food and fertilizer technology center

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1 Low-cost facilities for livestock PIG HOUSE MADE FROM A USED FREIGHT CONTAINER Location: Taiwan R.O.C. Technical description A used freight container is installed with a fan, watering system, illuminating lamp and air conditioner. The floor is slatted to help maintain cleanliness of the floor. Windows are installed on the surrounding wall for good ventilation. (See Fig. 1). Uses and merits Conventional weaner pig houses in the temperate climate of Taiwan have the disadvantage of fluctuating temperataures which can cause diarrhea in the weaners. The closed system can stabilize the inner temperature of the weaner pig house. This pig house made from a used freight container can thus be a way of recycling used containers. The pig house can help prevent heat stress in boars which may affect semen production. It can be adopted for segregated early weaning, and can increase the survival rate of weaners. The closed and sanitary system can prevent disease infection between pig houses. Experts comments It seems that the container pig house is not suitable for growing-finishing pigs. Also, the farmer must keep the house clean all the time. It should not be used in the tropics because of the high temperatures. Fig. 1. Pig house made from a used freight container

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Page 1: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center

1

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A used freight container is installed with a fan, watering system, illuminating lamp and air conditioner. The flooris slatted to help maintain cleanliness of the floor. Windows are installed on the surrounding wall for goodventilation. (See Fig. 1).

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Conventional weaner pig houses in the temperate climate of Taiwan have the disadvantage of fluctuatingtemperataures which can cause diarrhea in the weaners. The closed system can stabilize the inner temperatureof the weaner pig house. This pig house made from a used freight container can thus be a way of recyclingused containers.

The pig house can help prevent heat stress in boars which may affect semen production. It can be adoptedfor segregated early weaning, and can increase the survival rate of weaners. The closed and sanitary systemcan prevent disease infection between pig houses.

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It seems that the container pig house is not suitable for growing-finishing pigs. Also, the farmer must keepthe house clean all the time. It should not be used in the tropics because of the high temperatures.

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The far infrared heating lamp is used as a substitute for the traditiional mercury light bulg. The heater also usesa voltage modulator (See Fig. 2).

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The traditional mercury light bulb can cause environmental pollution when broken light bulbs are discarded.The heater can modulate itself to keep the temperature at a constant level. The farmer does not need to regulatethe height of the lamp when the temperature goes up or down.

The heating hamp can be operated easily and safely. The far infrared heater is also more energy efficient thanthe traditional light bulb.

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Although the heating lamp is self-regulated, it is critical that the weaner house be well insulated, to preventthe wind from blowing in and reducing the efficiency of the lamp

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Page 3: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center

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����� ������� �*� �������� ���� ��(� �� ���Location: Taiwan, R.O.C.

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The daily amount of feces and urine produced by a mature cow is about 8% of her body weight. Therefore,in a farm having 100 cows, the annual production of manure will be 2,000 tons per year. If this waste were washedand drained into the rivers and streams, it would not only need a lot of water, but would also cause a big pollutionproblem. However, the composition of cow manure is quite variabale and very useful for the improvement ofsoil quality. The device designed here collects manure in a waterless and highly efficient way. (See Fig. 3).

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Overuse of chemical fertilizer will be detrimental to the capacity of the soil. At the same time, the disposal offairy wastes directly by washing them into the river will result in serious environmental pollution. To collectthe dairy wastes by using the devices described above will not only save water but will also ensure a clean farm.The utilization of used tires will reduce the space required for tire disposal. In additioin, the undiluted manurewill be an excellent source of organic fertilizer for athe improvement of soil quality.

The device was designed to be connected to a general loader. With a special rubber made from an old trucktire cut to shape, manure can be removed from the concrete floor. The scraper pushes and pulls as the loadermoves in a fast and easy way. Also due to the flexibility of athe rubber part, the texture of the floor will not bedamaged during manure collection.

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This device, when used with well-designed manure storage and a spreading area on the farm, will greatly reducethe problem of farm waste. If the rain-drain of the pen is constructed with a separate draining system, the storedmanure can be used in a more efficient way. The manure collection will be much more efficient if the runwayin the housing area can be constructed with an appropriate width.

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Fresh leaves of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) are cut into pieces about 80 cm long, dried in the sun andthen wrapped once around a bamboo stick (1x1x150cm). (Fig. 4). In this way a panel with a comb-like structureis formed. It is then stitched along the lower ridge of the bamboo stick to secure the cogon grass leaves in place.

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Most traditional animal houses in Thailand have this type of grass roof (Fig. 5). This is because cogon grassand bamboo can be found readily throughout the country. The grass roof provides protection to the animalfrom both the sun and the rain. The life span of the roof is about five years.

The cogon grass panels are used as roofing materials by securing them crosswise to the roof structure,with the bamboo ridge in the center higher than the grass ridge. This will provide a continuous grass coverover the entire roof structure.It is cheaper than other types of roof and will also act as an insulator to protect animals from secondary radiationthat usually occurs in animal houses with corrugated iron roofing.

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This roof type is a fire hazard and is vulnerable to strong winds.

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������� ������ � ����� ��� �����Location: Kangwon Province, Korea

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Used tires are laid out on the floor of a cattle shed. The insides and outsides of the tires are filled with sandor rice hull.

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Small-scale cattle farmers cannot afford improved facilities. Used tires on the other hand are abandoned andtroublesome in rural areas. The adoption of this technology is therefore a good way of recycling abandonedtires recognized as pollutants, while enabling farmers to have improved facilities. The tire cushion is confortableand serves as hygienic bedding (Fig. 6). It is useful for protecting cattle from joint injury and arthritis.

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It is a very useful recycling practice. The sand or rice hulls should be changed occasionally to preventcontamination with cattle excrement.

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Hardwood timber posts with large holes drilled through are placed upright, and the lower ends buried in theground. The corner posts are usually bigger than the others. Straight trunks of suitable length are then insertedthrough the holes, thus forming four sides of the yard. One side of the yard is fitted with the middle post andtree trunks of smaller diameter, and shorter lengths are inserted through the holes, forming a gate (Fig. 7 andFig. 8).

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Traditional rice growers in Thailand keep a small herd of draft animals. The animals are usually kept in a yardat night.

This cattle or buffalo yard is constructed beneath the farmhouse. The farmhouse may not cover part of theyard. The gate is opened when the shorter rails are removed.

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The wooden rails must be fastened to the post tightly by driving wooden wedges through the holes in the post.

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The earthen floor should be sloping on one side of the yard to drain urine. The dung should be removed fromthe yard regularly. The timber posts can be replaced by bamboo.

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Dried bamboo sticks (C) about 2 x 1 x 80 cm are sandwiched between two pieces of bamboo (B)measuring 2 x 1 x 150 cm and tied with small wires to form a rail. Two rails (B) are prepared in aparallel fashion such that they form a panel-like structure. A pin made of a piece of wood (A) isdriven into the ground to act as a stopper when the gate is closed. The gate panel is fastened tothe two hinges (D) at one end, and to one side of the gateway (Fig. 9). This gives a bamboogate which is light in weight. It can be lifted with one hand and swung open (Fig. 10). Toclose the gate, the stopper A is placed behind it.

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Ducks are usually kept in the pen at night and let out to feed in the morning after they have laidtheir eggs.

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All sharp edges on the bamboo stick must all be removed to prevent injury. Other materials suchas plastic nets, screens or galvanized iron can also be used.

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Page 8: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center

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Dried bamboo sticks (C, about 2 x 1 x 80cm) are nailed to two parallel wooden rails (B), forming a panel-likestructure (Fig. 11).

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Ducks are usually kept in a pen at night and let out to feed in the morning after they have laid their eggs. Asdomesticated ducks usually have clipped wings and do not fly, only a low fence is required.

The fence is erected by nailing the panel to the post (A) until all the area intended for the duck pen is covered.A makeshift pen can be easily constructed with such fencing materials.

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All sharp edges on the bamboo stick must be removed to prevent injury. Large nails should not be used, asthey will split the bamboo sticks.

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Inspection of the fence should be made often and any loose bamboo must be either nailed down or replaced.

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This is a simple practice to minimize grazing of goats or sheep far from the shed or farm (Fig. 12). Because oftheir peculiar feeding behavior, small ruminants, particularly goats, have a tendency to move far away in searchof forages, and may be lost. Usually in a herd or flock there is an identified leader. If the lead animal can betethered, then its continuous bleating, which can be heard from a distance, will restrain the herd from goingtoo far away.

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This simple and low-cost management practice makes flock/herd management easier, minimizing loss of animalsand preventing animals from causing damage to crops and neighboring farms. In addition, while the farmer isbusy with other farm activities, it is easy for him to keep an eye on the animals. Also, by using this simple practice,animals can be retrieved and guided back to the shed or barn in the afternoon, during inclement weather, orwhen the heat of the sun is very intense.

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The tethered animal should be given additional feed supplements and water. As goats refuse to eat forage whichis wet with urine or stained with manure, tethered animals should be moved several times a day to give accessto clean, fresh forage. Moreover, there should be enough forage in the pasture to support the needs of theanimals. Tethered animals should also be replaced from time to time to sustain the bleating or calling.

Access to forage in the pasture is limited by the length of the rope used. The effectiveness of thepractice does not last for long, because sooner or later the tethered animal will stop bleating and its herd mateswill adjust to its absence.

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The tethered animals need to be moved two or three times a day to give them access to fresh forage. A propertethering technique is required to avoid strangulation.

The damage caused by free grazing animals is the sole responsibility of the shepherd or the farmer.

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Page 10: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center

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Goats are known to be destructive to plants. Because of their ability to stand on their hind legs, they can reachdangling foliage and shoots of young plants, and peel off bark from tree trunks. This makes them a nuisanceon the farm. Animal manure from buffalo, cattle, goats, and other livestock can be used to discourage goatsfrom nibbling the trunks or bark of trees.

This can be done by collecting the manure in a container and mixing it with water to form a slurry. Using apaintbrush or coconut husk, the slurry is then painted onto trunks of trees at the height approximating the reachof goats, down to the base of the trunk (Fig. 13). As goats do not eat nor bite forage or anything stained withmanure or urine, this practice will protect the tree from the goats (Fig. 14).

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Painting trunks, particularly of fruit trees, with manure slurry will discourage goats from causing damage to thetrees. Also, the practice is quite economical and safe, since no chemicals that can cause poisoning to the animalsor pollution to the environment are used.

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The use of manure slurry is unpopular for hygienic reasons. It is already very objectionable to handle manure,more so to mix a slurry. After some time, the manure paint becomes less offensive and its use as a repellentis reduced. Moreover, it can only be used during the dry season. After the rainy season, it is recommendedto repaint the trunks, as the slurry will have washed off.

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Farmers adopting this practice recognize that goats find manure repulsive, and prefer to stay in elevated anddry places. The odor from manure of cattle or water buffalo does not really stay long, particularly when theammonia has dissipated. The hygiene of the practice is an important consideration in adopting this practice.

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Some farmers deter goats from entering fenced areas by affixing a neck harness made of sticks. The harnessis prepared by assembling sticks into a star-shaped frame. Usually, bamboo sticks are used. The neck holeis made small enough to prevent its removal by the animal once its neck is inside. The sharp ends are removedfrom the sticks to prevent any injury. The frame harness serves as an obstacle whenever the animal attemptsto enter fence holes or breaks. Even with closely planted live tree fences, the presence of neck harness willprevent animals from getting into or out of fenced areas (Fig. 15).

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Usually, identified herd leaders are the ones fitted with the frames since these are the most aggressive animalsin the herd. The frame is so easy to prepare using bamboo that even women and children can do the job. Despitethe presence of a frame on its neck, the animal is still free to move about.

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The use of a neck harness is practical only in open grazing areas where grass is low and there are few bushesor shrubs. The practice poses a danger of possible strangulation if the animal wearing the frame becomesentangled in a fence. If fences are low, the harness may not prevent the animal from jumping over. Fightingmay cause the frame either to break or be dislodged from the animal’s neck.

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This is a unique and practical technology to use when raising goats in open areas. Only the lead animals arefitted with the harness to prevent or minimize their entry into fenced areas. Usually herd mates follow thedirection of their identified leader. Inside a shed, the neck harness makes it difficult for the animal to move,especially in congested places. Attention should be paid to the danger of strangulation.

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This instrument is made from a piece of hardwood about 25cm long with a diameter of 1.5 – 2cm at its base. Oneend is made sharp and pointed, resembling a needle (Fig. 16).

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The instrument is pushed through the septum in the nostril of cattle or buffalo which has been secured to asturdy post or wall (Fig. 17). A piece of rope is then inserted through the hole made by the instrument to formpart of the halter. A nose ring can be used instead of the rope.

In applying the instrument, the draft animals should be controlled. The rope halter enables a farmer to controlhis animal with ease.

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The wooden needle must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, if possible, before use.

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Only gentle force needs to be applied to the halter. An excited animal should be left until it has quietened down.Any strong force applied to the halter may tear the animal’s nostril.

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A small block of hardwood is carved into a bell. Metal balls about 1 cm in diameter are hung from wire or stringinside the bell (Fig. 18). A piece of rope is inserted into the top of the bell, which is hung around the neck ofthe animal (Fig. 19).

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Locating buffalo or cattle which are grazing in pastures under trees or in bush is a difficult task. The use of abell helps solve this management problem, because when the animal moves its head, the bell makes a noise.This enables the farmer to easily locate his animals.

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Only one or two animals in a herd should wear such a bell.

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Some animals can be called back to their yard if they hear a similar bell being rung by their owner. A hardwoodbell will sound better than a softwood one, but worse than a metal bell. Empty tin cans can also be used forthis purpose.

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A 2.5 m wooden pole is sunk upright, 50 cm deep in the ground so that it fits loosely into a holenext to a large tree. A piece of strong rope is used to tie the pole to the tree.

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When animals are brought to the crush for vaccination, the rope is loosened and the pole isswung from the tree. The animal is then brought inside the pole, and the rope is tightenedclosely to the tree again, so that the animal is trapped (Fig. 20). A makeshift crush of this kindwill make it possible to perform a minor operation in the field.

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Minor operations are usually performed on animals as part of routine management. A simple crushis needed in some areas, especially in remote parts of a country where there is no road access.

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Wild and easily excited animals would need to be handled gently, and would perhaps also requireleg restraints.

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The crush is particularly useful if the animal is docile.

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This harness is a strip of rubber (A) made from a tire tube, a discarded belt or a piece of leather.It is about 7cm wide and 35 cm long, and threaded through at both ends with a piece of rope (B)(Fig. 21).

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In pulling carts, animals apply draft power to the yoke. To prevent abrasion on the animal’s neckcaused by the rope, this leather/rubber harness is suggested (Fig. 22).

The draft animal is placed under a yoke, one end of which is attached to one end of the rope (B).The rope is threaded through the strip of rubber/leather (A), and then passed under the animal’sneck and tied to the other end of the yoke. This technology keeps the animal inside the yoke.

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The rope when placed around the neck should not be too tight. The farmer must make sure thatthe rubber hangs under the neck. Nylon sacking or 2-3 strands of rope could replace the materialssuggested.

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