food security and traditional farming systems; a case study of homegardens in southwestern uganda
TRANSCRIPT
Food security and traditional
farming systems A case study of homegardens in
Southwestern Uganda
Cory W. Whitney1, Jens Gebauer2, Antonia Nyamukuru3, Katja Kehlenbeck4
1Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany/University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany, 2 Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Kleve, Germany, 3 Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda/Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway, 4 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
Concepts / Overview
Photo: C. Whitney
Niñez, V. Introduction: Household gardens and small-scale food production. Food and nutrition
Bulletin 7, 1-5 (1985).
“when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe,
nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”
- World Food Summit 1996
Homegarden Food Security
Complex, small scale traditional farming systems (Galluzzi et al.
2010), ‘intimate multi-story’ gardens around homesteads
(Kumar & Nair 2004)
Intercropped banana plantations
Ugandan Homegardens
Photos: C. Whitney
Multi-layered agroforestry system
under continual harvest
Study AimsAgro-biodiversity
of Ugandan Homegardens
Niñez, V. Introduction: Household gardens and small-scale food
production. Food and nutrition Bulletin 7, 1-5 (1985).
Food Security, Consumption &
Nutritional Status
Materials & Methods
Greater Bushenyi Region of Uganda;D-Maps (INPI 09 3 673 169), developed in QGIS 2.0.1-
Dufour
Rubirizi: forest-edge
Ishaka: closer to urban centers
102 households with homegardens (randomly selected)
Sheema: swamp-edgePhotos: C. Whitney
n=34
Study Area - SW Ugandan=34
n=34
Collaborative Investigations
Homegarden plant
inventories (n=102)
Multiple-pass 24-hour recalls
(n=588)
Household Food
Insecurity Access Scale
(n=96) Photos: C. Whitney
Anthropometric measurements
(n=329)
Dietary Diversity (n=588)
Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods
worry that your household would not have enough food not eat the kinds of foods you preferred eat a limited variety of foods eat some foods that you really did not want to eat eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed eat fewer meals in a day have no food to eat of any kind in your house go to sleep at night hungry go a whole day and night without eating anything
In the past 4 weeks (30 days) did you or any household member… because of a lack of resources?
Hunger Score calculated
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (FANTA)
Dietary Diversity counting each of 9 food groups
>=6 high, <4.5 poor dietary diversity (IFPRI)
Materials and Methods
Starchy Staples
Dark Leafy GreensVitamin A Rich Fruits &
VegetablesOther fruits &
vegetables
Organ Meats
Meat and Fish
Eggs
Legumes nuts & seeds
Milk and milk products
Images: Slow Food USA
Results: Agro-biodiversity250 plant species
mean richness of 24 (range 10-54)
Food Plants Non Food Plants
Total number of plant species
Total number of plants (stems)
97%
50%
Carica papaya
Manihot esculenta
Psidium guajava Mangifera indica Persea americana
Musa spp.
Passiflora spp.
Ananas comosusAmaranthus spp.Phaseolus spp.Colocasia & Xanthasoma spp. Eleusine coracana
Results: Household Food Insecurity
Photos: C. Whitney
All Regions: 82% severe hunger
Little or no Hunger
Moderate Hunger
Severe Hunger
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
14
13
69
Rubirizi
Ishaka Sheema
n=96n=34
n=28 n=34
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (FANTA)
: 79% severe hunger
: 86% severe hunger : 82% severe hunger
Results: Dietary Diversity
Organ meatsEggs
Meat & fishMilk & products
Pro-Vit-A fruit & veg.Dark Leafy GreensOther fruit & veg.
Legumes nuts seedsStarchy staples
0 100 200 300 400 5000.3%0.3%
17.5%34.5%
38.4%59.6%
91.9%95.2%98.0%
n=588
Results: Individual Dietary Diversity
Photos: C. Whitney
All Regions: 53% low diversityRubirizi: 70% low diversity
Ishaka: 50% low diversity Sheema: 39% low diversity
n=588n=208
n=163 n=217
Dietary Diversity Score (IFPRI)
<4 critically low diversity
4-6 medium
6+good diversity
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
312
184
93
Stunted
Underweight
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Results: Child Stunting <5 yearsHigh stunting rates
(44%)
Photos: C. Whitney
n=57
No wasting
25% Severe
Results: Food Sources 24 hour recalls
Photos: C. Whitney
Home
Purchased
School
Neighbors
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
97%
n=588
Count of food items
Conclusions
1. Plant diversity: High
2. Dietary Diversity: Low
3. Room for Improvement
Literature ALI A.M.S. 2005. I - Homegardens in Smallholder Farming Systems: Examples From Bangladesh.
Hum Ecol 33: 245-270. Coates, J., Swindale, A. & Bilinsky, P. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for
measurement of food access: indicator guide (Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC, 2007).
GALLUZZI G., EYZAGUIRRE P. & NEGRI V. 2010. Home gardens: neglected hotspots of agro-biodiversity and cultural diversity. Biodiversity Conservation
HUAI H. & HAMILTON A. 2009. Characteristics and functions of traditional homegardens: a review. Front. Biol. China 4: 151-157.
KEHLENBECK K., H. ARIFIN, B. MAASS &. 2007. Plant diversity in homegardens in a socio-economic and agro-ecological context, in T. Tscharntke, Leuschner C., Zeller M., Guhardja E. & Bidin A. (ed.) The Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins, linking ecological. economic and social constraints of land use and conservation: 297-319. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Kennedy, G. & Nantel, G. Basic Guidelines for Validation of a Simple Dietary Diversity Score as an Indicator of Dietary Nutrient Adequacy for Non-Breastfeeding Children 2-6 Years (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2006).
Kennedy, G., Ballard, T. & Dop, M. C. Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2011).
KUMAR B.M. & NAIR P.K.R. 2004. The enigma of tropical homegardens. Agroforestry Systems 61-62: 135-152.
THOMPSON J.L., GEBAUER J., HAMMER K. & BUERKERT A. 2010. The structure of urban and peri-urban gardens in Khartoum, Sudan. Genet Resour Crop Evol 57: 487-500.