food-and-mouth disease, april–june 2020 quarterly report · 2020. 10. 30. · required citation:...

Foot-and-MouthDisease

European Commission for theControl of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

OIE/FAOFoot-and-Mouth DiseaseReference Laboratories

Network

April-June 2020 Quarterly report

FAST ReportsFoot-and-mouth And Similar Transboundary animal diseases

Required citation: FAO. 2020. Food-and-mouth disease, Quarterly report (April–June 2020): FAST reports: Foot-and-mouth and similar transboundary animal diseases. Rome.

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, terri-tory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

© FAO, 2020

Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is ap-propriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organi-zation http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Copies of all the individual reports cited herein can be obtained from The Pirbright Institute and the EuFMD and prior to presentation, publication or any other public use of these data, please contact Dr Donald King, The Pirbright Institute, [email protected] and [email protected] Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected].

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CONTENTS 1. Highlights and headlines ...................................................................................................... 5 2. General overview ................................................................................................................. 6 3. Summary of FMD outbreaks and intelligence .................................................................... 7

3.1. Global overview of samples received and tested ......................................................... 7 3.2. Pool 1 (Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia) ............................................................. 8 3.3. Pool 2 (South Asia) .......................................................................................................... 8 3.4. Pool 3 (West Eurasia and Middle East) .......................................................................... 8 3.5. Pool 4 (North and Eastern Africa) ................................................................................ 11 3.6. Pool 5 (West/Central Africa) ......................................................................................... 11 3.7. Pool 6 (Southern Africa) ................................................................................................ 12 3.8. Pool 7 (South America) ................................................................................................. 12 3.9. Extent of global surveillance ......................................................................................... 12

4. Detailed analysis ................................................................................................................. 15 Key for maps and trees ............................................................................................................. 15

4.1. Pool 3 (West Eurasia and Middle East) ........................................................................ 16 4.2. Vaccine matching .......................................................................................................... 19

Annex 1: Sample data ............................................................................................................... 20 Summary of submissions .......................................................................................................... 20

Clinical samples ......................................................................................................................... 20

Annex 2: FMD publications ....................................................................................................... 22 Annex 3: Vaccine recommendations ....................................................................................... 26 Annex 4: Brief round-up of EuFMD and WRLFMD activities .................................................. 27

Open Session of the EuFMD OS20 ........................................................................................... 27

Courses ....................................................................................................................................... 27

Podcasts ..................................................................................................................................... 28

Meetings .................................................................................................................................... 28

Proficiency test scheme organised by WRLFMD..................................................................... 28

4

Abbreviations and acronyms

BVI Botswana Vaccine Institute

EIDRA Emerging Infectious Disease Research Association

EuFMD European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

FAST reports Foot-and-mouth and similar transboundary animal diseases reports

FGBI “ARRIAH” Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution “Federal Centre for Animal Health”

FMD Foot-and-mouth disease

FMDV Foot-and-mouth disease Virus

FMDV GD Foot-and-mouth disease Virus Genome detected

FMDV NGD Foot-and-mouth disease Virus Genome not detected

GF-TAD Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases

MEVAC International Facility for Veterinary Vaccines Production (Egypt)

NT Not tested

NVD No virus detected

OIE World Organisation for Animal Health

PIADC Plum Island Animal Disease Center

rRT-PCR Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

SADC Southern Africa in collaboration with the Southern African Development Community

SAT Southern African Territories

SEACFMD South-East Asia and China FMD campaign

SSARRL Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory

SVD Swine vesicular disease

VETBIS Veterinary Information System of Turkey

VI Virus Isolation

WAHIS World Animal Health Information System (of the OIE)

WRLFMD World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease

5

1. Highlights and headlines

Welcome to the second edition of the Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) Quarterly Report produced by European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD) and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD). I take this opportunity to pass on my congratulations to Keith Sumption in his new role as the CVO for Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) – and sincerely hope that he will still be able to dedicate some time to FMD-specific issues! Over the past few months, we have all had to get used to a different way of working including learning new ways of exchanging information via remote meetings. I was pleased to “virtually” join in recent meetings of the South-East Asia and China FMD campaign (SEACFMD) National Coordinators to learn about the FMD situation in Southeast Asia and the inevitable impacts of COVID-19 upon local efforts to control the disease. During the shut-down period, staff from the WRLFMD have been deployed to hospitals to assist in routine COVID-19 RT-PCR testing and have also contributed to work to implement new ELISA tests to measure serological responses of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Work at Pirbright is now slowly getting back to a new “normal” and we have started to receive overseas samples for testing as well as dispatch sample panels for the proficiency testing exercise. This report describes the results for samples that have been received from Pakistan where sequences recovered for the samples from Pakistan (2016, 2017, 2019, 2020) cover the three FMDV serotypes (O, A and Asia 1) that are endemic in the country. For serotype O, more than 50 percent of the sequences (n=19) belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 clade; findings which indicate that this lineage has become more widely established in the country (after it was detected for the first time in 2019; see: https://mra.asm.org/content/9/18/e00165-20). Elsewhere, new cases of FMD have been reported in Libya (serotype A) and within the FMD protection zone in South Africa (serotype SAT 2). The information included in this report now complements the EuFMD FAST surveillance report for the European neighbourhood (http://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdf). Keep safe, Don King, Pirbright, July 2020

Figure 1: Recent headline events (April to June 2020) with endemic pools highlighted in orange Source: WRLFMD. Map conforms to the United Nations World map, February 2020.

Pool 1

Pool 2

Pool 3

Pool 4

Pool 6

Pool 5

Pool 7

South Africa (Limpopo)Serotype SAT 2April and June 2020 within FMD protection zone

ColombiaSerotype O2018: 8 new outbreaksLinks to Venezuela

Central ZambiaComorosO/EA-2

Egypt and East Mediterranean O/EA-3A/ASIA/G-VIISerotype SAT 2

North AfricaA (untyped) - LibyaO/EA-3 in 2018/19A/AFRICA in 2017

Southeast and East AsiaO/SEA/Mya-98O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e

PakistanO/ME-SA/Ind-2001e

Sri LankaNew O/ME-SA lineage

July 2020

https://mra.asm.org/content/9/18/e00165-20http://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdf

6

2. General overview

Endemic Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place.

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES PRESENT

1 SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA

Cambodia, China, China (Hong Kong SAR), Taiwan Province of China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic,

Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam A, Asia 1 and O

2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Mauritius, Nepal, Sri Lanka A, Asia 1 and O

3

WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan,

Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan

A, Asia 1 and O (SAT 2)*

4

NORTH AFRICA Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia A, O and SAT 2

EASTERN AFRICA Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South

Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

5

WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea,

Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 (O, A)†

7 SOUTH AMERICA Colombia, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) O and A

* Reported only in Oman in 2017 † only in Angola and north Zambia as spill-over from pool 4

7

3. Summary of FMD outbreaks and intelligence

3.1. Global overview of samples received and tested

The location of all samples detailed in this report can be seen on the map below. More detailed maps and sample data, on a country by country basis, can be found in the following sections of this report.

Figure 2: Samples tested by WRLFMD or reported in this quarter. ● indicates samples analysed; × indicates new outbreaks reported to the OIE, but where results to define the genotype have not been reported; □ indicates reports of FMD from other sources. Shape colours define the serotype detected ●O; ●A; ●C; ●Asia1, ●SAT1, ●SAT2, ●SAT3, ○ FMD not detected, ● serotype undetermined/not given in the report.

Source: WRLFMD. Map conforms to the United Nations World map, February 2020.

8

3.2. Pool 1 (Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia)

People’s Republic of China

An outbreak of FMD type O was reported to have occurred on 21 May 2020 in cattle at Daping Village, Hengshan Township, Qijiang District, Chongqing. No genotyping has been reported.

Immediate Notification and Follow up reports on WAHIS, OIE

The Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

A batch of 39 samples was received on 11 June 2020. Results are pending and will be described in the next quarterly report.

3.3. Pool 2 (South Asia)

The Republic of India

FMD reported in cattle of Churachandpur and Kangpokpi districts of Manipur State, India in early April.

ProMED-mail post

3.4. Pool 3 (West Eurasia and Middle East)

The Islamic Republic of Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran reported 589 outbreaks of FMD since the beginning of 2020 (reported in official meeting with EuFMD on 24 June 2020). Live animal trade with Turkey and Pakistan is currently banned. Only slaughtered animals and meat are being further permitted into the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey

have stated that one of their main priorities is to extend their mutual collaboration: this will also enable to tackle illegal animal movements from Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the Sistan and Baluchistan provinces, 11 modern slaughterhouses have been constructed and quarantine measures are in place at the border.

EuFMD, Report on Significant FAST disease events and information, April – June 2020

https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=34512https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=7229263http://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdf

9

The Republic of Iraq

Iraq reported 210 FMD cases occurred between 1 May and 30 June (meeting with EuFMD on 2 July 2020) A serosurvey conducted in large ruminants between May and June 2019 detected an 18.7 percent NSP prevalence (in line with a previous evaluation) and an 81.2 percent SP prevalence. A second serosurvey in large and small ruminants was planned for November and December

2019 but was not carried out due to the lack of diagnostic material. A mass vaccination campaign targeting cattle and buffaloes will be carried out between June and July 2020. It will be followed by post vaccination monitoring between July and September 2020 to assess the level of acquired immune response


The Islamic Republic of Pakistan

A batch of 50 samples was received on the 16 March 2020. Laboratory investigations found 29 FMD type O, five FMD type A and eight FMD type Asia 1 viruses. An additional sample (PAK/59/2019) contained both FMD types O and Asia 1. FMDV genome was detected in a further six samples, while one was no virus detected (NVD). VP1 genotyping revealed the following: 19 O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e, 11 O/ME-SA/PanAsia-

2ANT-10, three A/ASIA/Iran-05, one A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11, one A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-13 and nine Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08 (see below).

The country reported 1 501 outbreaks in 2019 and 316 in 2020 (at the time of a meeting with EuFMD on 22 April). Mass vaccination of cattle and buffalo within the FMD control zone (Bahawalpur Division) is carried out twice every year. Serosurveys are carried out after each round of vaccination: significant SP titers were detected against serotype A, O and Asia-1, whereas NSP titers showed decreasing trends. Pakistan is at Stage 2 of the PCP for FMD and has planned to achieve stage 3 by 2021. A development project called “Risk-based FMD control in Pakistan” has been approved with a total budget of Rs 763 million for six years.


http://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdf

10

The Republic of Turkey

The occurrence of 37 new outbreaks in Anatolia between 1 April and 28 June 2020 was reported to the ADNS, bringing the total to 89 outbreaks since the beginning of 2020. The last outbreak was recorded on 8 June 2020. FMD is endemic in Anatolia: currently, only Serotype O (O/ME-SA/PanAsia2Qom15) is circulating. Serotypes A and Asia1 were not detected since January 2018 and July 2015, respectively. Surveillance has

shown a sharp decline of NSP prevalence in 2020 (average 5 percent). Thrace region has been free with vaccination since May 2010 and NSP risk-based serological surveillance is currently in place in the region. Link to the ADNS report. Due to the COVID-19 situation, the stamping out policy for FMD control in Anatolia has been postponed to the second half of 2020, whereas the vaccination of ruminants prior to movements to summer pastures was not hampered. All live animal markets are closed. Turkey has implemented more activities aimed at enhancing FMD control including improved diagnostic capacity, outbreak investigation and management, functionalities of database and its use for official certifications and reporting, training and awareness programmes. Further strategy improvements are planned for: improvement of collaborations with neighbouring countries; establishment of an effective early detection system and an improved control of illegal cross-border movements of live animals. The main goal of the control strategy for Anatolia is to move to the progressive control pathway (PCP) stage 3 in 2021, to obtain the endorsement of the Official Control Programme by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in 2022 and to gain the free status with vaccination by 2024. The veterinary services of Turkey, Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan are in the process to establish a protocol for the submission of FMD samples for molecular diagnosis and vaccine matching to the Şap Institute, located in Turkey. The protocol is discussed under the framework of the Statement of Intentions for improved cooperation against FAST diseases between Transcaucasia and neighboring countries. Overcoming the difficulties for the shipment of samples to international reference laboratories will allow a more immediate identification of strains circulating in the region and availability of vaccine matching results, thus enabling a more rapid and effective response to future disease events in the region.


https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/ad_adns_outbreaks-per-disease.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdf

11

3.5. Pool 4 (North and Eastern Africa)

The Arab Republic of Egypt

About 1.36 million large and small ruminants have been vaccinated against FMD within the context of a massive campaign launched on 1 June 2020 by the Egyptian veterinary services. No clinical outbreaks have been reported since the beginning of the year.


State of Libya

Four further outbreaks of FMD type A were reported to have occurred at the end of March in sheep in Tarabulus Governorate. No genotyping has been reported.


Five outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were notified to the OIE between March and April 2020: all of the events occurred in sheep farms close to Tripoli, in the northwestern region of the country, between 20 February and 30 March. A total of 1 100 cases among sheep and 185 deaths in lambs were recorded. Serum samples were analyzed to confirm the serotype and identify the strain: the samples tested with ELISA for structural proteins (SP) and non-structural proteins (NSP) indicated the presence of FMDV serotype A (20 serum samples were tested in March with an outcome of nine NSP positives, while 52 serum samples were tested in April with 15 positives). None was positive for serotype O. The viral strain has not yet been identified. Link to OIE Immediate notification and Follow-up reports. The source of the infection is unclear, but animal movements from southern Libya represent a risk factor. Furthermore, the flocks are being concentrated in shared pastures in the northern part of the country because of the war and related security issues. Considering the animal movements in the region and given the absence of vaccination campaigns against FMD in Libya since 2016 due to lack of resources, a risk of FMD spread is reported for Tunisia and Algeria, where a consistent small ruminant population is not regularly vaccinated against serotype A.


3.6. Pool 5 (West/Central Africa)

No new outbreaks of FMD were reported in the West/Central Africa.

http://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdfhttps://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=33808https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=34151http://www.fao.org/3/cb0215en/cb0215en.pdf

12

3.7. Pool 6 (Southern Africa)

The Republic of South Africa

Between 2 April 2020 and 4 June 2020, a further five outbreaks of FMD SAT 2 were reported in cattle in Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province. These outbreaks occurred in South Africa's FMD Protection Zone.


3.8. Pool 7 (South America)

No new outbreaks of FMD were reported in South America.

3.9. Extent of global surveillance

Figure 3: Samples received during 2019 from FMD outbreaks (white indicates territories where FMD circulates but results for testing of samples have not been reported during 2019). Data from presentations given at the OIE/FAO Reference laboratory Network annual meeting (https://www.foot-and-mouth.org/Ref-Lab-Network/Network-Annual-Meeting)

Source: WRLFMD. Map conforms to the United Nations World map, February 2020.

https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=33576https://www.foot-and-mouth.org/Ref-Lab-Network/Network-Annual-Meetinghttps://www.foot-and-mouth.org/Ref-Lab-Network/Network-Annual-Meeting

13

Figure 4: Representation of different FMDV serotypes detected in samples tested from the FMD endemic pools by the OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Network during 2019 (draft data) (NVD = no virus detected; GD = genome detected)

In regions where FMD is endemic, continuous evolution of the virus generates geographically discrete lineages that are genetically distinct from FMD viruses found elsewhere. This report displays how different FMD lineages circulate in different regions; these analyses accommodate the latest epidemiological intelligence to assess the relative importance of the viral strains circulating within each regions (see Table 1, below).

Table 1: Conjectured relative prevalence of circulating FMD viral lineages in each Pool. For each of the regions, data represent the relative importance of each viral lineage [prevalence score estimated as a percentage (%) of total FMD cases that occur in domesticated hosts]. These scores can be used to inform the PRAGMATIST tool (see Annex 3)

Lineage

Southeast/ Central / East Asia [Pool 1]

South Asia

[Pool 2]

West Eurasia &

Middle East

[Pool 3]

North Africa

Eastern Africa

[Pool 4]

West / Central Africa

[Pool 5]

Southern

Africa

[Pool 6]

South

America

[Pool 7]

O ME-SA PanAsia-2 35

O ME-SA PanAsia 10

O SEA Mya-98 33

O ME-SA Ind2001 20 80 6 10

O EA or O WA 3 55 55 70

O EURO-SA 80

O CATHAY 10.5

A ASIA Sea-97 25

A ASIA Iran-05 0 25.5

A ASIA G-VII 16 17.5

A AFRICA 25 22 15

A EURO-SA 20

Asia-1 1.5 4 12.5

SAT 1 0 8 5 27

SAT 2 0.5 10 14 10 57

SAT 3 1 16

C

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Num

ber

of s

ampl

es

Endemic Pools (https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2009.0100)

O AC Asia-1SAT 1 SAT 2SAT 3 FMDV GDNVD

14

A number of outbreaks have occurred where samples have not been sent to the WRLFMD or other laboratories in the OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Network. An up-to-date list and reports of FMD viruses characterised by sequencing can be found at the following website: http://www.wrlfmd.org/country-reports/country-reports-2020. Results from samples or sequences received at WRLFMD (status of samples being tested) are shown in Table 2 and a complete list of clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRLFMD from April to June 2020 is shown in Annex 1 (Summary of Submissions). A record of all samples received by WRLFMD is shown in Annex 1 (Clinical Samples). Table 2: Status of sequencing of samples or sequences received by the WRLFMD from April

to June 2020 (* indicates a batch carried over from the previous quarter).

WRLFMD Batch No. Date received Country Serotype No. of

samples No. of

sequences Sequencing

status

WRLFMD/2020/00002* 16/03/2020 Pakistan

O 29 29 completed

A 5 5 completed

Asia 1 8 8 completed

O & Asia 1 1 2

WRLFMD/2020/00003 11/06/2020 Vietnam pending 39 - pending Total 50 44

Table 3: VP1 sequences submitted by other FMD Network laboratories to the WRLFMD from

April to June 2020 (* indicates sequences retrieved from GenBank).

WRLFMD Batch No. Date received Country Serotype Date Collected

No. of sequences

Submitting laboratory

- - - - - - - Total 0

http://www.wrlfmd.org/country-reports/country-reports-2020

15

4. Detailed analysis

Key for maps and trees

Result of analysis Symbol Serotype O ● UKG 99/9999

Serotype A ● UKG 99/9999

Serotype C ● UKG 99/9999

Serotype Asia-1 ● UKG 99/9999

Serotype SAT 1 ● UKG 99/9999



FMDV Genome Detected (FMD GD) ● UKG 99/9999

No Virus Detected (NVD) ○ UKG 99/9999

16

4.1. Pool 3 (West Eurasia and Middle East)

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Batch: WRLFMD/2020/00002

Date received: 16/03/2020

No. of samples: 50

O (ME-SA/Ind-2001/e): 19

O (ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10): 11

A (ASIA/Iran-05): 3

A (ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11): 1

A (ASIA/Iran-05SIS-13): 1

Asia1 (ASIA/Sindh-08): 9

FMDV-GD: 6

NVD: 1 (one sample contained both O and Asia 1)

Pakistan continued on next page

17

Pakistan continued

Pakistan continued on next page

EURO-SA AFRICA

ASIA

A22A24G-III

Iran-05

BAL-11SIS-12HER-10

FAR-09

AFG-07

AFG-07

SAR-09AFG-07SIN-08

BAR-08

EZM-07 ARD-07

FAR-11

SIS-13

KEN/3/64Cruzeiro/BRA/55*

IRQ/24/64

IRN/15/2012 IRN/134/2010

SIN/PAK/L578/2009*BAL/PAK/05/2011*

94SIN/PAK/L574/2009*95 HIR/AFG/L1439/2009*

IRN/78/200985AFG/12/2011

100AFG/56/2011100AFG/42/2011AFG/38/2011100

AFG/6/2007

IRN/26/2009 IRN/20/2009

IRN/9/2009

BAR/4/2009 IRN/1/2009

IRN/7/2010 IRN/59/2009

82 100 BAR/2/2009

PAK/7/2008IRN/108/2010

AFG/9/201099SAR/AFG/L1435/2009*BAR/6/2008

ISR/5/2009100

TUR/3/2010 KSS-09BAD/AFG/L2814/2009* BAD-09

EGY/13/2013

TUR/1/2008TUR/33/2008

TUR/6/2005 TUR/3/2006

IRN/1/2005

TUR/2/2006TUR/9/2005TUR/7/2005IRN/7/2006TUR/1/2006

TUR/17/2006 IRN/31/2005 TUR/12/2005 IRN/10/2005 IRN/16/2005 IRN/13/2005 TUR/10/2005

TUR/7/2006TUR/10/2006

80TUR/11/2006TUR/19/2006

PAK/31/2016PAK/30/201699

77

PAK/48/2012 PAK/1/2013

PAK/25/2013100 PAK/8/2013

10093

PAK/17/201579PAK/41/2014PAK/43/2014 PAK/25/2016

IRN/1/2011

PAK/33/201495PAK/13/201595PAK/16/2015

95 PAK/15/2015PAK/10/2015PAK/20/2015

99PAK/28/201499 PAK/21/2015

77 PAK/12/2015

PAK/36/2015

75

AFG/5/2016

94

PAK/73/2019

79

95

PAK/8/2014IRN/28/2013

86IRN/27/2013

77PAK/14/201488 PAK/10/2014

92

73

98 AFG/3/201796 AFG/25/2017 AFG/6/2017

PAK/53/2015

AFG/10/201793

AFG/51/201798

IRN/4/2018a AFG/50/2017 AFG/60/2017

PAK/1/2018 IRN/6/2018IRN/23/2018

IRN/2/201877 91IRN/4/2018b

PAK/24/2019PAK/1/2020

99

98

100

PAK/2/2020

100

94

0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12

18

Pakistan conintued

G-V

G-IX G-VIII G-III

G-VIb

G- I

Sindh-08

HKN/19/74IND/18/80

IND/63/72*YNBS/CHA/58*

90

IND/14/95*IRN/10/2004

9876

BAR/8/2009 IND/762/2003*

NEP/42/2017Shamir/ISR/89*

95

AFG/1/2001

PAK/23/2016 PAK/8/2008

PAK/48/201598PAK/35/2014PAK/37/2014

PAK/46/20149597

PAK/27/201698PAK/39/2014 PAK/26/2014

PAK/38/2015 PAK/33/2015

95PAK/37/2015PAK/29/2015NIAB/PUN/PAK/197/2016*

PAK/11/2017 NIAB/PUN/PAK/195/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/147/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/154/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/144/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/152/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/156/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/149/2016*

NIAB/PUN/PAK/146/2016* NIAB/PUN/PAK/145/2016*

PAK/29/20167371PAK/17/201671PAK/6/2017

71 PAK/1/2016 PAK/16/2017

NIAB/PUN/PAK/160/2016*

89

88

PAK/11/2019PAK/70/2019

PAK/22/2019PAK/18/2019PAK/3/2019

PAK/25/2019 PAK/13/2019

PAK/34/2019PAK/75/2019PAK/59/2019

PAK/30/2019 PAK/31/2019

PAK/33/2019PAK/27/2019PAK/19/2019PAK/20/2019

PAK/7/2019 PAK/26/2019

PAK/69/2019PAK/71/2019

PAK/21/2019PAK/49/2019

91PAK/48/201991PAK/4/2019

89

90

99

82

93PAK/90/201193PAK/56/201193PAK/53/201193PAK/60/201193PAK/33/201193Pak/KCH-33/11*93PAK/13/201193PAK/15/201193PAK/111/2010

93 PAK/61/2011 PAK/54/2011

PAK/30/2012

100 PAK/19/2014PAK/20/2014

IRN/7/2012

IRN/20/2015IRN/1/2015TUR/9/2015

TUR/2/2015 TUR/7/201595PAK/1/2015

PAK/43/2015 IRN/26/2016

TUR/12/2015 TUR/18/2015

IRN/2/2015

PAK/32/2016

9799

81

100

100

0.00 0.04 0.08

19

4.2. Vaccine matching

Antigenic characterisation of FMD field isolates by matching with vaccine strains by 2dmVNT from April to June 2020. During this reporting period no vaccine matching has taken place. NOTES:

1. Vaccine efficacy is influenced by vaccine potency, antigenic match and vaccination regime. Therefore, it is possible that a poor antigenic match may be compensated by high potency vaccines and by administering more than one vaccine dose at suitable intervals. Thus, a vaccine with a weak antigenic match to a field isolate, as determined by serology, may nevertheless afford some protection if it is of sufficiently high potency and is administered under a regime to maximise host antibody responses (Brehm, 2008).

2. Vaccine matching data generated in this report only considers antibody responses in cattle after a single vaccination (typically 21 days after vaccination). The long-term performance of FMD vaccines after a second or multiple dose of vaccine should be monitored using post-vaccination serological testing.

Table 4: Summary of samples tested by vaccine matching

Serotype O A C Asia-1 SAT 1 SAT 2 SAT 3

- - - - - - - -

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20

Annex 1: Sample data

Summary of submissions Table 5: Summary of samples collected and received to WRLFMD (April to June 2020)

Country No of

samples

Virus isolation in cell culture/ELISA

RT-PCR for FMD FMD virus serotypes

No

Viru

s De

tect

ed

O A C SAT 1 SAT

2 SAT

3 ASIA-

1 Positive Negative

Pakistan† 50 30 5 - - - - 9 7 49 1

Vietnam 39

TOTAL 50 30 5 0 0 0 0 9 7 49 1

† One sample tested positive for both serotypes O and Asia-1

Clinical samples Table 6: Clinical sample diagnostics made by the WRLFMD® April to June 2020

Country

Date

WRL for FMD Sample

Identification Animal Date of Collection

Results

Rece

ived

Repo

rted

VI/E

LISA

RT-P

CR

Fina

l rep

ort

Pakistan 16

Mar. 2020

25 Jun. 2020

PAK 29/2016 Cattle 24/03/2016 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 30/2016 Cattle 13/08/2016 A POS A PAK 31/2016 Cattle 31/10/2016 A POS A PAK 32/2016 Cattle 09/12/2016 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 18/2017 Cattle 28/11/2017 O POS O PAK 3/2018 Buffalo 24/03/2018 NEG NEG NVD

PAK 35/2019 Cattle 02/01/2019 O POS O PAK 36/2019 Cattle 08/01/2019 O POS O PAK 37/2019 Buffalo 08/01/2019 NEG POS FMDV GD PAK 38/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 NEG POS FMDV GD PAK 39/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 NEG POS FMDV GD PAK 40/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 NEG POS FMDV GD PAK 41/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 O POS O PAK 42/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 O POS O PAK 43/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 O POS O PAK 44/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 O POS O PAK 45/2019 Cattle 16/01/2019 O POS O PAK 46/2019 Cattle 19/01/2019 O POS O PAK 47/2019 Cattle 24/01/2019 O POS O PAK 48/2019 Buffalo 24/01/2019 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 49/2019 Cattle 24/01/2019 Asia-1 POS Asia-1

21

Country

Date

WRL for FMD Sample

Identification Animal Date of Collection

Results

Rece

ived

Repo

rted

VI/E

LISA

RT-P

CR

Fina

l rep

ort

PAK 50/2019 Cattle 04/02/2019 O POS O PAK 51/2019 Cattle 04/02/2019 O POS O PAK 52/2019 Cattle 04/02/2019 O POS O PAK 53/2019 Buffalo 06/02/2019 O POS O PAK 54/2019 Buffalo 06/02/2019 O POS O PAK 55/2019 Cattle 06/02/2019 O POS O PAK 56/2019 Buffalo 14/02/2019 NEG POS FMDV GD PAK 57/2019 Cattle 26/02/2019 O POS O PAK 58/2019 Cattle 26/02/2019 O POS O PAK 59/2019 Buffalo 26/02/2019 O, Asia-1 POS O, Asia-1 PAK 60/2019 Cattle 01/03/2019 O POS O PAK 61/2019 Cattle 01/03/2019 O POS O PAK 62/2019 Buffalo 01/03/2019 O POS O PAK 63/2019 Cattle 01/03/2019 O POS O PAK 64/2019 Cattle 08/03/2019 O POS O PAK 65/2019 Cattle 13/03/2019 NEG POS FMDV GD PAK 66/2019 Cattle 13/03/2019 O POS O PAK 67/2019 Cattle 19/03/2019 O POS O PAK 68/2019 Buffalo 17/04/2019 O POS O PAK 69/2019 Cattle 17/04/2019 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 70/2019 Buffalo 29/04/2019 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 71/2019 Cattle 15/05/2019 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 72/2019 Cattle 25/06/2019 O POS O PAK 73/2019 Cattle 23/07/2019 A POS A PAK 74/2019 Buffalo 13/11/2019 O POS O PAK 75/2019 Cattle 18/12/2019 Asia-1 POS Asia-1 PAK 1/2020 Cattle 25/01/2020 A POS A PAK 2/2020 Cattle 27/01/2020 A POS A PAK 3/2020 Cattle 24/02/2020 O POS O

TOTAL 50

22

Annex 2: FMD publications

Recent FMD Publications (April to June 2020) cited by Web of Science. 1. Alhaji, N.B., J. Amin, M.B. Aliyu, B. Mohammad, O.O. Babalobi, Y. Wungak, & I.A. Odetokun

(2020). Economic impact assessment of foot-and-mouth disease burden and control in pastoral local dairy cattle production systems in Northern Nigeria: A cross-sectional survey. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 177: 7. DOI:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104974.

2. Arjkumpa, O., C. Sansamur, P. Sutthipankul, C. Inchaisri, K.N. Lampang, A. Charoenpanyanet, & V. Punyapornwithaya (2020). Spatiotemporal analyses of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in cattle farms in Chiang Mai and Lamphun, Thailand. BMC Veterinary Research, 16(1): 13. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02392-6.

3. Avendano, C., C. Celis-Giraldo, D. Ordonez, D. Diaz-Arevalo, I. Rodriguez-Habibe, J. Oviedo,H. Curtidor, S. Garcia-Castiblanco, F. Martinez-Panqueva, A. Camargo-Castaneda, C. Reyes,M.D. Bohorquez, M. Vanegas, D. Cantor, M.E. Patarroyo, & M.A. Patarroyo (2020). Evaluating the immunogenicity of chemically-synthesised peptides derived from foot-and-mouth disease VP1, VP2 and VP3 proteins as vaccine candidates. Vaccine, 38(23): 3942-3951. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.006.

4. Bath, C., M. Scott, P.M. Sharma, R.B. Gurung, Y. Phuentshok, S. Pefanis, A. Colling, N.S. Balasubramanian, S.M. Firestone, S. Ungvanijban, J. Ratthanophart, J. Allen, G. Rawlin, M. Fegan, & B. Rodoni (2020). Further development of a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of Foot-and-mouth disease virus and validation in the field with use of an internal positive control. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases: 13. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13589.

5. Belsham, G.J. (2020). Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine performance. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 62(1): 12. DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1.

6. Belsham, G.J., T. Kristensen, & T. Jackson (2020). Foot-and-mouth disease virus: Prospects for using knowledge of virus biology to improve control of this continuing global threat. Virus Research, 281: 11. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197909.

7. Bernini, A., L. Bolzoni, & R. Casagrandi (2019). When resolution does matter: Modelling indirect contacts in dairy farms at different levels of detail. Plos One, 14(10): 20. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223652.

8. Bertram, M.R., R.M. Palinski, S.J. Pauszek, E.J. Hartwig, G.R. Smoliga, J.K. Biswal, R. Ranjan,S. Subramaniam, J.K. Mohapatra, B. Das, I.H. Fish, B. Pattnaik, L.L. Rodriguez, & J. Arzt(2020). Genome sequences of seven Foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates reveal diversity in the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage in India between 1997 and 2009. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 9(16): 3. DOI: 10.1128/mra.00287-20.

9. Bertram, M.R., S. Yadav, C. Stenfeldt, A. Delgado, & J. Arzt (2020). Extinction dynamics of the Foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier state under natural conditions. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7: 14. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00276.

10. Bjornham, O., R. Sigg, & J. Burman (2020). Multilevel model for airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease applied to Swedish livestock. Plos One, 15(5): 31. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0232489.

11. Bradhurst, R., G. Garner, I. East, C. Death, A. Dodd, & T. Kompas (2019). Management strategies for vaccinated animals after an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease and the impact on return to trade. Plos One, 14(10): 21. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223518.

12. Calkins, C.M. & J.D. Scasta (2020). Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) affecting domestic and wild African ungulates: African swine fever, foot and mouth disease, Rift Valley fever (1996-2018). Research in Veterinary Science, 131: 69-77. DOI:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.001.

23

13. Cho, J., E.Y. Ko, K. Jo, S. Lee, S. Jang, M. Song, & S. Jung (2020). Reducing lesion incidence in pork carcasses by heating foot-and-mouth disease vaccine before injection. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33(4): 634-639. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0237.

14. Elmenofy, W., I. Mohamed, L. El-Gaied, R. Salem, G. Osman, & M. Ibrahim (2020). Expression of 1B capsid protein of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) using baculovirus expression system and its validation in detecting SAT 2-specific antisera. Peerj, 8: 15. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8946.

15. Fish, I., C. Stenfeldt, R.M. Palinski, S.J. Pauszek, & J. Arzt (2020). Into the deep (sequence) of the Foot-and-mouth disease virus gene pool: bottlenecks and adaptation during infection in naive and vaccinated cattle. Pathogens, 9(3): 21. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030208.

16. Gabbert, L.R., J.G. Neilan, & M. Rasmussen (2020). Recovery and chemical disinfection of foot-and-mouth disease and African swine fever viruses from porous concrete surfaces. Journal of Applied Microbiology: 10. DOI: 10.1111/jam.14694.

17. Gnazzo, V., V. Quattrocchi, I. Soria, E. Pereyra, C. Langellotti, A. Pedemonte, V. Lopez, L. Marangunich, & P. Zamorano (2020). Mouse model as an efficacy test for foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases: 14. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13591.

18. Hou, F.P., M.Y. Bai, Y. Zhang, H.Y. Liu, S.Q. Sun, & H.C. Guo (2020). Fluorescent immunochromatographic assay for quantitative detection of the Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O antibody. Microchemical Journal, 155: 8. DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2020.104690.

19. Howson, E.L.A., R.J. Orton, V. Mioulet, T. Lembo, D.P. King, & V.L. Fowler (2020). GoPrime: Development of an in silico framework to predict the performance of real-time PCR primers and probes using Foot-and-mouth disease virus as a model. Pathogens, 9(4): 15. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040303.

20. Hussain, R., F. Mahmood, B. Aslam, A. Siddique, A. Rafique, S.A. Khaliq, I. Khan, S. Imran,M. Mubeen, Jahanzaib, & A.A. Nasirm (2020). Investigation of different serotypes of FMDV in vaccinated buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in southern areas of Punjab Province, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 40(1): 118-122. DOI: 10.29261/pakvetj/2019.062.

21. Kim, M.H., S.J. Yun, Y.H. Kim, H.S. Lee, J.Y. Kim, J.Y. Kim, J. Kang, Y.S. Kim, & M.G. Seo(2020). Evaluation of quality control methods for Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pathogens, 9(3): 13. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030194.

22. Kim, S., H. Chung, H. Lee, D. Myung, K. Choi, S. Kim, S.L. Htet, W. Jeong, & N. Choe (2020). Evaluation of the disinfectant concentration used on livestock facilities in Korea during dual outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease and high pathogenic avian influenza. Journal of Veterinary Science, 21(3): 10. DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e34.

23. Lazarus, D.D., F. Peta, D. Blight, J. Van Heerden, P.B. Mutowembwa, L. Heath, B. Blignaut, P.A. Opperman, & G.T. Fosgate (2020). Efficacy of a foot-and-mouth disease vaccine against a heterologous SAT1 virus challenge in goats. Vaccine, 38(24): 4006-4015. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.014.

24. Lei, Y., J.J. Shao, F.F. Ma, C.L. Lei, H.Y. Chang, & Y.G. Zhang (2020). Enhanced efficacy of a multi-epitope vaccine for type A and O Foot-and-mouth disease virus by fusing multiple epitopes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), a novel TLR4 agonist. Molecular Immunology, 121: 118-126. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.018.

25. Lin, Y.T., Y.P. Chen, C.H. Fang, P.Y. Huang, & S.M. Liang (2020). Capsid proteins of Foot-and-mouth disease virus interact with TLR2 and CD14 to induce cytokine production. Immunology Letters, 223: 10-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.008.

26. Liu, C., H. Feng, Y.C. Liu, Y.M. Chen, S.Z. Yang, R.G. Deng, & G.P. Zhang (2020). Soluble FMDV VP1 proteins fused with calreticulin expressed in Escherichia coli under the assist of trigger factor16 (Tf16) formed into high immunogenic polymers. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155: 1532-1540. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.130.

24

27. Lu, Y.L., H. Dong, J.L. Li, L.Y. Li, M.M. Wang, H.Y. Liu, Z.D. Teng, Y. Zhang, Y. Jin, H.C. Guo, Y.Y. Yang, X.B. Wen, & S.Q. Sun (2020). Enhanced protective immune response of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine through DNA-loaded virus-like particles. Microbial Pathogenesis, 143:7. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104130.

28. Mansilla, F.C., C.S. Turco, M.C. Miraglia, F.A. Bessone, R. Franco, M. Perez-Filgueira, J.M. Sala, & A.V. Capozzo (2020). The role of viral particle integrity in the serological assessment of Foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine-induced immunity in swine. Plos One, 15(5): 13. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232782.

29. Manyweathers, J., Y. Maru, L. Hayes, B. Loechel, H. Kruger, A. Mankad, G. Xie, R. Woodgate, & M. Hernandez-Jover (2020). Understanding the vulnerability of beef producers in Australia to an FMD outbreak using a Bayesian Network predictive model. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 175: 9. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104872.

30. Najafi, H., M.H. FallahMehrabadi, H. Hosseini, Z.Z. Kafi, A.M. Hamdan, & A. Ghalyanchilangeroudi (2020). The first full genome characterization of an Iranian Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Research, 279: 8. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197888.

31. Nthiwa, D., B. Bett, D. Odongo, E. Kenya, M. Wainaina, S. Grazioli, E. Foglia, E. Brocchi, & S. Alonso (2020). Seroprevalence of Foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle herds raised in Maasai Mara ecosystem in Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 176: 8. DOI:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104929.

32. Officer, K., N.T. Lan, L. Wicker, N.T. Hoa, A. Weegenaar, J. Robinson, Y. Ryoji, & P. Loukopoulos (2020). Foot-and-mouth disease in Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) (vol 26, pg 705, 2014). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation: 1. DOI:10.1177/1040638720929843.

33. Sansamur, C., O. Arjkumpa, A. Charoenpanyanet, & V. Punyapornwithaya (2020). Determination of risk factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in dairy farms in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Animals, 10(3): 12. DOI:10.3390/ani10030512.

34. Sebastian, R., M. Sravanthi, V. Umapathi, N. Krishnaswamy, M. Priyanka, H.J. Dechamma,K. Ganesh, S.H. Basagoudanavar, A. Sanyal, & G.R. Reddy (2020). Foot-and-mouth disease virus undergoes non-progressive replication in mice peritoneal macrophages and induces M1 polarization. Virus Research, 281: 9. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197906.

35. Sirdar, M.M., G.T. Fosgate, B. Blignaut, B. Gummow, B. Shileyi, D.D. Lazarus, P. Mutowembwa, D. van der Merwe, & L. Heath (2019). A novel method for performing antigenic vaccine matching for foot-and-mouth disease in absence of the homologous virus. Vaccine, 37(35): 5025-5034. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.002.

36. Song, Y.M., Y.L. Yang, X. Lin, X.N. Li, X. Zhang, G.H. Ma, Z.G. Su, & S.P. Zhang (2020). In situ and sensitive stability study of emulsion and aluminum adjuvanted inactivated Foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine by differential scanning fluorimetry analysis. Vaccine, 38(14): 2904-2912. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.068.

37. Stenfeldt, C. & J. Arzt (2020). The carrier conundrum; a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Pathogens, 9(3):27. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030167.

38. Tesfaye, Y., F. Khan, M. Yami, J. Wadsworth, N.J. Knowles, D.P. King, & E. Gelaye (2020). A vaccine-matching assessment of different genetic variants of serotype O Foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Archives of Virology: 9. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04662-y.

39. Upadhaya, S.D., Y.M. Kim, H. Shi, J.L. Grandmaison, A. Blanchard, & I.H. Kim (2020). Standardized plant extract alleviates the negative effects of FMD vaccination on animal performance. Animals, 10(3): 11. DOI: 10.3390/ani10030455.

40. Wang, H.L., X. Xin, C.Y. Zheng, & C. Shen (2020). Single-cell analysis of Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11: 10. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00361.

25

41. Wolf, T.E., D.D. Lazarus, P. Opperman, L. Heath, A. Ganswindt, & G.T. Fosgate (2020). Impact of foot-and-mouth-disease on goat behaviour after experimental infection with serotype SAT1 virus. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 176: 8. DOI:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104912.

42. Wood, B.A., V. Mioulet, E. Henry, A. Gray, M. Azhar, B. Thapa, S. Diederich, B. Hoffmann,M. Beer, D.P. King, & M. Eschbaumer (2020). Inactivation of Foot-and-mouth disease virus A/IRN/8/2015 with commercially available lysis buffers. Journal of Virological Methods, 278:5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113835.

43. Yang, F., Z.X. Zhu, W.J. Cao, H.N. Liu, T. Wei, M. Zheng, K.S. Zhang, Y. Jin, J.J. He, J.H. Guo,X.T. Liu, & H.X. Zheng (2020). Genetic determinants of altered virulence of type of Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Virology, 94(7): 17. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01657-19.

44. Yang, Y.L., Y.M. Song, X. Lin, S. Li, Z.J. Li, Q.Z. Zhao, G.H. Ma, S.P. Zhang, & Z.G. Su (2020). Mechanism of bio-macromolecule denaturation on solid-liquid surface of ion-exchange chromatographic media - A case study for inactivated Foot-and-mouth disease virus. Journal of Chromatography B - Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 1142: 10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122051.

45. Zhang, Y.J., H. Yan, Y.L. Yao, S.L. Zhang, Y. Xiao, X. Xu, B.C. Huang, & K.G. Tian (2020). Development and validation of a solid-phase competition ELISA based on virus-like particles of Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A for antibody detection. Archives of Virology: 6. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04641-3.

46. Zhao, R., G.Y. Jia, Y.Z. Yu, B.C. Song, C. Hu, & L.Y. Wu (2020). Regulating activity of polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. on dendritic cells of mice immunized against foot-and-mouth disease. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 40(1): 7-12. DOI:10.29261/pakvetj/2018.126.

26

Annex 3: Vaccine recommendations

This report provides recommendations of FMDV vaccines to be included in antigen banks. These outputs are generated with a new tool (called PRAGMATIST) that has been developed in partnership between WRLFMD and EuFMD. These analyses accommodate the latest epidemiological data collected by the OIE FAO FMD Laboratory Network regarding FMDV lineages that are present in different source regions (see Table 1 in Section 3.9, above), as well as available in vitro, in vivo and field data to score the ability of vaccines to protect against these FMDV lineages.

Please contact WRLFMD or EuFMD for assistance to tailor these outputs to other geographical regions. NB: Vaccine-coverage data presented is based on available data and may under-represent the true performance of individual vaccines.

27

Annex 4: Brief round-up of EuFMD and WRLFMD

activities

Open Session of the EuFMD OS20 "Livelihoods @ risk in a FASTer world"

Due to travel restrictions related to COVID-19 the OS20 will not be held in Marseille as previously announced but will be conducted in virtual format. Detailed information will be soon available on the following website: https://www.eufmd.info/os20faster

Courses • EuFMD's open access online courses provide convenient self-paced training which you may

study anytime, anywhere, free of charge. There are currently 4 courses in English and 1 in Arabic:

o Introduction to Foot-and-Mouth Disease o What is the Progressive Control Pathway? o Public Private Partnerships in the Veterinary Domain o Introduction to the Progressive Control Pathway

https://eufmdlearning.works/mod/page/view.php?id=13130 • The WRLFMD residential training course on FMD diagnostics

(https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/instructor-led-training/diagnosis-foot-and-mouth-disease) scheduled for May 2020 has been postponed.

• November 2020: E-learning course on FMD diagnostics:

https://www.eufmd.info/os20fasterhttps://eufmdlearning.works/mod/page/view.php?id=13130https://www.pirbright.ac.uk/instructor-led-training/diagnosis-foot-and-mouth-disease

28

Podcasts We have a constantly updated series of short podcasts relating to the FAST world, available here: http://www.fao.org/eufmd/resources/podcasts/en/

Meetings The FMD Roadmap Meetings (RMMs) originally planned in 2020 in Eastern Africa, in South Asia in collaboration with the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Secretariat, and in Southern Africa in collaboration with the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Secretariat were postponed due to the current global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Plans are now underway to hold these virtually in late 2020 and early 2021.

Proficiency test scheme organised by WRLFMD Sample panels for the Phase XXXII exercise are ready for dispatch and are beginning shipped to international laboratories as flights begin to resume after the COVID-19 crisis (see table below for a summary of the current status of the exercise).

Status Number of Labs

Invitations 72

Responses 51

Declined to take part 3

Paperwork in progress 19

Panels shipped 28

We will write to inform participating laboratories about any other changes that may be required to accommodate these events, and please feel free to contact WRLFMD if you have any questions.

http://www.fao.org/eufmd/resources/podcasts/en/

Funded by the European Union

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OIE-FAO FMD Ref Lab Report April - June 2020 FAOQGR_April-June_2020

disclaimer updated.pdfOIE-FAO FMD Ref Lab Report April - June 2020 FAO.pdfOIE-FAO FMD Ref Lab Report April - June 2020 NO COVER.pdf1. Highlights and headlines2. General overview3. Summary of FMD outbreaks and intelligence3.1. Global overview of samples received and tested3.2. Pool 1 (Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia)3.3. Pool 2 (South Asia)3.4. Pool 3 (West Eurasia and Middle East)3.5. Pool 4 (North and Eastern Africa)3.6. Pool 5 (West/Central Africa)3.7. Pool 6 (Southern Africa)3.8. Pool 7 (South America)3.9. Extent of global surveillance4. Detailed analysisKey for maps and trees4.1. Pool 3 (West Eurasia and Middle East)4.2. Vaccine matchingAnnex 1: Sample dataSummary of submissionsClinical samplesAnnex 2: FMD publicationsAnnex 3: Vaccine recommendationsAnnex 4: Brief round-up of EuFMD and WRLFMD activitiesOpen Session of the EuFMD OS20CoursesPodcastsMeetingsProficiency test scheme organised by WRLFMD

QGR_April-June_2020.pdf

food-and-mouth disease, april–june 2020 quarterly report · 2020. 10. 30. · required citation:...

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