following 1948-9 war following 1948-9 war no reconciliation no reconciliation between Israelis and between Israelis and Arab worldArab world

policy of ‘aggressive policy of ‘aggressive defense’ adopted by defense’ adopted by IsraelIsrael

Ben-Gurion’s ‘No’ to Ben-Gurion’s ‘No’ to return of Palestinian return of Palestinian refugees - would not refugees - would not comply with U.N. comply with U.N. resolutionresolution

hawks (Ben-Gurion) hawks (Ben-Gurion) and doves (Moshe and doves (Moshe Sharet) came to Sharet) came to represent the two represent the two policy positions on policy positions on Israel’s relations with Israel’s relations with its Arab neighborsits Arab neighbors

between 1950 and 1955 between 1950 and 1955 Israel used all means Israel used all means available to defend its available to defend its new bordersnew borders

with Egyptian backing with Egyptian backing young Palestinian young Palestinian fedayeen carried out fedayeen carried out attacks on Israeli civiliansattacks on Israeli civilians

Isreal formed Unit 101, Isreal formed Unit 101, led by Ariel Sharon, to led by Ariel Sharon, to counter these attackscounter these attacks

Unit 101 targeted Unit 101 targeted Palestinians in Gaza and Palestinians in Gaza and the Jordanian village of the Jordanian village of QibyaQibya

U.S. protested these U.S. protested these atrocitiesatrocities

Suez Crisis -1956Suez Crisis -1956

initial welcome for initial welcome for Nasser in the WestNasser in the West

British promises to British promises to withdraw from canal withdraw from canal zone and support zone and support Sudan’s Sudan’s independenceindependence

however, the anti-however, the anti-communist Baghdad communist Baghdad Pact, sponsored by Pact, sponsored by Britain was rejected Britain was rejected by Nasserby Nasser

Nasser encouraged Nasser encouraged other Arab states to other Arab states to likewise boycott the likewise boycott the agreementagreement

Nasser recognized Nasser recognized Egypt’s need for new Egypt’s need for new weaponryweaponry

following an Israeli following an Israeli attack into Gaza, attack into Gaza, Nasser did a deal Nasser did a deal with the Soviet with the Soviet Union for the Union for the purchase of purchase of Czechoslovak arms, Czechoslovak arms, including tanks and including tanks and MIG fightersMIG fighters

Soviets no longer Soviets no longer supportive of Israel; supportive of Israel; new relationship new relationship with Israel’s enemy, with Israel’s enemy, Syria, deepenedSyria, deepened

tensions mounted tensions mounted between Egypt and between Egypt and Israel (the Lavon Affair Israel (the Lavon Affair 1954 and the attack 1954 and the attack on Gaza)on Gaza)

in Sept.1955 Nasser in Sept.1955 Nasser closed Strait of Tiran, closed Strait of Tiran, blocking Israel’s blocking Israel’s access to Red Seaaccess to Red Sea

he then nationalized he then nationalized the Suez Canalthe Suez Canal

Canal vital for Canal vital for maintaining Britain maintaining Britain and Europe’s oil and Europe’s oil supplysupply

actions taken to actions taken to eliminate Nasser, eliminate Nasser, failedfailed

France upset by Nasser’s France upset by Nasser’s support for FLN in Algeriasupport for FLN in Algeria

supplied Israel with supplied Israel with nuclear technology and nuclear technology and advanced weaponsadvanced weapons

Britain’s prime minister Britain’s prime minister Anthony Eden also took Anthony Eden also took an anti-Egypt positionan anti-Egypt position

Israel, Britain and France Israel, Britain and France devised plan to bring devised plan to bring down the Nasser regimedown the Nasser regime

Israel invasion across Israel invasion across Sinai would lead to Sinai would lead to Anglo-French Anglo-French “intervention”“intervention”

29 Oct. 1956 Moshe 29 Oct. 1956 Moshe Dayan’s Israeli’s forces Dayan’s Israeli’s forces attacked Gaza and the attacked Gaza and the SinaiSinai

Nasser rejected Anglo-Nasser rejected Anglo-French ultimatum to French ultimatum to withdraw withdraw

British and French troops British and French troops landed near Canallanded near Canal

Canal blocked - leads to Canal blocked - leads to fuel rationing in Britainfuel rationing in Britain

superpowers response - superpowers response - Soviet leader Soviet leader Khrushchev threatened Khrushchev threatened to launch missiles; to launch missiles; Eisenhower call for end Eisenhower call for end to hostilities and U.N. to hostilities and U.N. mediationmediation

British and French British and French forces withdrawforces withdraw

Israel did likewise Israel did likewise following guarantees following guarantees

a UN peace-keeping a UN peace-keeping force (UNEF) was force (UNEF) was deployed in the Sinaideployed in the Sinai

Nasser emerged Nasser emerged victorious from victorious from conflict, the conflict, the unchallenged leader unchallenged leader of the Arab worldof the Arab world

Israel after SuezIsrael after Suez

Suez War and incidents Suez War and incidents of atrocity against of atrocity against Palestinians isolated Palestinians isolated Israel in the regionIsrael in the region

Isreal- a fortress state; Isreal- a fortress state; military budget one-military budget one-third of GNPthird of GNP

Israel’s economy Israel’s economy supported by U.S. and supported by U.S. and generous donations generous donations from West Germanyfrom West Germany

population increase; population increase; Askenazi, though now a Askenazi, though now a minority, dominated minority, dominated politicspolitics

11 years of peace11 years of peace

Israel ally of U.S. in Israel ally of U.S. in Cold WarCold War

yet, under yet, under “Eisenhower “Eisenhower Doctrine” effort to Doctrine” effort to support some Arab support some Arab states - Jordan, states - Jordan, LebanonLebanon

Eisenhower also Eisenhower also uneasy with Israeli uneasy with Israeli development of development of atomic bombatomic bomb

policy change policy change under Kennedy - under Kennedy - Israel receives Israel receives arms suppliesarms supplies

Palestine Palestine Liberation Liberation Organization Organization (PLO) created by (PLO) created by Nasser in 1964Nasser in 1964

PLO a tool of the PLO a tool of the Arab statesArab states

a more a more independent independent Palestinian Palestinian organization had organization had been founded in been founded in 1959 - Fatah led 1959 - Fatah led by Yasser Arafatby Yasser Arafat

in 1958 Egypt and in 1958 Egypt and Syria united to form Syria united to form the UAR - short-the UAR - short-lived experimentlived experiment

Soviets supported Soviets supported Nasser in his Nasser in his programs of programs of modernization - modernization - Aswan DamAswan Dam

concerned about concerned about instability in instability in Lebanon and Jordan Lebanon and Jordan U.S. and Britain U.S. and Britain provided supportprovided support

the Baath party the Baath party came to power in came to power in both Syria and Iraqboth Syria and Iraq