FOOD ADDITIVES DATA BOOK

FOOD ADDITIVES DATA BOOK

SECOND EDITION

Edited by

Jim SmithPrince Edward Island Food Technology Centre

CharlottetownCanada

Lily Hong-ShumFood Science Consultant

AlbertaCanada

This edition first published 2011 2003, 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Food additives data book / edited by Jim Smith, Lily Hong-Shum. 2nd ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-9543-0 (hardback)

1. Food additivesHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Smith, Jim, 1953- II. Hong-Shum, Lily.TX553.A3F562 2011664.06dc22 2010043544

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF [9781444397727];Wiley Online Library [9781444397741];ePub [9781444397734]

Set in 9/11pt TimesNewRomanPS by Thomson Digital, Noida, India

1 2011

Contents

List of Contributors xvHow to Use This Book xvii

Part 1 Acidulants 1Acetic acid 2Adipic acid 6Caprylic acid 10Citric acid 14Dehydroacetic acid 20Fumaric acid 22Glucono-delta-lactone 26Lactic acid 28Malic acid 32Phosphoric acid 36Propionic acid 46Sodium diacetate 50Succinic acid 52Tartaric acid 56

Part 2 Antioxidants 59Ascorbic acid and isomers (L-ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid) 60Ascorbyl palmitate 62Beta-carotene 64Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) 66Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 70Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) 74Calcium ascorbate 76Citric acid and its salts 78Ethoxyquin 80Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 82Propyl gallate (PG) 84Rosemary extract; natural spice extract 88Sodium ascorbate 90L-Tartaric acid 92Tea extract 94Tocopherols, mixed a (DL), g and d (synthetic) 96Tocopherol, mixed natural concentrate 98

Part 3 Colourings 101Alkanet 102Allura Red AC 106Aluminium 110Amaranth 114Ammonia caramel 118Annatto 122Anthocyanin 126Beetroot Red 130Beta-apo-80-carotenal (C30) 134Black iron oxide 138Brilliant Black BN 140Brilliant Blue FCF 144Brown FK 148Brown HT 152Calcium carbonate 156Canthaxanthin 158Carmine 162Carminic acid 166Carmoisine 170Beta-carotene 174Caustic sulphite caramel 178Chlorophyll 182Chlorophyllins 186Copper chlorophylls 190Copper chlorophyllins 194Curcumin 198Erythrosine 202Ethyl ester of beta-apo-80-carotenoic acid (C30) 206Fast Green FCF 210Gardenia Yellow 214Gold 218Green S 222Indigotine 226Litholrubine BK 230Lutein 234Lycopene 238Mixed carotenes 242Paprika extract 246Patent Blue V 250Plain caramel 254Ponceau 4R 258Ponceau SX 262Quinoline Yellow 266Red iron oxide 270Riboflavin 274Riboflavin-50-phosphate 278Safflower 282Santalin 286Silver 290

Con

tents

vi

Sulphite ammonia caramel 294Sunset Yellow 298Tartrazine 302Titanium dioxide 306Vegetable carbon 310Yellow iron oxide 314

Part 4 Emulsifiers 317Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 318Ammonium phosphatides 320Calcium stearoyl lactylate 322Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 324Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 326Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate 328Ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 330Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 332Lecithins 334Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 336Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids saturated 338Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids unsaturated 342Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 344Polyglycerol polyricinoleate 346Polysorbates 348Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids 350Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids 352Sodium stearoyl lactylate 354Sorbitan esters of fatty acids 356Stearyl tartrate 358Succinic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 360Sucrose esters of fatty acids 362Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids 364

Part 5 Enzymes 365Alpha-amylase 366Alpha-galactosidase 368Amyloglucosidase 370Anthocyanase 372Asparaginase 374Beta-amylase 376Beta-galactosidase 378Beta-glucanase 380Beta-glucosidase 382Bromelain 384Catalase 386Cellobiase (Aspergillus niger) 388Cellulase 390Chymosin A 392Chymotrypsin (pancreatic) 394Dextranase (Penicillium spp.) 396Diacetyl reductase (Aerobacter aerogenes) 398

Con

tents

vii

Ficin (Ficus spp.) 400Glucoamylase 402Glucose isomerase 404Glucose oxidase 406Hemicellulase (Aspergillus spp.) 408Hexose oxidase 410Inulinase 412Invertase 414Isoamylase 416Laccase 418Lipase 420Lysozyme hydrochloride 422Malt carbohydrase 424Metallo-neutral proteases 426Microbial rennet 428Naringinase (Penicillium spp.) 430Papain (papaya species) 432Pectinase 434Penicillin amidase 436Pepsin (porcine mucosa) 438Peroxidase (horseradish) 440Protease 442Pullulanase 444Rennet (bovine abomasum) 446Subtilisin 448Tannase 450Trypsin (pancreatic) 452Xylanase 454

Part 6 Flavour Enhancers 455Acetic acid 456Algae, brown 460Algae, red 462Ammonium chloride 464Ammonium glutamate 466Ammonium glycyrrhizate 468Aspartame 470Calcium chloride 472Disodium guanylate 474Disodium inosinate 476Disodium 50-ribonucleotides 478Esterase-lipase 480Ethyl maltol 482L-Glutamic acid 484Glycine 486Lactic acid 488Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 492Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract 494Licorice root extract 496Magnesium sulphate anhydrous 498

Con

tents

viii

Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 500Malic acid/N-Hydroxysuccinic acid 502Monosodium glutamate 506Potassium chloride 508Potassium glutamate 512Potassium lactate 514Sodium alginate/Algin 516Sodium lactate 520Succinic acid 522Sucralose 524Tannic acid 526L-Tartaric acid 528Thaumatin 532

Part 7 Flour Additives 535Acetone peroxide 536Alpha-amylase 538Ammonium chloride 540Ammonium persulphate 542Ammonium phosphate, monobasic 544Ascorbic acid 546Azodicarbonamide 548Benzoyl peroxide 550Calcium carbonate 552Calcium phosphate, monobasic 554Chlorine 556Chlorine dioxide 558L-Cysteine hydrochloride 560Glucoamylase 562Glucose oxidase 564Lipase 566Lipoxidase 568Pentosanase 570Potassium bromate 572Protease 574Pullulanase 576Sodium acid pyrophosphate 578Xylanase 580

Part 8 Gases 581Argon 582Carbon dioxide 584Hydrogen 588Nitrogen 590Nitrous oxide 592Ozone 594

Part 9 Nutritive Additives 597L-Ascorbic acid 598Ascorbyl palmitate 602

Con

tents

ix

Beta-carotene 604Biotin 606Calcium ascorbate 608Calcium carbonate 610Calcium glycerophosphate 612Calcium lactate pentahydrate 614Calcium-D-pantothenate 616Calcium phosphate dibasic 618Calcium phosphate tribasic 620Cholecalciferol 622Cupric gluconate 624Cyanocobalamin 626Ergocalciferol 628Ferric orthophosphate 630Ferrous fumarate 632Ferrous sulphate, anhydrous 634Folic acid 636Magnesium carbonate hydroxide 638Magnesium oxide, heavy 640Natural tocopherols (mixture of d-a, d-b, d-g, d-d tocopherol forms) 642Niacinamide 644Nicotinic acid 646Pantothenic acid 648Phytonadione 650Pyridoxine 652Pyridoxine hydrochloride 654Reduced elemental iron 656Retinol 658Retinyl acetate 660Retinyl palmitate 662Riboflavin 664Riboflavin-50-phosphate sodium salt 666Sodium ascorbate 668Thiamin 670Thiamin hydrochloride 672Thiamin mononitrate 674DL-a-Tocopherol 676DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate 678Zinc sulphate monohydrate 680

Part 10 Polysaccharides 683Agar 684Alginic acid 686Ammonium alginate 688Calcium alginate 690Carboxymethylcellulose 692Carrageenan 694Iota-carrageenan 698Kappa-carrageenan 702Lambda-carrageenan 706

Con

tents

x

Cellulose 710Chitosan 712Dextran 714Furcellaran 716Gellan 718Guar gum 720Gum arabic 722Gum ghatti 724Hydroxy ethyl cellulose 726Hydroxy propyl cellulose 728Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose 730Karaya gum 732Locust bean gum 734Methyl cellulose 736Methyl ethyl cellulose 738Microcrystalline cellulose 740Pectin 742Potassium alginate 744Propyleneglycol alginate 746Tragacanth gum 748Xanthan 750

Part 11 Preservatives 753Acetic acid, glacial 754Benzoic aci