FONER

GIVE ME LIBERTY

Chapter 1

What does “Discovery of America” mean?

A NEW WORLDFrom Land Bridge to THIRTEEN Colonies

African and Asian sculptures and artifacts have been found in the

Americas which pre-date Columbus. What does this

mean?

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THE FIRST AMERICANS

• global warming• early migration• agriculture• Anasazi• Aztecs• Incas• Mound Builders• Western Indians• Eastern Indians

Indian Society• Distinguishing factors

– cities, roads, irrigation systems, pyramids

• Common characteristics– lacked metal tools, gunpowder, machines, and literacy

• Political management-tribal• Religion-A single creator stands atop the spiritual hierarchy• Absence of shared identity• Land and property• Gender-women guarded tradition

– matrilineal– warfare left women without partners

• Conceptions of freedom• Desire for peaceful trade

Europe on the eve of Conquest

• Portugal

• Spain

• France

• Dutch

• English

• Russia

Development of caravel, compass, quadrant = _____?

THREE WORLDS COLLIDE:Exploration and Conquest of America

NOTE: Diverse WEST AFRICAN cultures share common features

Slavery in African PREDATES the Europeans

Exploring North America

SPAIN• Expulsion of the Jews,

Muslims• Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

– conquistadores– Florida

• St. Augustine– Southwest

• Onate• Santa Fe• Pueblo Revolt (Pope)

FRENCH

DUTCH

Principal Spanish Explorations of North America

Cabrillo

• Who am I?• I am

responsible for giving Amerigo Vespucci credit for discovering the new world!

• Q: Who am I?• I am

responsible for giving Amerigo Vespucci credit for discovering the new world!

A: Martin Waldseemüller

The Spanish Empire in America• Spain explores region from Mexico to Florida• Vast majority of natives killed by European diseases• Small, well organized Spanish military forces overcame native empires

(conquistadores)• Columbian Exchange begins

• Justification for conquest-superiority of European culture • Religion becomes conflict between natives and explorers• Spanish establish imperial government-viceroys, lawyers• Spain’s New World economy is tied to mercantilism• Spanish establish encomienda system-forced Indian labor

Mexico Under the Aztecs, 1519

Spain and Portugal Divide the Globe©

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Spanish Empire and Global Labor System: young single men, forced Indian labor, African slaves

Impact on the Indians• Columbian Exchange

– Disastrous decline in Indian population

• freedom• civilize the Indian• coexistence• conquest• Black Legend-uniquely cruel

– Las Casas

French Colonization

• Explorers– Cartier– LaSalle– Champlain– Marquette

• Trade– Metal items

(knives) for beaver pelts

• Indians-friendly• Christianity• Early French settlers

were mostly single men-Why?

Gold

Northwest passage

Dutch Colonization

• Henry Hudson-sought Northwest passage, New York harbor• New Netherland, New Amsterdam• Indians• International commerce, joint stock companies• Freedom of the press; broad religious toleration

French, Dutch influence in the

1600s

Christianity, technology, new legal systems and family relations, economic enterprise, wealth creation