[fonЄtiks and fonƆlogi]

Weeks 2-4[wiks tu to for]

Phonetics and Phonology

Phonology vs. Phonetics?“It is not unreasonable [...] to say that

phonology deals with the systems and structures of speech, while phonetics focuses more narrowly on articulation and acoustics. But the boundary should not be sharply drawn [...]” (Clark, Yallop, and Fletcher 1997:4)

http://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phonology+phonetics&ei=wx2eS8W-PIiKyQTL7YjyDA&client=firefox-a&cd=3#v=onepage&q=&f=true

A Descriptive (not prescriptive) scienceSpeakers are concerned with speaking/(and

meaning), the linguist is concerned with how it is said.

Concerned with the details, the structure, the rules.

[fonɛtɪk sɪmbɔls][pʌteto]ɛkstrə

Phonetics

Places of articulation

Places of articulation (2.2.4)Bilabial- bringing lips together [p] [b]

[m]Labiodental-lower lip and teeth [f] [v]Interdental- tip of tongue through teeth [θ]  [ð]Alveolar- tongue at/near the alveolar ridge [t] [s]

[n]Palatal- further back of mouth on hard palate [dʒ]

[j] [ ʃ ] Velar – soft part of roof of mouth behind hard

palate/velar [k] [g] [ŋ]Glottal- produced at the larnyx [h]

Manner of Articulation (2.2.5)Voiced & Voiceless consonantsRounded & lax vowels /meet/ vs /boot/ [i]

vs [u]Fricatives (2.2.5)/(2.4.3) [f] [v] [s]Affricates (2.2.5) [ t ʃ ], [d ʒ] Stops [b] [t] [k]Liquids [l] [r]Nasals [n] [m] [ŋ]

Describing phonemesVoiced bilabial stop [b] Voiceless labidental fricative [f]Voiced labiodental fricative [v]Mid front lax vowelLow back rounded vowel

Transcription- [kɛnsʌl ɪz nɔrməli leit fɔr klɑs]- /Kencil is normally late for class/- Transcribe your name- [tʃranskraib jɔr neim]- Our proposal is due today- [ɔwʌr prʌpozal Iz tʌde]- And the methodology is due next week.

- [and ðI mЄθɔdɔlʌdʒi Iz dʒu nЄkst wik]

DiacriticsLength [:] [skwiz] [i] [i:]/right/ -[rait] or [rai:t]Aspiration [h]Nasalised [~]Stress [`]/father/

G - [dʒi]X- [ ]

/prime minister/ -[praimI n Istʌ]

/carry/ /ask/ -[aks] “axe”

Єks

[fonƆləgi]

Phonology

[fonƆləgi]Is the study of the distribution of

sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds.

What are the predictable and unpredictable?

What are the characteristics of the environment that affect the change in sounds?

AllophonesVariants of a phoneme. Non-contrastive (no change in meaning;

English)Contrastive (changes the meaning; Hindi)Same or different environmentChanges meaning (or not)“fruit” [pʰəl]“moment” [pəl]

Minimal PairsWords that differ because of one

sound which causes different meaning. “pin” & “tin” [pIn] & [tIn]

X Y/C____D[n] [m]/_____ labial consonant

Phonological Rules

AssimilationSound becomes more like the neighbouring

ones.Resembles the environment.

Alevolar Stop Assimilation –(consonants)“Sit down”Vowel harmony (Vowels)

Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/Any difference in plural marker? Why?

Dissimilation

Insertion (p., 113)

Sit down “sit dunk”[sɪdɔŋk]“Melon” [mɛlion]H-Insertion “ʰegg”[ʰ] [ʰɛg]

[ʰaus]

Deletion (p., 114)H-Deletion“home”- [om]“Nintendo” [ɪntɛndo]

Metathesis A Change in the order of sounds[aks][krai] ?

Next week

Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/Any difference in plural marker? Why?

oH/WAllomorphs (diff sounds indicate diff

meaning)Morphophonemic rulesFeature MatrixRead chapter and work on exercises.

What is an allophone?

Definition   An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.

Examples (English)   [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.

[t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/.Examples (Spanish)   [b] and [B] are

allophones of the phoneme /b/.[d] and [D] are allophones of the phoneme /d/.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/

GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAllophone.htm

Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-phone-allophoneMorpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-

phone-allophone   The relationship between a morpheme and its morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between a phoneme and its phones and allophones.

  A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs.

  A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones (phonetic sounds) in different environments. These phones are called allophones.

http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm

Formal Notation of Phonological RulesBasic Format

A B / C __ DThis means “A becomes B in the

environment between C and D”Eg) /CAD/ /CBD/C & D are conditioning sounds

Example (vowel nasalization)Vowels become nasalized before a nasal

sound[+syllabic] [+nasal] / _____ [+nasal]

Cont’dDistinctive features are normally used But other conventional diacritics are

allowedBoundaries:

# (word), + (morpheme), $ (syllable) ___# (word final), #___ (word initial), $___ (syllable initial)

Segments:C(consonant), V(vowel), G(glide),

N(nasal), L(lateral)