sn|j hs'

;%ia;jd§kag wjYH jkafka

iudch ;=< úhjq,la we;s fldg

úkdYhla isÿ lsÍug hs' fï ksid

úfYaIfhka m%cd;ka;%jd§ rduqjla

;=< lghq;= lrk udOHfõÈhl=g

;%ia;jdoh iy ;%ia;jd§kaf.a udOH

Ndú;h ms<sn| ;sìh hq;af;a ksjerÈ

wdl,amhla' ;%ia;jd§kaf.a wruqKq

idlaId;a lr.ekSug bv fkd§

udOHlrKfha fhÈh yelafla túg

hs' fuys§ ;%ia;jd§ka iy udOH w;r

we;s iïnkaOh;a ;%ia;jd§ka udOH

Ndú; lrk wdldrh;a uekúka

jgyd .; hq;= hs'

kQ;k ;%ia;jdoh iuÕ

m%xY úma,jhg we;af;a meyeÈ,s

iïnkaOhla' m%xY úma,j iufha

úYd, msßila fj; <Õd úh

yels ckudOH mej;=fKa keye'

miq lf,l isÿ jQ ckudOHfha

m%.ukfha§ wrdðljd§ka ;%ia;jdoh

Ndú; l< wdldrh;a iuÕ hs kQ;k

;%ia;jdoh l%udkql+, j bÈßhg

meñKsfha'

1800 uq,a oYlfha mej;=fKa

jdKsc mqj;am;a' ta mqj;am;a

mj;ajdf.k .sfha oekaùïj,ska

,efnk wdodhfuka' ta ld,fha u

foaYmd,k mlaI úiska o mqj;am;a

m< l<d' tajd oekaùï u; hemqfKa

keye' uqøKh lf<a foaYmd,k

mlaIj,ska ,efnk wruqo,aj,ska' ta

mqj;am;aj, idlÉPd lf<a hïlsis

mlaIhlg wod< foaYmd,k u;jdo

.ek' úfYaIfhka u tajdfha m<

jqfKa rdcH n,h tla mqoa.,hl=

jgd flakaø.; ùug úreoaO j

OfkaIajr mx;sfha m%cd;ka;%jd§

woyia' fï isÿùï ish,a, úYd,

úma,jhlg ,lajqfKa frdgß

fm%ia ;dlaIKh fidhd.ekSu;a

iuÕska' tys wdrïNh;a iuÕ u

zfhf,da c¾k,siïZ kñka ckudOH

iïm%odhla we;s jQfha weußldj

uQ,sl lrf.k'

fhf,da c¾k,siïj,§ mqj;am;a

hemqfKa oekaùïj,ska fyda

foaYmd,k o¾Yk iudc.; lsÍfuka

fyda fkdfj hs' mqj;am;a whs;slrejka

jgyd .;a;d mqj;am;a úlsŒu uÕska

úYd, wdodhula ,eìh yels nj' ta

ksid wmrdO" hqoaO iy ,sx.sl;ajh

jeks foaj,a úl=Kkak mgka .;a;d'

mqj;am;aj, ìh" l=;=y,h we;s lrk

mqj;a m< jqfKa f,dl= wl=frka'

tajdhska we;eï mqj;a w¾O i;H hs'

fhf,da c¾k,siïj, wruqK jqfKa

j.lSula bgq lsÍu fkdj wf,úh

jeä lr.ekSu hs' ñksiqkaf.a yeÕSï"

wdfõ." l=;=y,h" Nh" wdYdj mdúÉÑ

lrñka mqj;am;a úYd, jYfhka

wf,ú jqKd' fuh j¾;udkfha o

oelsh yels ;;a;ajhla'

fhf,da c¾k,siïj, jHdma;sh;a

iuÕ by< m%jD;a;s jákdlula we;s

m%jD;a;s udOH úiska wksjd¾fhka m<

lrk nj fmkShEfuka wrdðljd§ka

f;areï .;af;a hïlsis m%jD;a;s

jákdlula we;s l%shdud¾.hla

we;s l<fyd;a udOHg th jd¾;d

fkdlr isáh fkdyels neúka tjeks

isoaêhlska ,efnk wjOdkh Ndú;

lr ;ukaf.a u;jdoh iudc.;

l< yels nj hs' ta wkqj Tjqka isÿ

lrkafka ckudOH wdl¾IKh

lr.ekSug m%pKav;ajh mdúÉÑ

lrñka ta yryd ;ukaf.a mKsúvh

iudc.; lsÍu'

kQ;k ;%ia;jdohg udOH ke;s j

mej;sh fkdyels hs' udOH b,lal

lrf.k hs ;%iajd§ka m%pKav;ajh

we;s lrkafka' úkaÈ;hl= b,lal

lrñka Ôú; iy foam< úkdY

lsÍfï§ ;%ia;jdÈhdf.a wjidk

wruqK iy uQ,sl wruqK jkafka

úkaÈ;hdg jk ydksh mdúÉÑ

lrñka hïlsis .%dyl msßilg

mKsúvhla §u hs'

;%ia;jdÈhd" úkaÈ;hd yd .%dylhd

;%ia; m%ydrhl b;d u jeo.;a wx.

;=kla' m%pKav;ajh we;s jQ ;eklg

udOH wefokafka m%pKav;ajhg

by< m%jD;a;s jákdlula we;s

ksid' wf,úh i|yd m%jD;a;suh

jákdlula we;s m%pKav;ajh wjYH

neúka m%pKav;ajh yryd ;%ia;jd§ka

udOH wjOdkh Èkd.ekSfuka ;u

wruqK bIag lr.ekSug lghq;=

lrkjd'

;%ia;jdoh yd udOH Ndú;h iq¿fldg ;lkak neye


fuys§ ;%ia;jd§kag wjYH

jkafka b,lal.; .%dylhdf.a

yeisÍu fjkia lsÍu hs' m%pKav;ajh

uÕska yeisÍu fjkia l< yels hs

n,lsÍfuka' m%pdrKhg yelshdj

;sfnkjd fm<Uùfuka ñksiqkaf.a

yeisÍu fjkia lsÍug' fï wkqj

m%pKav;ajh iy m%pdrKh fol

u Ndú; lsÍfuka ;%ia;jdofhka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka iudch

fuf;la l,a yeisreKq wdldrh hï

wdldrhlg fjkia lsÍu hs'

idïm%odhsl udOH iy kQ;k

udOHhg wu;r j ;%ia;jd§ka ;u

m%pdrKh i|yd lgl;d" foaYk"

l=vd lKavdhï i|yd idlÉPd iy

jevuq¿ meje;aùu jeks wúêu;a

m%pdrK Wml%u o Ndú; lrkjd'

flfia fj;;a udOH" ;%ia;jd§ka

Ndú; lrk tl fuj,ula muK hs'

w,alhsvd ixúOdkfha ksfhdacH

kdhlhl= j isá Ayman all - Zawahiri jrla m%ldY lr we;af;a

zzwm igkl fhÈ,d bkafk' ta

igfka nd.hla u isoaO fjkafka

udOH igka ìfï'''ZZ hkqfjka'

fï wkqj udOHfõ§kag we;af;a

;%ia;jd§kaf.a WmlrKhla njg

m;aùfï úYd, wjodkula'

ì,a,dvka lshd isáfha —fï

ishjfia udOH hqoaOh m%pdrl

wr.,h Èkd.ekSfï Yla;su;a u

udOH hs' tys wkqmd;h uQ,sl igka

iQodkñka 90]la olajd úh yels hs'˜

hkqfjka' ;%ia;jd§kaf.a u oDIaá

fldaKfhka n,k úg ;%ia;jdoh

iïnkaOfhka udOH Ndú;h

iq¿fldg ;lkakg neye'

;%ia;jd§kaf.a Yla;sh iy

n,dêldßfha wjodkï iy.; nj

iy fkdyelshdj fmkaùu;a rcfha

u¾ok ;ukaf.a jdishg yrjd

.ekSu;a ;%ia;jd§kaf.a i;=rka

wffO¾h lsÍu iy Tjqkag iyh

olajk msßiaj, Ñ;a; ffO¾h

j¾Okh lsÍu;a ;%ia;jd§kaf.a

wruqKq fjkjd' tfia u ixúOdkh

fjkqfjka ck;d leue;a;

,nd.ekSu iy j¾Okh lr.ekSu;a

ck;dj /äl,aNdjhg m;a lsÍu iy

NS;sh" jHdl+,;ajh we;sjk f,i

foaYmd,k jd;djrKh fn§ulg

,lalsÍu;a fuka u ùr;ajh

wjOdrKh lsÍu iy m%pKav;ajh

w;HjYH nj ta;a;= .ekaùu;a Bg

wh;a'

tu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug

Tjqka Ndú; lrk Wml%u f,i

uQ,sl j y÷kd.; yelafla m%pKav

l%shdj m%jD;a;suh jákdlula uQ,sl

lrf.k isÿ lsÍu" ixúOdkhg

;j;a msßia n|jd .ekSug m%pdrK

isÿ lsÍu" ;%ia;l%shd i|yd jvd;a

u iqÿiq fõ,dj iy ia:dkh

f;dard.ekSu" m%ydrhlg miqj

ksfõok ksl=;a lrñka Wml%ñl

f,i ;ukaf.a wruqKq bgqlr.ekSu

fjkqfjka Ndú; lsÍu" udOHfõ§ka

iuÕ in|;d meje;aùu" ;%ia;l%shd

iïnkaOfhka j.lSu Ndr.ekSu iy

úYd, jYfhka ixfla; Ndú;d lsÍu

yryd ikaksfõokh isÿ lsÍu hs'

;%ia;jdoh mrdch lsÍu i|yd

m<uqfjka u ;%ia;jd§kag ta;a;=

.ekaúh hq;= hs Tjqkag ch.%yKh

l< fkdyels nj' fojeks j Tjqkag

,ndÈh hq;= hs È.ska È.g u m%ydr

t,a, lsÍug Tjqka i;= udkj iïm;a

iy fN!;sl iïm;a m%udKj;a

ke;e hs hk woyi' ta" m%;s;%ia;

jHdmdrhl§ ks¾udKh l< hq;=

udkisl wruqKq hs' flfia fj;;a

mdial= m%ydrfhka miq j w,an.avdä

ksl=;a l< ùäfhdaj furg udOH

uÕska m%pdrh fkdlsÍu i;=gg

lreKla' w,a n.avdä tu ùäfhdafõ

lshd isákafka zzw,a,d foúhka

wmg lsõfj ðydâ hqoaOh l%shd;aul

lrkak hs' th ch.%yKh lrkak

lsh,d lsõfj keye'ZZ hkqfjka'

tuÕska Tyq bj;a lroeóug W;aidy

.kafka fmr lS m<uq udkisl

wruqK hs'

m%;s;%ia; jHdmdrhl§ tu

;%ia;jdoh ksfhdackh lrk ck

fldÜGdihg wdKavqfjka isÿ jk

i;H fyda l,ams; fyda widOdrKh

foaYmd,k" iudc iy ixialD;sh

ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= lsÍug fya;=jla

jk nj úfYaIfhka ie,ls,a,g .;

hq;= hs' flfia fj;;a ;%ia;jdoh

u¾okfha§ udOHhg hï iSudjla

olajd muK hs l%shd;aul úh

yelafla' ;%ia; ixúOdkfha meje;au

iy úkdYh ms<sn| úYd, u j.lSu

we;af;a wdKavqjg' fï w;r udOH

j.lSula ke;=j yeisfrk njg

fodia kÕñka udOH jdrKh .ek

o l;dnyla we;s jqKd' ;%ia;jd§

jHdmdrhla mej;sh§ udOH

iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh l< yels

ms<sfj;a ;=kla y÷kd.kak mq¿jka'

ta" udOHg wjeis f,i lghq;=

lsÍug bvyeÍu" jdrK mekùu

iy ;ukaf.a j.lSu ms<sn| j

wjfndaOfhka iajhx jdrKhla

we;s lr.ekSug ckudOHfõ§ka j

fm<Uùu hs'

fcÍ wevïia lshd isáfha —udOH"

;%ia;jd§kag Tlaiscka iemhQj;a

jdrKh úI u;aøjHhl n,mEu

wdKavqjg imhkjd˜ hkqfjka' udOH

jdrKh ienúka u úI u;aøjHhla'

tksid isÿ l< hq;af;a idlÉPd

iy jevuq¿ yryd ;%ia;jdohg

uqyqK§fï§ udOHfõÈhdf.a

j.lSu l=ulao hkak ms<sn| ksis

wjfndaOhla Tjqkag ,nd§u hs'

rcfha m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ

mej;s udOH iïuka;%Khla weiqßka'

ÈfkaIa fÞvkaf.dvckdêm;s fPHIaG udOH WmfoaYl

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok


reishka NdIdj hehs lshQ

muKska idys;Hh wm isyshg

ke`.=K o yska§ lshQ ú.i wm

u;lhg kef`.kafka yska§ .S; iy

Ñ;%mg hs' ta ;rug yska§ iskudj

fmdÿ l,djla iy úfkdaohla njg

f,dalh mqrd m;aj ;sfnkjd' yska§

iskudj ;rug yska§ idys;Hh

f,dalh je<| fkd.;a;;a th úúO

idys;H Odrd Tiafia jefvñka

me;sfrñka iudc" wd¾Ól"

ixialD;sl fuka u foaYmd,ksl

miqìï yd .egqKd' tfuka u úúO

oDIaájdo Tiafia .uka lrñka kj

m%jK;d ilid .ksñka f,dalhg

mq¿,a o¾Ykhla odhdo l< úmq,

idys;Hhla'

yska§ idys;Hfha kQ;k hq.fha

uqÿkska u isák idys;HOdßkshl

jk W!Id m%shkajod ia;%S wd;auh"

ia;%shf.a meje;au iy ia;%shf.a

iudc Ndú;h iqlaIu iy ixfõoS

f,i úodrKh lsÍug W;aidy

.;a l,dldßkshla f,i hs jvd;a

lemS fmfkkafka' W!Id m%shkajod

iy wef.a flál;dj ms<sn`o l=vd

is;=jula u;= lr.ekSug hs fï

werUqu'

bkaÈhdjg ksoyi Wod ùfuka

miq werfUk kj flál;d

jHdmdrh y`ÿkajkafka zkhS lydksZ

f,i hs' tu idys;H iïm%odhg

kj uqyqKqjrla ,nd§fï§

zW!Id m%shkajodZ f.a N+ñldj

woaú;Sh hs' yska§ idys;Hfha úfYaI

Odrdjla jk m%jdiS idys;Hfha o

^úfoia rgl mqrjeisNdjh ,enQ

bkaÈhdkqjka úiska tu rgj, isg

yskaÈ niska ,shk ,o idys;Hh

m%jdiS idys;Hh hs'& m%uqL mqrella

jk weh ;u ks¾udKYS,s f,aLkh

iudc.; lrkafka flál;dj yd

kjl;dj Tiafia hs' bka jvd;a lemS

fmfkkafka flál;dj hs'

kQ;k yska§ flál;dj

wdlD;sluh jYfhka fuka u

Ndjuh jYfhka o fjkilg

Ndckh lsÍug W!Id iu;a

jqKd' kj flál;d Odrdj ;=<

wef.a flál;dj u`.yer hd

fkdyels jkafka ta fya;=fjka'

W!Id m%shkajodf.a idys;Hh

uq,a wjêh iy miq wjêh f,i

fldgia follska hq;=j we.hSug;a

úu¾Ykhg;a ,la l< yels hs' ;u

uõ rfÜ fjfiñka ;ud Ôj;a

jQ mßirh miqìï lr.ksñka

,shQ flál;d wef.a uq,a hq.fha

flál;d f.dkakg wh;a' oaú;aj

mqrjeisNdjh ,nñka weußldfõ

fjfiñka weh ,shQ flál;d wh;a

jkafka miq hq.hg'

bkaoshdkq ixialD;sh ;=<

ia;%shla ùu ksid u .eyeksh uqyqK

fok wNsfhda." wjysrlï iy

mSvdj ksrEmKh lsÍug wef.a

uq,ald,Sk flál;dfõ jeä

wjldYhla fjkafjkjd' fï Bg

WodyrK imhk wef.a uq,ald,Sk

flá;djlska fldgila'

ia;S% wOHd;auhgtnqKq ia;s%h iqNd r;akdhl

ndysr lÓldpd¾h ^yskaoS&fudrgqj úYajúoHd,

idys;H úhukidys;H úhuk


—;d;a;d udj .syska oeïud

biamsß;df,g''''' ug orefjl=;a

yïnjqKd' thd mqf;la' orejj

wkd: ksjdfig Ndr ÿkakg miafia

wjqreoaola hklï ug bf.k .kak

i,a,s ÿkafka ;d;a;d' ta;a f.or

bòka fkfõ' f.or ñksiaiqkag

;du;a uu ueßÉp flfkla' tod

bòka uu yefudaf.ka u jyka

fjù Ôj;a fjkjd' orejd hYa

jf.au hs' Ôj;a fj,d bkakjd kï

oeka wjqreÿ yh yudrla fj,d

we;s'˜ ksrdhdifhka u .,d hñka

;snQ l`ÿ¿ weh msi fkdoeuqjd h'

^úisreKq len,s <d o,a,la - W!Id

m%shkajod &

weußldfõ Ôj;afjñka

mßK; .eyekshla f,i Ôú;hg

uqyqKfok úg weh w;aú¢ ienEu

w;aoelSï iajlSh ks¾udKlrKh

Wia-uy;a lr.ekSug wehg WmldÍ

fjkjd' W!Idf.a Ôjk oDIaáh fmr

;snQ mgq iSudj w;sl%uKh lr mD:q,

iSudjlg fiakaÿ jkafka t;ek§'

W!Id m%shkajod Wmkafka

bkaÈhdfõ W;a;r m%foaYa m%dka;fha

ldkamQ¾ k.rfha uOHu mdx;sl

mjq,l' ta 1930 foieïn¾ 24 jeks

od hs' wef.a mshd foaYmd,khg

iïnkaO" W.;a" bvï ysñ mjq,l

jeäu,d' fmd; m; weiqr iy

idudkH .eyekqq orejl=g jvd

fjkia j is;Sfï mqreoao iy

yelshdj wehg ,efnkafka msh

Wreufhka' mshdf.a yÈis wNdjh

ksid hï hï wd¾Ól wmyiq;dj,g

uqyqK fokak wehg isÿfjkjd'

tfy;a wehg jvd;a ÿIalr jQfha

.eyekq orejl= ùu ksid u iudc

ixialD;sl mgq rduqj ;=< isrùug

isÿùu hs' Wiia wOHdmkh ,eîug

weh ÿgq isyskh" kj ux fm;a

Tiafia Ôú;h È.yerùug ;snQ

,d,idj imqrd .ekSug wehg

m<uq j wr.,hl fhfokakg isÿ

jQfha mjq, ;=<ska u hs'

b,ydndoa úYajúoHd,h"

Ydia;S%h j fuka u oDIaáuh

jYfhka o W!Idj ikakoaO l<

f;da;ekak hs' b,ydndoa .sh

W!Idg oekqfKa gexlshl isrù isá

ud¿jl=" .`.lg oeóug miq we;sjk

ye`.Su hs' kQ;k yska§ idys;Hfha

úYsIag n,lkq weiqre lsÍug wehg

wjia:dj Wodjkafka tys§ hs' ;u

flál;d ix.%yhl fmrjofka§

weh fufyu ,shkjd'

—b,ydndoaj, iEu ijiajrejla u

ud .; lf<a yß jxYardhs nÉpka"

iqñ;%dkkaoka mkaka" O¾uù¾ Ndr;S

jeks úYsIaghka iu`.' kj úIhka"

kj ixl,am" w¨;a fmd;am;a ud

jglr.;a;d' ud udkisl j meiqKq

mqoa.,hl= njg mßj¾;kh jqKd'

uf.a Ñka;kh kj oDIaáhlska

wdf,dalu;a jqKd' uf.a m<uq

flál;dj ìysjkafka tys

m%;sM,hlska'˜

b,ydndoa úYajúoHd,fha

bx.S%is wdpd¾hjßhl jYfhka

fiajhg tlaùfuka miq weh

weußldj n,d msg;ajkafka

mYapdoa wOHdmk lghq;= iòyd

ysñlr.;a YsIH;ajhlska' 1965

§ W!Id weußldfõ úialdxiSka

úYajúoHd,fha ol=Kq wdishdkq

wOHhk wxYfha" bkaÈhdkq idys;Hh

ms<snò uydpd¾hjßhl f,i

jev wdrïN lrkjd' W!Idf.a

bÈß Ôú;h u f.fjkafka f,dj

n,j;a u rdcHfha hs' tfy;a wef.a

yia;fhka ksuqjqKq iEu idys;H

lghq;a;l u udOHh jQfha wef.a

uõni' tkï yska§ NdIdj'

weußldfõ mÈxÑ jQ ú.i u yska§

flál;d ix.%y folla m< l<;a

mdGl-úpdrl hk fom¾Yajfha u

iud.u;a iïNdjkdj;a wysñùu

fya;=fjka weh wl¾uKH fjkjd'

kj ixialD;sl Ôú;hg msúiSu"

kj iudc iïnkaO;dj,g

wdl¾IKh ùu" wd¾Ól

iajdëk;ajh iy weußldfõ§ weh

w;aú`È wiSñ; ksoyi ksid wef.a

yia;fhka f,aLk l,dj álska ál

.s<syS hkjd' weh u mjik ú,i"

—f,aÅldjl f,i ud hgm;a jQ iEu

wjia:djl u uu is; ikid.;af;a

idys;Hhg jvd Ôú;fha wxY=ud;%h

o jákafka h hk ;df.da¾f.a

lshuk isyslr.ksñka'˜

Ndjuh m%nkaO w;f¾ meg,S

;snQ W!Idf.a flál;d idys;Hh"

l%ufhka ksYaÑ; ikaêia:dkhlg

/f.k tkafka weußldfõ f.jQ

Ôú;h ;=< weh ,enQ w;aoelSï

iy ta Tiafia Wia uy;a jQ wef.a

Ñka;kh hs' W!Idf.a uq,ald,Sk

flál;dfõ flakaø ìxÿj

jQfha ia;%shg t,a, jQ iudc iy

ixialD;sl úfrdaOh hs' miqld,Sk

wef.a flál;dj o ia;%sh jgd

t;S ;snqK;a tys ia;%s pß;j,

iajNdjh iy ia;%s wd;auh ú.%y

lsÍu" fmrg jvd yd;amiska u

fjkia uqyqKjrla .kakjd'

ñksia Ôú;j,g lvd jeÿKq

W!Id m%shkajod


Okjdoh úiska ñksidg Wreu

l< WodiSk;ajh" yqol,dj" ;r`.

ldß;ajh" wd;aóh iïnkaO;dj,

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m%fõYh ufkdaúYaf,aIKd;aul j

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h:d¾:djfndaOh yd mßmQ¾K

ks¾udKfõYh m%YxikSh hs'

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is;=jug yd;amiska u fjkia' ta

fjkqjg wmg yuqjkafka bkaoshdkq

ixialD;sl fijKe,a,g iïmQ¾K

f,i hg fkdjqKq" wd¾Ól jYfhka

iajdëk" bx.%SiS W.;a" u;ameka

mdkh iïNdjH Ôjk ú,dihla

njg m;alr.;a" zújdyhZ Ôú;fha

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ìyslsÍu Ôj úoHd;aul ixisoaêhla

muKla hehs úYajdi lrk"

újdyfhka miq o úl,am fm%au iy

,sx.sl inò;dj,g msúfik kQ;k

ysiagßl .eyeKq pß;' zlsrkaZ W!Id

m%shxjodf.a miqld,Sk flál;djl

l;d kdhsldj hs' úYajúoHd,

wdpd¾hjßhla jk lsrka weußldfõ

fjfik foore ujla' bkaÈhdkq

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cd;sl uelaia kï uydpd¾hjrhd

iu`. úl,am ,sx.sl inò;djlg

msúfik weh" W!Idf.a uq,ald,Sk

flál;dj, wmg yuqjk bkaÈhdkq

ia;%shg wNsfhda. lrk l=gqïNh

iy iudch foi /äl,a woyia

ork kQ;k .eyekshla f,i hs

biau;=jkafka' lsrkaf.a Ñ;a;fõ.

W!Id fufyu wl=re lrkjd'

—th l=uk ye`.Sulaoe hs yßyeá

jgyd .kakg lsrkag fkdyelsúh'

m<uq j th .eUqre ksrdYdckl

ye`.Suls' uelaiaf.a iam¾Yh

wysñùfuka lSmoskl isg wef.a

isrer oefjñka ;snqfKah' wdmiq

tk .uk mqrd weh is;ñka isáfha

t<fUkakg kshñ; fydardjl§

uelaiaf.ka ysñjk ta ñysß myi

.ek muKs' túg wef.a fof;d,a

uòla újr ù ySka yskdjlska Tm

jefgkakg úh' ksjig <xfj;a u

fmdmshk wdYdjlska weh ;j ;j;a

msßmqkaj .shdh'˜

^fldÉpr f,dl= fndrejlao@ (

W!Id m%shkajod&

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flakaøh ia;%sh hs' tfy;a ia;%sh

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wef.a wiykhg fya;=j yqfola

msßñhd nj yqjd olajñka msßñ

ixy;shg tfrys j .eyeksh Tijk

ia;%SjdÈkshla f,i zW!Id m%shkajodZ

wmg lsisúgl;a yuqjkafka keye'

iudc mßj¾;k fndfydauhla isÿ jQ

wdOqksl hq.fha ia;%sh;a" mqreIhd;a

fofokd u fmdÿfõ úòùulg ,la j

isák nj weh úYajdi l<d' th

iduqysl f,i iudchla w;aú`Èk

úòùula' fï fy<sorõj wef.a

miqld,Sk flál;d ;=<ska u;= ù

wdfõ úYajikSh f,aLk yrUhla

Tiafia' ia;%Sh fjkqfjka fmkS

isáfï§ fyda ia;%Sh hkq ljfrlaoe hs

y`ÿkajd§fï§ fyda W!Id

ia;%SjdÈkshl fkdùu miqld,Sk

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wdo¾Yhla'

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iqúfYaIs hs' weh ;u idys;Hhg

fhdod .;a iqug" iq,,s;" Ndjd;aul"

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uKav,h úlis; lsÍug jvd"

iu;ajQfha Tjqkaf.a is; ixfõoS j

le<Uùug hs' W!Id Ôú;fha jeä

bvla .;lf<a uydpd¾hjßhl

f,i úYajúoHd,j, hs' úYajúoHd,

Ydia;%Sh jgmsgdj iy tys iajNdjh

wef.a miqld,Sk flál;dj,

úYd, rEmfm<la w;am;a lr.kafka

ta fya;=fjka' kjl;d yhlska"

flál;d foiShlg wdikak

m%udKhlska yska§ idys;Hh .¾Nh

iYS%l l< W!Id ;u ks¾NS;

idys;Hh fiajh fjkqfjka 2007

jif¾oS zmoau N+IKZ iïudkhg o

Wreulï ,enqjd'

W!Idf.a fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h;a

ks¾udKlrKh;a fjkal<

fkdyels hs' ish idys;H iy

fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h wrUhd W!Id ;u

lD;shl fmrjofkys fufia l=regq

.E ;enqjd' zzuf.a Ôú;h ieneúka u

tla;rd lD;shls' ud Ôú;h mqrd

/ia l< Okhla fõ kï ta" tu

lD;sfha wka;¾.;h hs' tys hï hï

;eka flkl=g ud ;=<ska meyeÈ,s j

oel.; yels w;r we;eï foa

flfiaj;a oel .; fkdyels f,i

ie`.ù ;sfí'˜

W!Id m%shkajodf.a flál;d

idys;Hhg mdGlhd jy jyd

wdl¾IKh jkafka tys we;s fmdÿ

ñksiaNdjhg hs' ñksid msáka fmak

;rug YS,dpdr fyda Y=oaO fyda

fkdfjkakd fia u ieyeis fyda

ñf,aÉP fyda fkdjk nj W!Idf.a

flál;dj,ska kslafuk n,j;a u

ixfoaYh hs' ñksia we;=¿ yog ta

;rï tìlï lsÍula l< f,aÅldjla

yska§ idys;Hfha W!Idg fmr wmg

yuqjkafka keye' fydò jqK;a

krl jqK;a wef.a flál;dj,

isákafka ñksiqkau hs' r¿ jqK;a"

uDÿ jqK;a .| jqK;a iqj| jqK;a

wef.a flál;dj È. yefrkafka ta

ñksiqkaf.a Ôú; Tiafia hs' W!Idf.a

iuia; flál;d idys;Hh ñksia

Ôú;h;a ñksia p¾hd ms<snòj;a

.eUqre oelaulg m%úYagùug újD;

l< ljq¿jla jeks hs'

uelaiaf.a iam¾Yh wysñùfuka lSmoskl

isg wef.a isrer oefjñka ;snqfKah'

wdmiq tk .uk mqrd weh is;ñka isáfha t<fUkakg kshñ;

fydardjl§ uelaiaf.ka ysñjk ta ñysß myi

.ek muKs'


f.jqKq iufha§

,dxflah ks¾udK

idys;Hh fia u idys;H

úpdrh o iu;ssl%uKhg

ng m%uqLhl= fia ihsuka

kj.;af;a.u y÷kd

.kakg mq¿jka' oDYHudk

j kï úfgl ÿrjfndaO

tfy;a we;=<;ska w;sYh

ióm f;aud yd pß;

Tiafia Ôú;h o iudch o

lshjkq ms‚i Tyq W;aiql

jQfha ks¾Nh" kjH yd úl,am

ms<sfj;a iuÕ'

ihsuka kj.;af;a.u ,shQ uq,a

fmf<a kjl;d yd flál;d

wjia:d ;s%;ajhl§ iskudjg ke.S

;sfnkjd' tA" j¾;udk wjia:d yd

w;S; wjia:d oa;ajhla jYfhka'

w;S; wjia:d ,dxflah iskudfõ

isysjgk' bka m<uqjekak jk

ziqoaÈ,df.a l;djZ ^1985& iskudmgh

ie,flkafka tys wOHlaI

O¾uisß nKavdrkdhlf.a iskud

Ndú;fha j¾OkSh wjia:djla

f,iska' fojekak jk iqñ;%d

mSßia wOHlaIKh l< zid.r

c,h uÈ ye~qjd Tn ikaÞZ ^1988&

iskudmghg mdol

jkafka tkñka hq;=

flál;d ix.%yfha tk

zTyq u< miqZ kue;s

flál;dj'

ihsuka kj.;af;a.u

wNskj iskud msúiqu

iy;sl lr,kafka

j¾;udk ,dxflah

iskudj w¾:dkaú; j

fmdfydi;a lrkq ms‚i

W;aiql jk m%ikak chfldä hs'

iskudmgh zixidf¾ ovhlaldrhdZ'

Bg mdol fldgf.k we;af;a

zihsuka kj.;af;a.u oYl;%hlg

muK fmr ,shd m< l<

zovhlaldrhdf.a l;djZ kue;s

kjl;dfõ m<uq mßÉfþoh hs'

zovhlaldrhdf.a l;djZ iqmqreÿ

wdLHdk ú,difhka ñÿKq

isÿùï Þuhla úêu;a ms<sfj<lg

wúêu;a uqyqKqjrlska igyka l<

kjl;djla' fun÷ kjl;djla

fuka u tys tla mßÉfþohla

iskudjg keÕSu myiq ld¾hhla

jkafka keye' tfy;a m%ikakf.a

iskud Ndú;h fuys§ tu

wmyiq;dj m%Yak lrkakg iQÞkï'

ixidf¾ ovhlaldrhd

;=is; chiqkaor

iskudmgh ks¾jpkh l< yels ksje/È

u wdldrh inqoaêl fma%laIlhdg jegfykafka iskud Yd,dfjka kslau hk úg' túg hs iskudmgfha rej .=K m%;slsheùulg ,la l< yels jkafka' tA wkqj NslaIQka jykafia ixialD;sfha m%ldYlhd

fia y÷kd.kakg mq¿jka' ovhlaldrhd y÷kd.; yelafla iajNdj O¾ufha

m%ldYlhd f,i hs'

iskudiskud

fuysoS zovhlaldrhdf.a l;dfjZ

ys m<uq mßÉfþoh tfyu msáka u

zixidf¾ ovhlaldrhdZ iskudmgh

lrd /f.k fkd tAug hs m%ikak

W;aiql jkafka' we;a; jYfhka

u Tyqg yiqjkafka tys wd tla

ksfïIhla' th m%j¾Okhg m%ikak

olajk leue;a; lemS fmfkkjd'

fu;ek§ mek k.skafka m%ikak

yereKq fldg funkaolg iQÞkï

wka mßK; iskudlrejl=

j¾;udkfha§ wm w;r isákafka o

hk m%Yakhla'

iskudmgh werfUkafka

fma%laIlhd ;e;s .kajñka' le,Eno

.ï mshfia tk .rd jegqKq

úydria:dkfha § oï foiqulg

ijka fhdud isák f.dauÍ kue;s

hqj;sh jyd ke.sg jkdka;rh

n,d Èj hkjd' wE miqmi Èj tk

mqreIhdj jiÕ lr.kq ms‚i

f.dauÍ yeisfrkafka m%pKavldÍ

j' yßhg fldáhl= ish f.dÿr

weof.k hkakdla fuka f.dauÍ o

fï mqreIhd ;u oE;ska we|f.k

ruKhg iqÿiq ia:dkhla lrd

meñfKkjd' Tjqkaf.a ruKh

l=ßre hs' w;sOdjkldÍ hs' f.dauÍ

iqr;dka;hg m;a fjñka isák

fudfydf;a§ u t;ekg lvdmd;a

jk jkdka;rjdiS fldáhd ish,a,

wka rEmhlg fmr<kjd'

NslaIQka jykafiag wjeis

jkafka t<efUk fjilaa fmdfydh

Þ idriqndjg wd.ñl lghq;=

bIag isoaO lrkakg' tfy;a

jkdka;rfha fldgila n÷

ovhlaldrhd l,amkd lrkafka

ñksia f,a ri jegqKq fldáhdj

urd fkd±uqjfyd;a isÿjk úkdYh

.ek' iskudlre m%ikak fu;ek§

iskudmgfha wre;g jqjukd

miqìu ks¾f,daNs j ilid fokjd'

tA NslaIQka jykafiaf.a wNsm%dh yd

ovhlaldrhdf.a wNsm%dh .eUqre

ifya;=l ixjdohla lrd /f.k

hdu fjkqfjka'

fuh wd.ñl ixjdohla'

jfrl mßirh ms<sn| ixjdohla'

wk;=re j Ôú;h yd tys kd kd

uqyqKq ms<sn| ixjdohla' fN!;sl

f,dalh blaujd wdOHd;añl

biõjla lrd fï ixjdoh fhduq

lrk m%ikak fma%laIlhd yuqfõ

È. yßkafka Þ¾Yksl miqìula'

inqoaêl fma%laIlhkg fï jgmsgdj

.fõIKh lrñka Ôú;h u;=

fkdj iudch o lsheùfï udyeÕs

wjia:djla WÞlr .kak mq¿jka'

tfy;a Bg WÑ; bvyir imhd

fokakg m%ikak ;rul ue,slula

olajkjd' tA iskudmgh úiska b,a,d

isákq ,nk jmißh ixialrKhg

m%ikak mshjr .kakd ksid' fï

ksid isÿjkafka fma%laIlhkaf.a

m<dhdula' bka wjOdrKh flfrk

wkd.; yqfol,dj iïnkaOfhka

m%ikak fkdmudj l,amkd l< hq;=

fjkjd'

iskudmgh ks¾jpkh l<

yels ksje/È u wdldrh inqoaêl

fma%laIlhdg jegfykafka

iskud Yd,dfjka kslau hk úg'

túg hs iskudmgfha rej .=K

m%;slsheùulg ,la l< yels

jkafka' tA wkqj NslaIQka jykafia

ixialD;sfha m%ldYlhd fia y÷kd.

kakg mq¿jka' ovhlaldrhd

y÷kd.; yelafla iajNdj O¾ufha

m%ldYlhd f,i hs' ixialD;sh yd

iajNdj O¾uh w;r mj;akd fjki

fu;ek§ i|yka flfrkjd' tfia

u ixialD;sh yd iajNdjO¾uh

tlsfkl u; hefmk nj o fuys,d

y÷kd.kakg mq¿jka' iajNdjO¾uhg

wk;=rej hs ixialD;sh úIo

flfrkafka' ixialD;sh hkq iajNdj

O¾ufha ks¾udKhla fkdj ukqIH

j¾.hdf.a ks¾udKhla' zixidf¾

ovhlaldrhdZ fï ixlS¾K lsheùu

f.k tñka m%ikak iuld,Sk

,dxflah iskudjg ,nd fokafka

od¾Yksl jákdlula'

iskudmgh werfUkafka fma%laIlhd ;e;s .kajñka' le,Eno .ï mshfia tk

.rd jegqKq úydria:dkfha § oï foiqulg ijka fhdud isák f.dauÍ

kue;s hqj;sh jyd ke.sg jkdka;rh n,d Èj

hkjd' wE miqmi Èj tk mqreIhdj jiÕ lr.kq

ms‚i f.dauÍ yeisfrkafka m%pKavldÍ j'



áka áka" iafkdaù" lemagka yefvdla" f;dïika iy

f;dïika jeks pß; <uhskaf.a muKla fkdj

jeäysáhkaf.a o ùrhka' fï wh ienE pß; fkdfj hs'

fn,aðhdkq cd;sl ldgqka Ys,amshl= jQ y¾ðf.a ukfia

ks¾udKh jQ iod;ksl pß;' y¾ð áka ákaf.a l;dj

uq,ska u wekafoa 1929 jif¾ fn,aðhfï n%i,aia kqjr

m< flreKq Le Vingtième Siècle mqj;amf;a Le Petit Vingtime kue;s <ud w;sf¾lh i`oyd hs' miqj th

ldgqka l;d fmd;a fm<la f,i m< jQ w;r NdId

ish .Kklg mßj¾;kh fjñka f,dj mqrd m%p,s;

jqKd' fï jirg áka ákaf.a jhi wjqreÿ 90la' áka

áka fh!jk jd¾;dlrefjla' Tyq f,dj mqrd ixpdrh

lrkafka ;u f*dlaia fgßh¾ n¨ iqr;,d jk iafkdaù

iuÕ hs' fï pß;j,g mdol jQfha y¾ð iy Tyqf.a

fidfydhqre fmda,af.a ienE w;aoelSï' uq,a u l;d

ud,dj m<jQfha 1929 ckjdß 10 jeks Èk hs' áka

áka bka o ,Ekaâ T*a o fidaúhÜia kñka m<

flreKq tu l;dud,dj b;d ckms%h jqKd' miqj

y¾ð áka áka pß;h weiqßka m< lf<a ldgQka

fmd;a fm<la u'

áka áka l;d ud,djg lD;s 24la we;=<;a' áka

áka bka o ,Ekaâ T*a o fidaúhÜia" áka áka bka

o fldxf.da" áka áka bka weußld" is.d¾ia T*a

o mdrdfjda" o íÆ f,dagia" fn%dalka bh¾" í,ela

whs,kaâ" lsx Tfgdl¾ia iaflmag¾" l%eí ú;a

o f.da,avka laf,daõia" IQáx iagd¾" iSl%Ü T*a o

hqksfldaka" /lïia fg%I¾" fijka ls%iag,a fnda,aia"

ms%iak¾ia T*a o ika" ia*af,daria ,Ekaâ T*a í,ela

f.da,aâ" fviaáfkaIka uQka" tlaia*af,daria T*a

o uQka" le,alshq,ia tf*hd¾" frâ iS Idlaia" áka

áka bka áfnÜ" leiag*sh¾ tur,aâ" *a,hsÜ 714

gq isâks" áka áka wekaâ o msldria iy áka áka

wekaâ o we,ama wd¾Ü tu lD;s fm< hs' áka ákag

jir 90 msÍug iu.dó j áka áka l;d ud,d fõ

m<uq msgljrfha y¾ðf.a w;aik iys; uq,a

is;=ju y¾ð fl!;=ld.

drfha§ miq.sh od fjkafoais

flreKd' th wf,ú jQfha

fvd,¾ ñ,shk 1'12lg hs'

y¾ð hk

wkaj¾:kdufhka áka

áka ks¾udKh l< Ñ;%

Ys,amshdf.a ienE ku

fcda¾cia fm%diam¾ fró'

1907 Wm; ,o Tyq ñh

.sfha 1983 jif¾§' c¾udkq

yuqod fn,aðhu wdl%uKh

l< iufha Tyq m%xYhg

m<d .shd' miqj h<s fn,aðhug .sh o ta jk úg

ish¨ mqj;am;a c¾udkq wdêm;Hh úiska .s,f.k

;snqKd' Tyq miqj Le Soir mqj;amf;a fiajhg ne÷Kd'

tu mqj;amf;a o Tyq <uhska i`oyd Ñ;% l;d ks¾udKh

l<d'

jir wkQjla .;jqK o áka áka ;du ;reK hs'

iafkdaú ta jf.a u iqr;,a' lemagka yefvdlag iy

f;dïikag ;ju;a w¾nqoj,g uqyqK§ug isÿ fjkjd'

áka áka iodld,sl ks¾udKhla fj,d wjika' áka áka

l;dud,dj l,lg by; isxy, nig o mßj¾;kh jQ

w;r 2011 jif¾§ iaàjka iamS,an¾.a úiska Ñ;%mghlg o

kÕkq ,enqjd' th wefußldkq fvd,¾ 375l wdodhula

Wmhkak iu;a jqKd'


uy¨ fkdjk áka áka

mqj;a ujkafkdamqj;a ujkafkda


ljr uÜgul rcfha fiajlhl=

jqj;a Tjqka ish¨ fokd u

fiajh lrkafka fï rfÜ fmdÿ

ck;dj fjkqfjka' fï ksid

rcfha fiajlhl=g udkj in|;d

hkak b;d u jeo.;a' hym;a rdcH

fiajdjla uekeúka mj;ajdf.k

hdu i|yd th w;HjYH jQ

ldrKhla' ljr ;rd;srul

fiajlhl= jqj;a jeo.;a jkafka

ufyaYdlH ,S,dfjka isáñka

lghq;= lsÍu fkdfj hs' ;uka

fj; meñfKk wirK ñksiqkaf.a

m%Yak y÷kd .ekSug" Tjqkaf.a ÿla

fõokdj,g weyqïlka §ug kï

tAjd ;ukaf.a njg m;a lr .;

hq;= hs' tA i|yd iqÿiq u ud¾. jkafka

l,dj idys;Hh weiqre lsÍu hs'

tuÕska Wiia idys;HfõÈhl= o ìys

úh yels hs'

ksoiqkla f,i úu,r;ak

l=udr.uf.a lúhdf.a Ôú;h ±laúh

yels hs' Tyq m%dfoaYSh wdÞhï nÿ

ks,Odßfhla' wkqrdOmqr" mq;a;,u"

o<Þ.u" ix.s,smd,u" l,djej"

r;akmqrh" l,jdk jeks m%foaY

.Kkdjl rdcldß l< wfhla'

.%dóh wka; wirK ñksiqkaf.a

Ôjk rgdj Tyq b;d u fyd¢ka

wOHhkh lr ;snqKd' wjidkfha

úu,r;ak l=udr.u keue;s wmQre

idys;HfõÈhd ìysjkafka fï

whqßka Tyq ,nk w;a±lSï weiqfrka'

jfrl Tyq ,shkjd'

z.ka;=re ;=,dfka w,shd jegqKq

jefõ

iqkaorydñ t;rï fmdfydi;l=

fkdfõZ hkqfjka'

Tyqf.a woyi fld;rï wjHdc

o ks¾udKYS,s ± hs fï wkqj Tng

jgyd .; yels hs' fï ksid rcfha

fiajlhkag ish fiajd ld,h

w;r;=r§ idys;H riúkaokh i|yd

wjia:dj i,id§fuka iyDo" ixfõ§

ñksiqka ìys lr .; yels hs' th

wdldr lsysmhlska isÿl< yels hs'

fYdaldka; kdgH cjksldjl§ th

riú¢k fm%alaIlhka th ;ukaf.a

lrf.k w~d je<fmñka ;ukaf.a

ÿl ;=kS lr .kakd w;aoelSï Tng;a

;sìh yels hs' ñksiqkaf.a wdfõ.

l,d ks¾udK njg m;a lr .ekSug

W;aidy .kakjd kï iudcfha

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fyd,sjqâ ksIamdokhla jk zbkähdkd fcdakaia wekaâ

o fgïm,a T*a vQïZ iskudmghg rx.kfhka odhl ùug whsrdx.kS fiarisxyg wjia:dj ysñfjkjd' th weußldkq welvñ iïudk,dNS Ñ;%mg wOHlaIljrhl= jk ziaàjka iams,an¾.aZf.a iskud lD;shla' wef.a wOHdmk miqìu fuf,i ngysr iskudjg tlaùug wehg jvd;a rel=,la jqKd'

1984 jif¾oS Y%S ,dxldfõ§ o iskudmgfha o¾Yk rE.; flreKq w;r thg yeßika f*daâ" flaÜ lemafIda jeks ngysr k¿ks<shka /ila rx.kfhka odhl jqKd' bkaoshdfõ meje;s we;eï wNspdr yd iudc l%u .%yKh lr.;a

ngysr l%shdodu Ñ;%mghla f,i fï iskudmgh ye`oskaúh yels hs' ;u orejka jy,a l=,Skhka úiska ì,s mQcdjkag yd jy,a fiajhg f.k .sh wjia:djl wirK jQ ujlf.a pß;hg hs whsrdx.kS mK fmõfõ' rE.;lsÍï wjidkfha iams,an¾.a —uu Tn úYajdi l<d' Tn th bgq l<d'˜ hkqfjka mejiSu wef.a rx. m%;sNdjg ,nd ÿka fyd,sjqâ iïudkhla jeks hs'

2007 jif¾oS lefkaähdkq iskud iïudk yd welvñ iïudk oskQ wOHlaIsldjl yd ;sr rpldúhl jk oSmd fï;df.a zfjdag¾Z iskud mghg iïnkaO ùug o wehg wjia:dj ,efnkjd' ,xldfõ o rE.; l< fï iskudmgh bkaoshdkq jekaoUqjkaf.a w÷re Ôú; f,dalhg ksrdjrKh lrk" uyd l;sldjla we;s l< iskud lD;shla'

fuys jekaoUqjl jk kekaoïudf.a pß;hg hs whsrdx.kS rx.kfhka odhl jqfKa' tysoS weh bkaoshdkq ixialD;sl wx. Wlyd .ksñka tu pß;h ukdj ksrEmKh lf<a zfcdaka tan%yïZ yd ziSud ìiajdiaZ jeks bkaoSh k¿ks<shka yd Wfrka Wr .efgñka'

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