fopmal informal

7/30/2019 Fopmal Informal

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12, Kenmore Road

LittletownLT12 9BH

1st December 2001

Mr G. SandsFitness FirstLake RoadLittletownLT1 5MX

Dear Mr Sands

Re: Fitness Instructor FF/32

I am writing to apply for the job of Fitness Instructor, as advertised in Thursday's Courant. This is anideal job for me given my enthusiasm for sport, my related experience and qualifications.

Sport and fitness training have always been important to me, which is why I chose to take a BTECDiploma in Sports Science. I obtained distinctions in the Sports Anatomy & Physiology and SportsInjuries modules last year and am confident that I will get similar marks in Exercise Physiology,Mechanics of Sport and Sports Supervision & Management this year. I am a confident user of MicrosoftOffice 2000 and have worked extensively with Fitness Publisher, a program for analysing fitness.As you can see from my CV, I've taken the opportunity to gain extra qualifications that were on offer atcollege, which has helped me get part-time work as a pool attendant. I'm called on to provide coverduring busy times so am used to working irregular hours at short notice. I've also run a lunchtimeaerobics class at college since the start of this year.I finish college in six weeks and am keen to find a job rather than carry on with further full-time study.I could start any part time work or training sooner as many of my classes are finishing and most of myassignments are done. I look forward to hearing from you.

Date.

My dear Suresh,

I am glad to inform you that the marriage of my younger brother Vikram comes off on Month,

date, at time. You are cordially invited to attend the auspicious occasion and bless the newly

weds.

Yours sincerely,

Name.

Dear Sir/Madam,


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I am writing this letter to apply for the position of student assistant that I saw advertised on

your website. I am interested in working in the teachers' resource library, or in theaccommodation department.

I have recently graduated from the WSB Business School in Warsaw and received high

grades in both my English and Business Courses. In addition, we had to use all of the

Microsoft Office programs in the preparation of our finished assignments, so I am able to domost things with computers.

Since I was 15 years old I have helped my father to run his small import-export business. I

have been involved in helping a variety of clients and also the general administration of thebusiness. In the past 2 years I have worked in the WSB library, helping teachers andstudents to find and use the resources there. This experience has given me the ability todeal with the needs of all types of people.

I have an outgoing, diligent personality and find that I enjoy the challenges of working in

busy environments. In addition, my studies and experience have taught me to be accurateand efficient in organising my work so I would be a valuable addition to your school.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully

Pawel Minescz

Hi Jen,

I'm writing this letter because I really need your help. You're the only person who knows mewell enough to give me a reference for a course I want to do.I saw an advert in a paper recently offering a free journalism course to successful

applicants. I sent in an article I wrote for the student newspaper, you know, the one about

legalising drugs? Anyway, they really liked it, but as there are only five places they want areference as well. I haven't given them your name yet, as I expect this would be the first

reference you've been asked to give. Is it OK if I send them your phone number? I think

they want to phone so they can have a proper conversation with you and really check meout.I know it's been a while but if you could do it it'd really help me out. I've got a new phone

number, 09957 234 563, so you can get me on that, and my address is still the same.

Hope to hear from you soon.RegardsPatrick

Rules for Writing Formal Letters in English

In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when writing a formal or

business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to

make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions.

Addresses:


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1) Your Address

The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter.

2) The Address of the person you are writing to

The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address.

Date:

Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the

left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word.

Salutation or greeting:

1) Dear Sir or Madam,

If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to

try to find out a name.

2) Dear Mr Jenkins,

If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and the surname only. If you

are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for

married and single women.

Ending a letter:

1) Yours faithfully

If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way.

2) Yours sincerelyIf you know the name of the person, end the letter this way.

3) Your signatureSign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to

might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name.

Content of a Formal Letter

First paragraph

The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry,

complain, request something, etc.

The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant information

behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information

to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner rather than

expanding too much.


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Last Paragraph

The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to take- to

refund, send you information, etc.

Dear Sir or Madam

I read/heard . . . and would like to know . . .

Could you please send me . . .

I would be very grateful if you could send me this information

I am writing to tell you about . . I am writing in regard to . .

I am writing to confirm . . m happy to inform

I a Your address (but not your name) or house number / name and street, the town, the country,

postcode DATE: day, month and year 23rd June 2003 1st May 2003 22nd July

2003

Your correspondent's title and name and position: ROBERT SMITH

MR DEAR SIR / DEAR MADAM (if you don't know his/her name)

DEAR MR/MRS/MISS/MS/DR Smith (if you know his/her name)

OURS FAITHFULLY, (If you have written Sir or Madam) YOUR SINCERELY, (If you have

written the person's name)Your signature Your name legibly written with your title.

AndIn shortIn brief

In summary

To summarise

In a nutshell

To conclude

In conclusion

In addition

As well as

Also

Too

Furthermore


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Moreover

Apart from

In addition to

Besides

The former, the latter

Firstly, secondly, finally

The first point is

Lastly

The following

Because

Because of

Since

AsBut

HoweverAlthough / even though

Despite / despite the fact that

In spite of / in spite of the fact that

Nevertheless

Nonetheless

While

Whereas

Unlike

In theory in practice

Formal letters are written for a variety of reasons - e.g. to present information, tomake an application, to recommend someone or something, to complain, to

apologise, etc

Informal letters are written for similar reasons but are usually written to peopleyou know.

The main difference between formal and informal letters is the language that you

use. In all cases, it is essential that the style of the letter is appropriate for the

target reader

An introduction in which the reason for writing is clearly stated. In formal

letters, it is often necessary to state who you are.

A main body in which the task given. Each different issue should be

discussed in a separate paragraph. You usually begin each main body


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paragraph with a topic sentence. Examples and/or explanations are then

added in supporting sentences.

A conclusion in which you restate the main points of the letter and/or state

an opinion. For formal letters, any action you want taken should be clearly

stated at the end of the letter. In formal letters, you usually end by sending

your wishes and perhaps asking the

User

email

******

Am uitat parolax

Formal and Informal Letters

Formal and Informal Letters

Formal letters are written for a variety of reasons - e.g. to present

information, to make an application, to recommend someone orsomething, to complain, to apologise, etc.

Informal letters are written for similar reasons but are usually written to

people you know.

The main difference between formal and informal letters is the language that you use. In all c

that the style of the letter is appropriate for the target reader.

A letter should contain:

An introduction in which the reason for writing is clearly stated. In formal letters, it is o

state who you are.

A main body in which the task given. Each different issue should be discussed in a sepa
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[X]

You usually begin each main body paragraph with a topic sentence. Examples and/or e

then added in supporting sentences.

A conclusion in which you restate the main points of the letter and/or state an opinion

any action you want taken should be clearly stated at the end of the letter. In formal leend by sending your wishes and perhaps asking the other person to write back.

Formal and Informal style 14514p1516o

How formal your letter needs to be depends on the target reader and the reason for writing. I

to maintain the same level of formality throughout your letter (in other words, you should no

expressions with very informal ones). Study the guidelines.

Formal styles includes:

Sophisticated vocabulary

Impersonal tone

More frequent use of the passive voice

Complex grammatical constructions

Formal linking devices

Advanced vocabulary

Informal style 14514p1516o includes:

Colloquial (spoken) and idiomatic English

Personal tone/direct address

Less frequent use of the passive voice

Less complex grammatical constructions


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Simple linking devices

Less advanced vocabulary

Contractions

Beginnings and Endings

Formal letter

Remember that the formal letters begin and end with either:

Dear Sir/Madam, -> Yours faithfully OR

Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith, -> Yours sincerely,

All formal letters begin with the reason for writing - e.g. I am waiting to request. /inform you

about./apologise for./apply for./etc.

In addition, you can include one or more of the following:

Who you are - e.g. I am writing on behalf of my English class.

A reference to something you have seen or read - e.g. I am writing in response to your

Tuesday's issue of Education News.

Details of place, time, people spoken to, e.g. .while I was attending the seminars for st

Depending on the reason for writing, letters can end with one or more of the following:

A summary of the main body

A reiteration of the reason for writing

A reassurance

A reference to future action


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An expression of gratitude

Informal letters

Informal letters usually begin and end with first names in the following way:

Dear John, ->Lots of love, Susan

Dear Margaret, -> Take care and write soon, Bill

Informal letters can begin with the reason for writing,

e.g. I thought I would write to let you know about this fantastic new course that's being offer

Alternatively, they can begin with an informal greeting,

e.g.: How are you doing?

The closing comment depends on the content of the letter - e.g. Write soon and let me know

think./Why don't you give a try?/etc.

vellous performance, an interesting plot, etc).

To add emphasis, you can use adverbs such as extremely, completely, absolutely, etc. (e.g. t

absolutely marvellous.)

Some adverbs (e.g. really) collocate with both gradable and non-gradable adjectives.

Since not all adverbs and adjectives collocate, you should be careful to avoid mistakes such a

breathtaking, totally moving.

Study the table and the examples given below:

Adverbs Adjectives Adverbs Adjectives


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Incredibly

Extremely

exceptionally

Enjoyable

Moving

Convincing

Absolutely

Totally

Completely

Breathtaking

Magnificent

Ridiculous

This is an exceptionally enjoyablefilm with an incredibly moving story andabsolutely breat

Recommending

For positive reviews

I would advise anyone to (see/watch/go to/ etc).

This is (a film/book/play/etc) that you should not miss.

If you have the chance, make sure you (see/watch/go to/ etc).

If you only (see one film/buy one CD/etc) this year, this should be it.

This (film/book/play/etc) is well worth seeing.

I would thoroughly recommend (name of film/book/play/etc).

For negative reviews

(Name of film/book/play/etc) is not worth (seeing/buying/reading/etc).

This is a (film/book/play/etc) to avoid.

Unfortunately, this (film/book/play/etc) fails to live up to expectations.

rticles

Articles are written for newspapers, magazines, newsletters, etc and use a variety of styles.

In general, an article should contain:


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A suitable eye-catching title, followed by an introduction which makes the reader wan

Techniques for attracting the reader's attention include using:

Direct address (e.g. if you need help with your studies, look no further.)

A rhetorical question (e.g. How often do you think about where our food comes f

Background information (e.g. in recent months, we have heard a great deal abo

A main body, in which you write about the main points in the rubric.

You should start a new paragraph for each point.

Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence, followed by explanation(s) o

A conclusion, in which you can summarise the points or re-state your opinion.

The style of writing should be appropriate for the target-reader (which in this case is determin

publication).

Most articles are a blend of different types of writing. For example, an article describing a jou

made is clearlynarrative. However, descriptive writing will also be used to describe the scene

atmosphere, etc. If the rubric also includes instructions to. say what you learned from the exp

will need to use a discursive writing as well.

Narrative writing

Narrative writing is used when we want to describe a series of events. This can be in the prese

whathappens at a wedding in your country) or in the past, (e.g. describe a wedding that you

Characteristics of narrative writing include:

An introduction which sets the scene (e.g. who or what is/was involved, where, when o

happen(ed), what happens/happened before the main events, etc).

Correct use of tenses to link the main events (e.g. once the invitations have/have been


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preparations begin/began.

Use the appropriate time words and phrases (e.g. when, once, after, etc).

Describing feelings (e.g. most people are usually verynervous at this point; terrified, I

etc)

Mentioning the senses (e.g. the repetitive beat of musiccould be heard from the caf

of freshly cut flowersfills the room, etc)

Descriptive writing

All articles contain some descriptive writing. You may have to describe people, places, objects

eelings, etc. In your writing, you should use a variety of vocabulary, such as:

Adjectives (e.g. an extraordinary man, a picturesque village, etc)

Adverbs (e.g. I hurriedly packed a bag, we ran excitedly, etc)

Verbs (e.g. to cheer, to whisper, to dash, to gaze, to stroll, etc)

Discursive writing

For serious articles, you will need to use discursive writing (this is the same type of writing as

ormal letter or an essay). In this type of writing, you need to include linking words and phrase

expressions which help you to:

Explain (e.g. one reason for this is that.)

nalyse (e.g. one aspect of this problem involves.)

Suggest(e.g. one solution would be to.)

Compare (e.g. this is considerably more serious than.)

Contrast(e.g. on the other hand, .)


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Discursive writing can also appear in informal articles, where you will need to bring down the

Reports and proposals

Reports andproposals are usually written to present information in formal situations. They ainto sections. Each section is written as a paragraph, in the same way as other types of writin

are given heading.

You will be given a role (e.g. you are the secretary of a local music club.) and specific instructi

should do include (e.g. write a report outlining the activities held by the club in the last twelve

Reports tend to be about past events of present situations.

Proposalusually outline a course if action for the future.

A report or proposal should contain:

An introduction in which the reason of writing is stated.

A main body with headed sections. It is essential to choose appropriate section headin

answer the question properly.

A conclusion in which the main points are summarised. The conclusion may include a r

future action.

Beginnings and endings

Reports andproposals usually begin with the following:

To: .

From: .

Subject: . } (the exact information you include

Date: . depends on the rubric).


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The first paragraph is usually a short section entitledPurpose orIntroduction which gives a r

In the conclusion you can:

Summarise the points in the main body

Make a recommendation for future action

Offer a personal opinion

Reassure the target reader

In a proposal, you can also end by mentioning the benefits of the proposal being accepted.

Tenses

The most commonly used verb tense in reports and proposals are as follows:

The Present Simple - to describe the present situation e.g. it is believed that most of the stude

the newsletter.

The Present Continuous - to describe things that are happening now e.g. Although we are de

situation, complaints are being received on a daily basis.

The Present Perfect- to emphasise past actions that are relevant now e.g. Over half of those

responded favourably to the suggestion.

The Past Simple - to report on past actions, events, etc, e.g. Most of those who took part exp

similar projects.

Writing about future

When writing about future, the following can be used:

Thefuture simple tense e.g. at least 3000$ will be needed.

Thefuture continuous tense e.g. we will be closely monitoring the situation.


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Thefuture perfect tense e.g. the work will have been completed before the beginning of the

Verbs

These include propose, intend, hope, expect, predict, forecast, look forward to, anticipate, etcanticipate any future problems and we hope to meet the deadlines as discussed.

djectives

These include imminent potential, probable, possible, forthcoming, future, expected, propose

e.g. theproposedwork, thepotentialprofit,future discussion, etc.

Hypothetical constructions

e.g. this wouldmean that, if we could, this should, we might, etc.

Book entries

Some writing tasks ask you to write an entry or a contribution to a book that is to be publishe

the exact task, what you write should be similar to an article (with or without section heading

You will have to use a combination of the following types of writing:

Descriptive writing e.g. to describe a person, place, situation, event, process.

Discursive writing e.g. to give and support your opinion, to analyse a situation, to give explan

examples.

Narrative writing e.g. to narrate an event, a discovery.

You may have to include practical information (such as how to get to place or where to find operson). It is important that you write should look like an authentic text and be as realistic as

Business option

In part 2 of the CAE writing paper, one of the choices is a business question. This is designed b


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working rather than students. This does not mean tat students should not attempt this quest

important to remember that the examiner will be looking for vocabulary, register and subject

appropriate to a work situation. The instructions you are given will assume that you are in fu

that you are familiar with such things as work environments, working conditions and the corr

letters, reports, proposals, information sheets, etc.

Letters of application

When writing a letter of application for a job or a course of study, it is important to include o

that is relevant to the particular job you are applying for. It is also important to use exactly th

otherwise, the application will be rejected. Typically, such letters contain some or all the follo

The name of the job/course you are applying for

Where you saw it advertised

What you are doing now

What work experience you have

Your academic qualifications

The personal qualities which make you suitable for the job or course.

Combined transactional tasks

Sometimes, you can be asked to produce two pieces of writing, for example a 200-word artic

letter, or a 175-word memo/notice. For the shortertask, you should remember the following

Memos often begin with details such as:

To: The Principal

From: The Student Sports Committee

And may have a short heading, e.g. NEW SPORTS STADIUM


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You should then write 2-3 short paragraphs.

Notices, Advertisements andAnnouncements usually begin with a heading (e.g. TO AL

INTENDING TO GO ON THE GEOLOGY FILED TRIP) and address a large group of people o

public.

Notes, Messages andShort Letters are like letters but are written in an abbreviated st

All of the above may contain bullet points, but remember that the examiner needs to see you

connected English.

If you have to writ two tasks, the registeris usually very different for each task, so you have t

differences betweenformalandinformalwriting. It is also important to keep to the word lim

Leaflets and information sheets

Leaflets and information sheets are written in both formal and informal situations, depending

reader. Like articles, they often have a main heading but they are usually divided into section

in the same way as reports and proposals.

More formal tasks should focus on providing factual information, but may need to use tactfu

language. E.g. write an information sheet announcing some major changes that are being placoming year in your company. You should reassure the public that they will be inconvenience

possible.

For less formal tasks, as well as providing information, more light-hearted or persuasive lang

needed. E.g. you have helped to organise a sporting or cultural event on your area. Write a le

encourage young people to attend.

Leaflets and Information sheets should include:

A title which attracts the attention of the reader and states the content

An introduction which makes the reader want to continue

A main body divided into headed sections, focusing on the relevant information in the


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A brief conclusion where main points are summarised.

Layout is important - use clear headings and make sure your writing is well spaced out on the

can be used to separate your points.

Headings and subheadings

As in reports and proposals, the section heading should give a clear indication of the content

ollows. In information sheets and leaflets, there is often a general heading as well (similar to

article). Headings and subheadings are usually very short.

For formal tasks, they describe the section in a few words, e.g. gym classes, activities in the t

For formal tasks they can be more light- hearted and often make use of puns, clichs, idioms,

e.g. work that body!, looking for action?

It is advisable not to use idioms, if you are not absolutely sure of their meaning (or meanings

your heading as simple as possible.

fopmal informal

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