453

FOR FURTHER READING

Agassi, Joseph, Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology, The Hague: Nijhoff 1977

Albert, Hans, Tractatus on Critical Reason, Princeton University Press 1985 Asimov, Isaac, I, Robot, New York: New American Library 1950 Ayer, A.J., The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan 1956 Barker, Ernest, Reflections on Government, London: Oxford University

Press 1942 Bartley, III, W. W., 'Achilles, the Tortoise and Explanation in Science and

History', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 13, 1962, 15-33. Bernays, Paul, 'Concerning Rationality', in P.A. Schilpp, ed., The

Philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. I, La Salle, III.: Open Court, 1974 Borges, Jorge Luis, Labyrinths, New York: New Directions 1962, especially

'Tlan Uqbar, Orbis Tertius', 'The Circular Ruin', 'Avatars of the Tortoise' and 'Borges and I'

Bronowski, J., Science and Human Values, New York: Harper 1956 Bunge, Mario, Metascientific Queries, Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas

1959 Collingwood, R.O., Essays in the Philosophy of History, Austin: University

of Texas 1965 Crick, Bernard, In Defence of Politics, University of Chicago Press 1962 Einstein, Albert, 'Physics and Reality' in his Ideas and Opinions, New York:

Crown Publishers, Inc. Evans-Pritchard, E.E., Witchcraft. Oracles and Magic Among the Azande,

Oxford University Press 1937, Part III, ch. 1; Part IV, ch. 2 Evans-Pritchard, E.E., Social Anthropology, London: Cohen and West 1951 Festinger, Leon, Reicken, H.W. and Schacter, S., When Prophecy Fails,

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1956 Feyerabend, P.K., Knowledge Without Foundations, Oberlin College 1961 Firth, Raymond, Human Types, London: Thomas Nelson 1956

Agassi, J. and Jarvie, I.C. (eds.) Rationality: The Critical View © 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

454

Frazer, 1.G., The Golden Bough, Abridged Edition, London: Macmillan 1922, chs. I, III, IV, LXVIII, LXIX

Freud, Sigmund, Civilisation and Its Discontents, London: Hogarth 1930 Gellner, Ernest, Thought and Change, London: Weidenfeld 1964 --, Cause and Meaning in the Social Sciences, London: Routledge and

Kegan Paul 1973 --, Legitimation of Belief, Cambridge University Press 1974 --, Relativism and the Social Sciences, Cambridge University Press 1985 Gluckman, Max, Custom and Conflict in Africa, Oxford University Press

1955 Gombrich, E.H., Art and Illusion, London: Phaidon 1961 Hart, H.L.A., Law, Liberty and Morality, Oxford 1963 Hayek, F.A., The Road to Serfdom, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

1944 Hempel, C.G., 'Rational Action', Proceedings and Addresses of the

American Philosophical Association, vol. XXXV, 1962, 5-23 Horton, W.R.G., 'African Traditional Thought and Western Science',

Africa, 37, 1967, 50-71, 155-87 larvie, I.C., The Revolution in Anthropology, London: Routledge and Kegan

Paul 1964 --, Concepts and Society, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1972 Kaufmann, Walter, Without Guilt and Justice, New York: Wyden 1973 Keynes, 1.M., The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,

London: Macmillan 1936, final chapter Lakatos, I., Proofs and Refutations, Cambridge University Press 1976 Malinowski, B., Magic, Science and Religion, Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press 1948 Medawar, P.B., The Future of Man, London: The Shenval Press 1960 Musgrave, Alan, 'Logicism Revisited', British Journal for the Philosophy of

Science 28, 1977, 99-127 Neurath, 0., 'The Pseudo-Rationalism of Falsification', in R.S. Cohen and

M. Neurath, eds., Otto Neurath, Philosophical Papers 1913-1946, Dordrecht: Reidel

Oakeshott, Michael, Rationalism in Politics, London: Methuen 1962, pp. 1-36, 80-136

Orwell, George, Collected Essays, New York: Harcourt Brace and World 1968, vol. I, review of Russell's Power, 375-6; vol. IV, 'What is Science?', 10-13, 'Good Bad Books', 19-22; 'Politics vs Literature: an Examination of Gulliver's Travels', 205-223

Polyani, Michael, The Logic of Liberty, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1951

Popper, K.R., The Open Society and Its Enemies, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1945

455

--, Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1963

Reichenbach, Hans, From Copernicus to Einstein, New York: Philosophical Library 1942

Russell, Bertrand, The Problems of Philosophy, London: Williams and Norgate 1912

--, Mysticism and Logic, London: Longmans Green 1918 --, The Scientific Outlook, London: Allen and Unwin 1931 --, Sceptical Essays, London: Allen and Unwin 1935 --, Portraits From Memory, London: Allen and Unwin 1956 ---, Autobiography, Vol. I, London: Allen and Unwin 1967 Ryle, Gilbert, Collected Papers, Vol. I, London: Hutchinson 1971, chs. 2, 5, 6 Schrodinger, Erwin, Science and Humanities, Cambridge University Press

1967 Shaw, Bernard; Prefaces, London: Constable 1934, 'The Sanity of Art

(1907)" pp. 764-7; preface to 'Back to Methuselah' Watkins, 1.W.N., Science and Scepticism, Princeton University Press 1984 Weber, Max, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, New York: Free Press

1949, esp. 'Objectivity in Social Science and Social Policy', pp. 50-112 Whewell, W., 'On Hegel's Criticism of Newton's Principia', Trans.

Cambridge Phil. Soc., VIII, 698; reprinted as Appendix H to his Philosophy of Discovery, London

Wilson, Bryan, ed., Rationality, Oxford: Blackwell 1970 Wiener, Norbert, God and Golem Inc., A Comment on Certain Points Where

Cybernetics Impinges on Religion, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1964 Wisdom, 1.0., The Foundations of Inference in Natural Science, London:

Methuen 1952, Part IV --, 'Metamorphoses of the Verifiability Theory of Meaning', Mind 72,

1963, 335-47.

457

SOURCES

Chapter One, especially written for this volume; Chapter Two, especially written for this volume; Chapter Three, Inquiry, Vol. 22, pp. 201-320; Chapter Four, Philosophy, Vol. 34, 1959, pp. 338-54; Chapter Five, British Journa/for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 9,1958, pp. 159-163; Chapter Six, Progress and Rationality in Science, edited by G. Radnitsky and G. Andersson, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1978, pp. 203-220; Chapter Seven, Dialectica, Vol. 32, 1978, pp. 3-28; Chapter Eight, Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, edited by R.S. Cohen, P.K. Feyerabend and M.W. Wartofsky, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1976, pp. 161-77; Chapter Nine, blends British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 11, 1960, pp. 244-270 with British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 26, 1975, pp. 144-155; Chapter Ten, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol. 58, 1957-58, pp. 79-102; Chapter Eleven, from the Conditions of Rational Enquiry, London: Athlone Press, 1961; Chapter Twelve, Philosophical Forum, Vol. 1, 1968, pp. 136-70; Chapter Thirteen, Ratio, Vol. 9,1967, pp. 67-83; Chapter Fourteen, not previously published; Chapter Fifteen, Planning for Diversity and Choice, edited Stanford Anderson, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968, pp. 8-31; Chapter Sixteen, not previously published; Chapter Seventeen, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 7, 1977, pp. 351-366; Chapter Eighteen, Philosophica, Vol. 22, 1978, pp. 5-22; Chapter Nineteen, especially written for this volume; Chapter Twenty, especially written for this volume; Chapter Twenty-One, The Monist, Vol. 60, 1977, pp. 509-539; Chapter Twenty-Two, Synthese, Vol. 49, 1981, pp. 419-421; Chapter Twenty-Three, Science and Human Knowledge: Essays on Grover Maxwell's World View, Mary Lou Maxwell and C. Wade Savage, editors, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987, forthcoming. Chapter Twenty-Four, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 18, 1967, pp. 55-74; Chapter Twenty-Five, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 24, 1973, pp. 236-245; Chapter Twenty-Six, Hong Kong: A Society in Transition, I.C. Jarvie and J. Agassi, editors, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969, pp.

Agassi, J. and Jarvie, I.e. (eds.) Rationality: The Critical View © 1987 Martinus Nijhojj Publishers, Dordrecht

458

129-163; Chapter Twenty-Seven, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 18, 1978, pp. 49-58; Chapter Twenty-Eight, Rationality Today, edited by Theodore F. Geraets, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1979, pp. 353-62; Chapter Twenty-Nine, Metaphilosophy, Vol. 11, 1980, pp. 127-133.

Our gratitude for permissions to reprint to the editors and publishers of the original versions of the works republished here.

459

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

JOSEPH AGASSI: Professor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University and York University, Toronto (joint appointment). M.Sc. from Jerusalem; Ph. D. from London School of Economics. His chief concern is to reform the commonwealth of learning so as to combat ist current exclusivity.

Principal Works: Towards an Historiography of Science, 1963, 1967: The Continuing Revolution, A History of Physics From the .Greeks to Einstein, 1968; Faraday as a Natural Philosopher, 1971; Science in Flux, 1975; (with Yehuda Fried) Paranoia: A Study in Diagnosis, 1976; Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology, 1977; Science and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Science, 1981; (with Yehuda Fried) Psychiatry as Medicine, 1983; Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects, 1985; Between Faith and Nationality: Towards an Israeli National Identity, (Hebrew) 1983.

HANS ALBERT: Professor of Sociology and Philosophy of Science at the University of Mannheim/Germany. He is primarily interested in epistemology, social philosophy, the philosopy of the social sciences and of religion.

Principal Works: Okonomische Ideologie and politische Theorie 1954, 19722; Marktsoziologie und Entscheidungslogik 1968; Traktat iiber kritische Vernunft, 1968, 1980"', English translation, Treatise on Critical Reason 1985; Traktat iiber rationale Praxis 1978; Transzendentale Traumerei en 1975; Das Elend der Theologie 1979; Die Wissenschaft und die Fehlbarkeit der Vernunft 1982.

WILLlAMK. BERKSON: Independent writer in Reston, Virginia, U.S.A. Ph. D. London School of Economics. Current work primarily on theory of personal decision-making in the face of opportunity and risk.

Principal Works: Fields of Force; The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein (1974): (with John Wettersten) Learning from Error: Karl Popper's Psychology of Learning (1984). (The former was also published in Spanish, the latter in German).

LARRY BRISKMAN: Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland since 1969. Holder of a John Dewey Senior Research Fellowship for academic year 1985-86. M.Sc. in Logic and Scientific Method from the London School of Economics; Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh. Research interests include theory of rationality, methodology of inquiry, creativity, philosophy of psychology and pilosophy of logic.

Principal Works: "Is a Kuhnian Analysis Applicable Psychology,?", Science Studies (1972);

"Toulmin's Evolutionary Epistemology', Philosophical Quarterly (1974); "Classical Semantics and Entailment", Analysis (1975); "Creative Product and Creative Process in Science and Art", Inquiry (1980) - also in D. Dutton & M. Krausz (eds), The Concept of Creativity in Science and Art (1981; pkb. 1985); "From Logic to Logics (and Back Again)", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (1982); and "Articulating Our Ignorance: Hopeful Scepticism and the Meno Paradox', Etc. (1985).

460

MARIO BUNGE: Frothingham Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at McGill University, Canada. Ph.D. in physics from the Universidad de la Plata, Argentina. Works in a few sciences and several branches of philosophy. He has written 29 books, over 300 articles, edited 7 volumes, one journal of physics and another on philosophy. His main aim is to reconstruct philosophy in an exact and scientific way.

Principal Works: Causality 1959; Foundations of Physics 1967; Scientific Research (2 volumes) 1967; The Mind-Body Problem 1980; Ciencia y desarrollo 1980; and Treatise on Basic Philosophy (so far 7 volumes) 1974-1985.

EDWARD DAVENPORT: Associate Professor of English at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Ph.D. from Harvard University. Works on problems of the philosophy of literature and the methodology of literary criticism. Especially interested in connections between literature and science, and the potential of literary criticism as a social science.

Principal Works: "Wilhelm Dilthey Updated: Values and Objectivity in Literary Criticism", Mosaic, 1981; "Literature as Thought Experiment", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1983;

"Scientific Method as Literary Criticism: Contemporary Schools of Discourse Theory", Et Cetera, 1985; "The New Politics of Knowledge: Rorty's Pragmatism and the Rhetoric of the Human Sciences", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, forthcoming, 1987; "Progress in Literary Study", PSA 1980.

ERNEST GELLNER: William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of King's College, Fellow of the British Academy. He works within Social Anthropology and in interstices between philosophy and the social sciences.

Principal Works: Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology, introduction by Bertrand Russel, Beacon, 1959, republished as Words and Things: Examination of, and an Attack on Linguistic Philosophy, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979; Thought and Change, 1965; Saints of the Atlas, 1969; (editor with Charles Micaud) Arabs and Berbers, 1973; Cause and Meaning in the Social Sciences, 1973; Contemporary Thought and Politics, 1974; The Devil in Modern Philosophy, 1974; Legitimation of Belief, 1975; Patrons and Clients, 1977; Spectacles and Predicaments: Essays in Social Theory, 1980; Muslim Society, 1981;

Relativism and the Social Sciences, 1985; The Psychoanalytic Movement, 1985. Contributor to scholarly and other journals.

J.N. HATTIANGADI; Associate Professor of Philosophy and Natural Science, York University in Canada. M.A. London School of Economics, and Ph.D. Princeton University. He works in philosophy of science, philosophy of language, history of ideas and related areas; he is interested in Reason as understood during the Enlightenment and how it is to be interpreted and evaluated today.

Principal Works: "Mind and the Origin of Language", Philosophical Forum, 1973; "The Structure of Problems", Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1978; "Meaning, Reference and Subjunctive Conditionals", American Philosophical Quarterly, 1979; "A Methodology without Methodological Rules", Language, Logic and Method, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1983; "Knowing That, and How: A New Empiricism", Methodology and Science, 1984;

"Essence versus Evolution in Language" (with N. Ziv) Word, 1984.

IAN C. JARVIE: Professor of Philosophy and Social Science, York University, Canada. B.Sc. London School of Economics and Ph. D. London School of Economics. Canada Council research grants; Guggenheim Fellowship. Managing Editor, Philosophy of the Social Sciences.

461

Principal Works: The Revolution in Anthropology, 1964; Hong Kong: A Society in Transition, 1969; Movies and Society, 1970; The Story oj Social Anthropology, 1972; Concepts and Society, 1972; Functionalism, 1973; Movies as Social Criticism, 1978; Rationality and Relativism, 1984; Thinking About Society, Theory and Practice, 1985; Contributor to scholarly and other journals.

JOHN KEKES: Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at the State University of New York at Albany. Ph.D. The Australian National University, Canberra. His main interests are epistemology and moral philosophy.

Principal Works: A Justification oj Rationality, 1976; The Nature oj Philosophy, 1980; The Morality oj Self-Direction, forthcoming.

N. KOERTGE: Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University. Ph.D. from Chelsea College (London). She is interested in theories of methodology, past and present, and the role of values in scientific research. She writes novels and breeds performance horses.

Principal Works: "Popper's Metaphysical Research Program for the Human Sciences," Inquiry 1975; "Braucht die Sozialwissenschaft wirklich Metaphysik?" Theorie und ErJahrung, ed. by H. Albert and K.H. Stapf, 1979. Who Was That Masked Woman? 1981; Valley oj the Amazons, 1984.

ABRAHAM MEIDAN: Ph.D. in philosophy from Tel-Aviv University. Works on the Mind-Body problem, on skepticism, and on empirical psychology.

DAVID MILLER: Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick. Ph.D. from London School of Economics. Main interests: probability theory, verisimilitude, taking logic seriously.

Principal Works: Croquet & How to Play It (with Rupert Thorp), 1966; Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory by J.L. Krivine (translator); A Pocket Popper (editor), 1983; Popper Selections (editor), 1985; articles in logic and philosophy of science.

MARGARETNG: Born and grew up in Hong Kong. B.A., M.A. (University of Hong Kong): Ph.D. (Boston); returned to Hong Kong 1975. Since then a part-time teacher, univ. administrator, Pub. Relations mgr. of an international bank, columnist, political commentator and an editor of a Chinese language newspaper in Hong Kong. Intensely interested and involved in Hong Kong's social and political development in its present period of transition from a British Crown Colony to a Special Admin. Region of China in 1997.

DAVID POLE: Was a Lecturer in Philosophy at King's College, London, when he met an untimely death in 1977. He had a Ph.D. degree from University College, London.

Principal Works: The Later Philosophy oj Wittgenstein, 1954; Conditions oj Rational Inquiry, 1961; Aesthetics, Form & Emotion, 1983.

TOM SETTLE: Professor of Philosophy at the University of Guelph in Canada. Once a preacher and a physics teacher, now watches Christianity and science from the sidelines. Main interest is in the grounds (rational or otherwise) of knowledge, especially moral knowledge.

Principal Work: In Search oj a Third Way: Is a Morally Principled Political Economy Possible? 1976.

462

JOHN WATKINS: Professor of Philosophy at the London School of Economics and Political Science since 1966. Has worked in political philosophy, theory of rationality, the nature of metaphysical ideas, philosophy of social science, historical explanation, methodology of natural science and theory of knowledge, determinism and freedom.

Principal Works: Hobbes's System oj Ideas, 1965, second ed. 1973; Science and Scepticism, 1984.

GERSHON WEILER: Teaches philosophy at Tel-Aviv University. Taught in Ireland and Australia and served as visiting professor at Brandeis and Graz (Austria). His early background is a mixture of neo-Kantianism and analytic philosophy with an Oxford B. Phil. obtained in the hey-day of of the cult of ordinary language. Recent interest mainly in political theory. Currently working on a book on political theology.

Principal Works: Published in various philosophical journals e.g. Mind, Philosophical Quarterly, Philosophy oj the Social Sciences, Inquiry, etc. Mauthner's Critique oj Language, 1971. Books in Hebrew; Jewish Theocracy, 1976; Philosophy oj Everyday Life, 1977; State and Education, 1979; On War, 1984; Philosophical Parables, 1985.

JOHN WETTERSTEN: Currently lives in Mannheim, West Germany. Ph.D. from Boston University. Research is primarily concerned with the growth of knowledge as a problem-seeking activity from the points of view of methodology, sociology, rationality and the personal pursuit of truth and autonomy.

Principal Works: Lemen aus dem Irrtum (with William Berkson), 1982. Among numerous essays are "The Historiography of Scientific Psychology: A Critical Study"; Journal oj the History oj the Behavioral Sciences, 1975; "Against Competence: Towards Improved Standards of Evaluation in Science and Technology", Nature and System, 1979; "Procrustean Beds of Scientific Style'; Dialogos, 1980; and "How is Rational Social Science Possible?', Methodology and Science, 1982.

J .0. WISDOM: Retired University Professor of Philosophy and Social Science at York University, Toronto. Graduated and Ph.D. at Trinity College, Dublin. Studied a short time under Moore at Cambridge. Got a Blue for playing golf for Cambridge against Oxford. Works in Philosophy of Science and Psychoanalysis. Honourable Member and former president of the Psychosomatic Research Society (London). Primarily interested in unsolved and in possibly unsolvable problems.

Principal Works: "The Analyst Controversy: Berkeley's Influence on the Development of Mathematics", Hermathena, 1939; "The Compensation of Errors in the Method of Fluxions", Hermathena, 1941; "The Analyst Controversy: Berkeley as a Mathematician", Hermathena, 1941; The Metamorphosis oj Philosophy, 1947; "A New Model for the Mind-Body Relationship", British Journal jor the Philosophy oj Science, 1952; The Foundations oj Injerence in Natural Science, 1952; The Uncounscious Origin oj Berkeley's Philosophy, 1953; "Scientific Theory: Embedded Ontology & Weltanschauung", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 1972; "Male and Female", International Journal oj Psycho­Analysis, 1983; Philosophy and Its Place in our Culture, 1974; Challengeability in Modern Science, in press.

463

SUBJECT INDEX

Absolute presuppositions, 105-6, 171-2, 174, 176, 325, see also Conceptual frameworks

Absolutism, see Historicist relativism and ahistorical absolutism; Truth

Acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis, 267, 270,275-7,298,302,307, 344, 354-5, 438-9, see also Belief; Credibility; Criticism

Access, 321-14 Action, rational, 252, 255-6, 266, 275, 309,

363ff, 369-74, 376-7, 379, 382, 385-6, 391. See also Thought and action

Activism, 447-9 Ad hoc, 96-7, 137, 139, 165 Aesthetic attitude, 204-5 Aesthetic experience and experiment, 221-4 Aesthetics, 201-16, see also Art criticism Agenda, 283, 285-6, 291, 295, 440 Agnosticism, 219-25, see also Art criticism;

Doubt; Skeptcism Agreement, 21, 26, 32, 378, see also

Consensus; Unanimity Ahistorical absolutism, see Historicist

relativism and ahistorical absolutism Aims, interests, 6, 11, 12, 121-6, 128-34,

326-34, 370-2, 377, 386, 409-10 Basic and surrogate -, 334-8 Practical and intellectual -, 337-8, 39 Sub -, 334, see also Logic of the situation

Alienation, 107-8, 115 Analysis, institutional, 121, 128-9, 354-8 Analysis, linguistic and logical; Analytic

philosophy, 46, 52-3, 59-65, 167, 176 Anarchism, 38, 136, 148 Anthropology, 219, see also Social science Antinomies, 74, 318-19 Anti-rationalism, 85-6 Anti-realism, 72-3, 80 Anti-science, 298

A priori, A priorism, Deductivism, 108, 110, 113, 117, 161-2, 167, 318

Approximation, 71, 77, 79, 100. See also Verisimilitude

Aribitrariness, 173-4 Architecture, 227ff Argument, 343. See also Controversy;

Criticism; Debate; Dialectic Argument from elementary decency, 107-8 Arranged marriages, 409-11, 420 Art criticism, 201-2, 206-9, 211-16, 218-20,

222 Art and science, 202-9, 213, 223 Asymmetry thesis, 438 Ataraxia, 438 Atomism, 92, 101 Attitudes, 249, 269-72

Aesthetic -, 204-5 Critical -, 86, 266 Moral -, 169-70, 178

Authoritarianism, 232-5 Automony, 405, 420 Autonomy of Science, 80 Axioms, 253-4

Background knowledge, 267-.9, 271, 273, 310, 365-6, 375-6

Basic statements, 32, 437 Behaviorism, 12, 54 Belief, 309f, 369-74, 373-7, 379, 382

Rational -, 256, 260-1, 266, 275, 310, 363ff, 385ff Threshold of -, 312-13 - and action, see Thought and Action

Bias, 203-5, 212, 219 Big divide, 114 Book of nature, 108 Bootstrap rationality, 293, 317, 327, 331-8 Business, 412, 414

- ethic, 414

464

Cargo cult, 304-5 Categories, category mistakes, 59-60 Certainty, Certitude, 47-52, 67, 174, 177,

284-5, 350-3. See also Proof Challenge, 46, 49 Change, 13

Social -, 128, 141-3, 395 - of meanings, 178

Charisma, 14lff Chess, 31, 99 Choice, 147-8, 281-2, 293, 323-4, 334

- of a hypothesis, 89-90, 101-2,282, 301, 321, 330, 447, 451 See also Acceptance - of problems, 283, 286, 290-1

Civil war, 196 Classical rationalism, 21-3, 26-7, 36-43, 69,

73,76-7,79,253-5,281,285-6,289, 292-3, 344-6, 353-4, 433-4, 438. See also lustificationism

Class interest, 131 Close-speak, Close world, 112, 114, 117-18 Coincidence, accident, luck and fate, 381,

388. See also Magic Collective bargaining, 129 Collectivism, 119-33, 135, 140, 142-4 Commitment, 22, 26-7, 39, 260 Commonsense, 37, 39, 46, 60, 71-4, 90, 109,

217-18 Communism, 391, 447 Competition, 328-30 Comprehensive rationalism, 70. See also

Classical rationalism Conceptual or intellectual frameworks,

World-views, 37, 39,238,265,271,277, 301, 325, 328-9, 365, 381-2, 432, 446-8

Confirmation, 29, 35-7, 176, 310, 393. See also Corroboration; Empirical support; Reasons

Conflict, 40-1, 130-2, 139, 144,427 - in expectations, 268, 270. See also Contradiction

Conjectures, see Hypothesis Consequences, unintended, see Unintended

consequences Consensus, 76-7. See also Agreement;

Unanimity Conservatism, 85-6, 91, 236-9, 339-41, 413 Conspiracy theory of society, 139-41, 161,

381, 388, 416

Constraints, 26, 28, 31, 34. See also Problems, recurrent

Content, 165, 320 Context, 266, 308, 254. See also Background

knowledge; Conceptual frameworks Contingency planning, 227, 234, 242-3 Continuity, 86, 394 Contradiction, 78, 276, 278, 301-5, 328, 438 Control of technology, 7, 139 Controversy, see Debates; Disagreement Convention, Conventionalism (in ethics and

in science) 73, 83, 90-1, 147-50, 177, 340 Coordination, social, 145-7 Corroboration, 99. See also Confirmation;

Empirical support; Reasons Cosmology, 81-2. See also Conceptual

frameworks Cost of error and rational inquiry, 24-8, 42,

311-14 Courtship, open, 411 Credibility, 310. See also Belief, rational Crime, 152. See also Deviance Criteria, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 281-2, 298-30.

See also Desiderata Critical attitude, 86, 226 Critical rationalism, ix, x, 69-72, 76-7, 79ff,

260-1, 286-7, 292-4, 297ff, 320, 345-6, 433-4, 438-40

Critical tradition, 203, 211-14, 225-6, 350, 352

Critical utopianism, 227, 229, 232-6, 239-40, 242-3

Criticism, ix, x, 3, 9, 19, 36, 70, 77, 79-82, 117-18, 217-18, 243, 258ff, 291, 297ff, 327, 392,426,438-9,447 Constructive -, 388-9 Local and global -, 258-9, 261, 405, 432. See also Duhem-Quine argument, Piecemeal -, 214 - and democracy, 405, 413

Crucial experiment, 29, 101 Cybernetic, 126 Cynicism, 228-9

Data, 102-3, 109-10, 112-13, 115, 232-3, 238, 254. See also Empiricism

Death of God, 200 Debate, 26, 83, 91-4, 96-7, 99, 100, 104,

111,212, 213, 420-2. See also Dialectic; Disagreement

Decidophobia, Indecision, 39-43, 435, 438-9 Decision, 167, 169-79, 232-9, 238-9, 282,

293-4,420 Policy -, 273-5 - methods, 21-5, 28-31, 38-43 - Theory, 14

Deduction, 58, 178-9, 347-8, 354. See also Hypothetico-deductivism

Deductivism, see Apriorism Deep structure, 12 Degrees of rationality, 331-2, 378, 382, 445,

449-50 Demarcation, 3, 319, 321

- of magic, 388-9 - of rationality, 117 - of science, 393

Democracy, 11, 38-9, 104, 151-6, 163-7,214, 405,413

Depth, 101, 284, 291-2, 295 Description and prescription, 70-4, 78,

282-3,294 Desiderata, 100, 281, 291, 330-2, 338, 340 Destinies, 121-2, 126, 128, 143 Deterrence, 144-5, 147, 152 Deviance, 144-5, 147 Dialectic, vii, 13, 29-30, 36, 61. See also

Debate; Disagreement Dictatorial strategy, 97 Disagreement; Dispute; Dissent, 152-8,

162-7, 202-3, 206-11, 217-18, 220, 225, 241, 433: See also Debate, Dialectic

Discovery, the art of, 32 Distrust, 153, 156, 163 Diversity, 317-19, 321, 323-9, 335 bouble-talk and Double-think, 111, 114, 117 Dogmatic temperament, 434-9, 442-3 Dogmatism, 69, 75-7, 80, 82, 172, 174, 177,

223, 229, 258-60, 294, 431, 434ff, 441-2 Mitigated -,21-2,26-7,29, 39 - pro tem, 437-9, 441

Doubt, 255-6. See also Agnosticism; Skepticism

Duhem-Quine argument, 89-90, 166, 258-9, 261,405

Ecstasy, 254, 258 Education, 135-6, 165, 242, 250, 261-2, 409,

411, 415, 418-19, 433. See also Workshop rationality

Elections, 24, 38-9, 163

465

Emotionalism, Emotivism, 40-1, 177,205, 344

Empirical support, 7, 10, 348-50. See also Confirmation; Corroboration; Reasons

Empiricism, 6, 10, 81, 108-18, 151, 156-67, 318

Enlightenment, 256-7 Epiphenomenalism, 54 Epistemology, 5-6, 8-10, 74-5, 79-82, 151-65,

266,441-2 - and methodology, 252-4, 259

Error, 157-63, 165-7, 199,228,238,257-61, 301-3, 312, 352, 356-7, 378, 387, 391, 411-12,420,426,431,441 Cost of -, 311-14 Two types of -, 313

Essence, Essentialism, 53-4, 60, 64, 68, 136, 140

Esthetics, see Aesthetics Ethics, 12, 115, 124-5, 129-31, 133, 149-50,

156, 160-1, 167, 281-4, 290-5 Business -, 414 Cognitive -, 108-9, 116 Language of -, 173, 175 - and science, 107ff

Evil, problem of, 182-9 Evolutionist historicism, 368-9 Exactness, 9-10 Existence of God, 189-99 Existentialism, 53 Explanation, deductive, Explanatory power,

29, 76-8, 81-2, 98-105, 131-3, 136, 149, 166, 177, 329, 365-70, 377, 381, 388, 391-2, 445-6, 449-51

Expression, 242 Symbolic -, 370-7, 386-7, 390-3

Evaluation, see Valuation Evidence, weight of, 310ff

Face, saving and losing, 4Olff, 423ff Fallacies, 305, 308, 346-50

Naturalistic -, 151 Fallibilism, 69, 77, 79, 82, 174,212,215,

229, 320, 431 Falsification, Falsificationism, Refutation,

Refutationism, 3, 8, 10,32-4,36, 117, 134, 138, 165-6, 181, 187-8, 302-3, 308, 393

Fanaticism, 433-4 Fictionalism, see Conventionalism

466

Fideism, 260-2, 286-7, 439, 441, 443, 445-6 Fieldwork, 243 Filial piety, 395, 397,409 Finality, see Certainty; Proof Forecast, 227 Frameworks, see Conceptual frameworks Free will, 182-8, 366 French Revolution, 136 Functionalism, 131-3, 144, 305-6, 391-2

Galileo's Knife, 181-3, 188-9, 193, 199 Golf, 32-3 Good Reasons, 7, 31-4, 84, 353-56 Group-mind, 130, 147 Guarantee, see Certainty; Proof Guidelines, 21-36

Habit, 134, 158, 162 Happiness, 27, 39, 41-3 Harmony, 27, 43, 427 Heaven, 186-8 Hermeneutics, 74, 81 Hero worship, 38, 148 Historical myth, 137-8, 366 Historicism, 128, 152, 229, 233, 368-9, 416 Historicist relativism versus ahistorical

absolutism, 317, 319-20, 323-6, 332-4, 336-8

Historism, 132, 137-8, 140-9 History, 132-4, 143, 224

- of philosophy, 48, 62 - of science, 134, 157,254, 310, 344-5, 369, 373, 379-80, 389

Holism, 119-33, 135, 140, 142-4 Hong Kong, 396ff, 423, 428-9 Human nature, 134-40, 149, 250 Hypostatization, 53 Hypothetico-deductivism, 7, 165 Hypothesis, 58, 60-2, 65-6. See also Theory

Choice of -, 89-90, 101-2, 282, 301, 321, 330,447,451

Idealism, 7, 91-2 Ideal self, 427-9 Ideal society, 127, 133, 135 Ideal type, 141-3, 222 Ideas, 7

Half-baked -, 34 Regulative -, 209, 214, 216

Ideology, 87-8, 106-8, 110-12, 115, 117-18, 310-11,420-1

Idiosyncracy, 392-3 Illusion, 113, 116, 133 Imagination, 157-8, 160, 162, 165, 230-2,

337-8, 267. See also Intuition Immunization to Criticism, 78, 82 Imperatives, see Descriptions and

prescriptions Impersonalism, 405, 408 Implications, pragmatic, 154. See also

Unintended consequences Improved rationality, 331-2. See also

Degrees of rationality Incommensurability, 257-8 Indecision, see Decidophobia Individualism, 12, 119-30, 135-6

Institutional -, 126-30, 143-6 Criticism and -, 405

Induction, 133-4, 140, 222-3, 441 Problem of -, 109, 318-19 Local -, 37

Inductive direction, 58 Inductive logic, 35-7, 256 Inductive psychology, 108-9 Inductivism, 157-8, 165, 239, 256, 262, 344,

369, 379, 385, 393 Inertia, 92-3 Innovation, 100 Instant access, 312-14 Instinct, 158-9, 164 Institutions, 38-9, 154, 211-13, 237, 242-3

Abstract -, 143 Institutional analysis, 121, 128-9, 354-8 Institutional individualism, 126-30, 143-6 Institutional reform, 121, 128-9, 133-6, 143,

145-6, 148-50 Institutionalism, 119-32, 136, 141-2 Instrumentalism, 76, 78, 310, 393 Instrumentality, 370, 372, 377 Instruments, 26, 29 Intellectual frameworks, see Conceptual

framework Intellectual honesty, 181, 189, 193, 199-200,

343. See also Sincerity Intellectualism, see A priorism Interest, 267, 275. See also Problems Interests and aims, see Aims

Class -, 131 Internalization, 424-5, 429 Interpretation, 6, 29 Intuition, Intuitionism, 169, 171-2, 174-9,

220, 222, 254, 258, 262 See also Imagination

Inquisition, 154-7 Irrationalism, Irrationality, ix, 5, 9, 12-13,

19, 30, 77, 134-5, 169, 170, 177, 275-8, 293-4, 301-9, 323-4, 334, 343-4, 363, 366, 370, 377-8, 434, 445ff

Irrefutability, Ill, 117, 381, 391

Judgment, 169 Jury, 24, 311-56 Justification, Justificationism, 18-20, 48-50,

69,70,73,75-7,79,81, 108-9, Ill, 113, 174-5, 177,254,262,265, 277, 281, 283, 286-9, 307, 317-21, 323, 326-7, 340, 345-7, 353-4, 431, 436, 442. See also Classical rationalism

Knowledge, 48-50, 163, 223, 226, 256, 344-5. See also Science - and morality, 107ff

Language, 12, 51-2, 64, 137,278 Language analysis, 46, 52-5, 59-65, 109 Language of ethics, 173, 175 Lawbreaking, see Deviance Learning 157, 250, see also Education;

Psychology Legal reform, 145 Legislature, 38-9 Li, (402), 407, 423 Life problems, 69-74 Limits of reason, 284-5 Linguistic philosophy, see Language

analysis; Logical positivism; Positivism Literature, 217-26, see also Aesthetics Logic, 5-8, 29-30, 35-7, 82, 146, 286, 347-8,

354 Logical positivism, 46, 48, 52, 59, 60-5, 79,

173, 178-9 Logic of situations, 121, 128, 132-3, 135,

139, 146, 328, 332-5, 445-6, 449-51 Love, 224, 411 Love of learning, 250 Luck, 262, 381, 388

Magic, 301, 363ff, 385ff, 405, 432, 446-7 - and religion, 265, 366-7, 370, 376-7 - and science, 365-7, 376-9, 381-2, 386, 394,442

Manifest truth, 157-62, 164, 378, 383, 431. See also Classical rationalism; Justificationism

Marriage, 409-11, 420 Marxism, 131,420 Materialism, 7 Mathematics, 51, 58, 64-7, 90, 146, 253 Meaning, 55-7, 106-8, 117, 173-4, 178-9,

192-3, 373-4 Meaninglessness, 55, 64 Mechanism, 126

467

Metaphysical, Metaphysics, 33-4, 46-7, 55-6, 59,96,103-4,146-7,151-2,167,172,178, 258-9, 282, 285

Metascience, 321-2, 325-6, 336, 338. See also Methodology; Philosophy of science

Methodological individualism, 12, 119ff Methodology, Method, 7, 25, 30, 73, 77-85,

88,90,96, 105, 114, 119ff, 132,277,393, 441-2 - and epistemology, 252-4, 259 Decision -, 21-5, 28, 30-1, 38-43. See also Metascience; Philosophy of science

Mimesis, 224 Mind-body, 7, 10, 12,60 Mind-clearing, 258 Miracles, 160, 192 Misology, 249-50 Mistake, see Error

Category -, 59-60 Moral relativism, 293-4. See also

Historicism; Relativism Moral sentiment, 169-70, 178 Morality, see Ethics Motion, 91-2 Mysticism, 219, 222, 254, 276 Myth, 137-8, 172, 366, 441-2

Naive realism, 72 Nationalism, 416, 419 Natural religion, 387 Natural selection, 113, 132 Naturalism, 7, 111-12, 114-15, 117 Naturalistic fallacy, 151 Nature, 108, 157-9, 164

Human -, 134-40, 149, 250 Neutral-speak, see Naturalism Nihilism, 439, 441, 443 Non-justificationism, 174-5, 177, 320-1, 323,

326-7, 334, 339-441, 345-57 Norms, 409-10

Cognitive -, 116

468

Objectivity, 21, 26, 36, 43, 201-16, 220,225 Obscurantism, 133, 164 Observation, 81, 350-1. See also Basic

statements; Data Occum's razor, 181 Ontological argument, 53, 60, 182-3, 189 Ontology, 7, 9-10, 12,60, 120, 132, 146-7,

151-2 Open endedness, 21-36 Open mindness, 438, 441 Operationalism, 75 Opportunity cost, 42, 285 Optimism, 10, 84, 238 Original sin, 229

Paradigm, 274, 325 Paradox, see Antinomies Parochialism, 364-8, 375, 377-9, 382 Peace of mind, 252, 255-6 Perception, see Observation Personalism, 405, 408, 412-13 Pessimism, 238, 285 Phenomenalism, 54, 102-3 Phenomenology, 62 Philosophy, 61-2

- of science, 49-50. See also Metascience; Methodology - and politics, 151-62 - and science, 82 History of -, 48, 62 Prior -, 115-16

Physics, 10-11, 58, 60, 66, 92-101 Piecemeal, 11, 233, 292, 294

- criticism, 214 - social engineering, 38

Planning, 227, 230-2, 234-5, 242-3 Plenism, 92, 101 Pluralism, 103,257,263,340 Pointillism, 133, 140, 149 Policy, 31, 273-5, 441-2 Political theory; Politics, 87-8, 134-5, 151-67

- and philosophy, 151-62. See also Radicalism; Reformism; Traditionalism

Positivism, logical, 114, 117-18, 258, 272, 274, 324, 443. See also Linguistic philosophy; Verification

Practical and valuational rationality, 6, 11-12

Pngmatic evidence approach, 312-14

Pragmatic implication, 154 Pragmatism, 76, 113,256-7,271-2,274, 301 Preferentialism, 321-3, 326 Prejudice, 161-164. See also Superstition Prescriptions, 70-4, 78, 282-3, 294. See also

Valuation Presuppositions, absolute; Principles, 105-6,

171-2, 174, 176, 325 Priorities, 31, 34-5 Probability, 14, 19, 35-7, 159-60, 165,

348-50, 441 Problems, Problem-solving, Problem­

situations, 22-3, 29, 30, 34, 39, 59, 79-80, 82,217,223-4,243,266-77,329-30, 339-41, 431-40 Choice of -, 283, 286, 290-1 Discriminatory -,90-1,94-101, 104 Enduring, removable and recurring -, 272-4,278 Philosophical -, 59 Structure of -, 89-91, 94, 100-1, 104 Unifying -, 99-100 Unit -, 89-90, 101 - of evil, 82-9 - of induction, 109, 318-19 - of life and of reflection, 269-74 - of rationality, 281, 431, 443

Progammes, see Research programmes Progress, intellectual and scientific, 82, 139,

208, 237-8, 291, 320-1, 329 Proof, 66-8, 101, 253-4, 259 Protocol statements, 11. See also Basic

statements Pseudo-problems, 61, 64-5 Pseudo-rationality, 13-14 Pseudo-science, 259, 319 Psychoanalysis, 154-5 Psychologism, 119-30, 133, 135-44

Vulgar -, 137, 139, 141 Psychology, 12-13, 48, 81, 108-9, 250-2, 451 Public opinion, 148 Punishment, 144-5, 147, 152

Questions, 286, 308, 381

Radicalism, 84-5, 134-6, 291, 339-41 Rational action, see Action, rational. See

also Thought and action Rational belief, see Belief, rational. See also

Acceptance; Credibility; Probability

Rationalism, ix, 6-15 Classical -,21-3,26-7, 36-43,69, 76-7, 79, 253-5, 281, 285-6, 289, 292-3, 344-6, 353-4, 433-4, 438 Critical -, vii, viii, 69-72, 76-7, 79ff, 260-1,286-7,292-4, 297ff, 320, 345-6, 433-4, 438-40 Modified -, 21 Public and private -, 28ff, 38-9 Skeptical -, 27-8, 37-8. See also J ustificationism; Non-justificationism

Rationality, 6, 11-12, 274-5, 277, 281-2, 300, 431 Degrees of -, 331-2, 378, 382, 445, 449-50 Kinds of -, 6, 11-12, 363, 377, 380, 382, 389, 391-2, 432 Limits of -, 284-5,431 Non-scientific -, 274 Problem of -,281,431,443 Pseudo -, 13-14 Scientific -, 28ff, 36, 38, 83, 86-8, 103-4 Standards of -, 5ff, 21-36, 100, 107-8, 181, 200, 265, 268, 274, 277-8, 389, 446, 451 Valuational and practical -, 274 - and democracy, 117 - as meaning, 373-4

Rationality principle, 121, 128, 132-3, 135; 139, 146, 328, 332-5, 445-6, 449-51

Realisrv, 92. Naive -,72

Reality and appearances, 91 Reason, Reasoning, Good reasons, 7, 31, 34,

84, 343-55 Reason and passion, 344 Reductionism, 55, 110, 123-30 Rejection, see Acceptance or rejection Reform, institutional, 121, 128-9, 133-6,

143-6 Reformism, 291, 339-41, 449-50 Regress, vicious and benign, 288-90 Regulative ideas, 209, 214, 216. See also

Verisimilitude Reification, 259 Relativism, 201, 205-6, 212, 214, 219-20,

224,268,293-4,297, 302-3, 317, 319-27, 332-4, 336-8

Religion, 117, 130-1, 134,257-8,260, 366, 414-15, 441 Natural -, 387

469

- and art, 219-222 - and magic, 265, 366-7, 370,376-7 - and science, 208, 366-7, 387

Repeatability, 32 Researc.h, Research programme, 28-30, 34,,_

103, 130, 132, 143, 146, 251-2, 442 Reponsibility, 227-9, 231-2, 420 Revolution, 319

French -, 136 Political -, 161 Scientific -, 83-4, 86-7, 116-17

Risk, 14, 165-6 Romanticism, 39-42 Rules, 321, 329-30

Science, ix, x, 10-11, 70-3, 76-9, 114, 134-5, 138-9, 223, 274, 344-5. See also Knowledge Proto -, 386, 390, 393 Social -, 12, 34, 39, 85, 293 Comparative -, 243 Sociology of -, 34, 87 Unity of -, 54-5, 292 - and magic, 365-7, 376-9, 381-2, 386, 394,442 - and philosophy, 82 - and religion, 208, 366-7, 387 - and technology, 379-82, 447 - textbook, 261

Scientific publications, 28-9, 34, 261 Scientific rationalism, 28ff, 36, 38, 83, 86-8,

103-4 Shame, 424, 427-9 Show trials, 391 Simplicity, 89-90, 146 Sincerity, 155, 205, 212, 215. See also

Intellectual honesty Sin, original, 229 Situational logic, see Logic of situations Skills, 61-2 Skeptical rationalism, 27-8, 37-8 Skepticism, 9, 12, 45-50, 69, 73, 75-7, 79,

81, 318-20, 327,431-3,439,448 Ancient -, 254-5 Mitigated -, 21-2, 26-7, 29, 35-8, 43 Modern -, 17-20, 255

Social change, 128, 141-3, 395 Social control, 134, 137, 140-1, 147 Social dynamics, 28, 141-3 Social engineering, 38

470

Social harmony, 27, 43 Social mobility, 230 Social pressure, 59 Social reform, 449-50 Social science, 12, 34, 39, 85, 293

Comparative -, 243 Social stability, 141-2, 145, 147, 149, 391-2,

409, 412, 427 Social status, 402, 411, 415 Sociology, 11-12, 13lff, 395ff

- of science, 34, 87 Society, 120-1, 229-33

Abstract -, 405, 408, 413 Ideal -, 127, 133, 135. See also Utopianism

Solipsism, 47-8 Stability, social, 141-2, 145, 147, 149, 391-2,

409, 412, 427 Standards, 212, 214-15, 219, 221-2, 268, 271,

283-4,289,297,300,307,321-7,329-30, 334-6, 338, 392, 409ff, 427-9, 432-3, 438

State, 134-5 Statement, see Basic statements; Protocol

statements Statistics, 37, 159-60 Subjectivism, 14, 201-15, 225 Suez affair, 154, 402 Supernaturalism, 7 Superstition, 133-5, 164, 381, 388 Support, 7, 10, 348-50. See also

Confirmation; Corroboration Survey, 30, 33 Survival, 132, 134, 138, 261-2, 337-8, 388 Symbolic expression and representation,

370-7, 386-7, 390-3

Taste, 209-10, 216, 222-3, 252 Technology, 7, 80, 139, 208, 256, 274, 366,

378-82, 416-17, 419, 447 Temperament, dogmatic and skeptic, 434-8,

442-3 Tentativity, 290, 431, 440, 443. See also

Skepticism Test, Testability, 8, 31-4, 36, 77-8, 99, 108,

110,117-18,131,203,338,355,361,393, See also Falsification

Theism, 191, 200 Theology, 181-200 Theory, 74, 76, 78, 267-70, 273-4, 276-7. See

also Hypothesis

- ladedness, 109 Thought and action, 281-2, 308-9, 369-74,

376-7, 379, 446 Tradition, critical, rational, scientific, 85-8,

101, 103-4, 203, 209-14, 224-6, 268, 350, 352

Traditionalism, 39-41, 13\ 291 Transcendentalism, Transcendental proof,

47-9,70,77,80-1,175,179,282,293 Trobriand, 305-6 Truth, 13, 21, 26-30, 35, 39, 43, 66-8, 84,

89-91, 117,219,225,229, 251, 254, 258, 261-2,298, 301, 303, 351-7 Manifest -, 157-62, 164, 378, 383, 431 Regulative idea of -, 73-8 - directedness, 278-9 - likeness, see Verisimilitude

Trust, 153, 156, 163 Tu quoque, 448-9 Tyranny, 148

Ultimate principles, 171-2, 174, 176 Unanimity, 154-6, 160, 164-7, 177,207, 222,

241, 258, 286, 290, 310 Unifying problems, 99-100 Unintended consequences of individual

actions, 128, 141-4, 147, 239, 409-13 Unit problems, 89-90, 101 Unity of science, 54-5, 292 University, 235-7 Use of words, 57-8 Utilitarianism, 38, 41, 156, 161 Utopianism, 70, 79, 164, 229-35, 241, 252

Critical -, 227, 229, 232-6, 239-40, 242-3 Liberal -, 135-6, 139

Valuation, Values, 7, 9, 201-2, 205-9, 212-14,219,222,224-5, 283, 323, 325-7, 329-38, 434, 451

Valuational and practical rationality, 6, 11-12

Verifiability, Verication, Verification principle, 46, 52, 55-8, 66, 78-9, 117, 173, 178-9

Verisimilitude, 79, 100, 278-9, 285-6, 289-90, 292. See also Progress

Via negativa, 258, 261 Voluntarism, 174-7

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 148

Way of life, 172, 265 Weight of evidence, 310ff Westernization, 395ff Will, free, 182-8, 366 Wishful thinking, 310-11, 313

471

Witches, 308. See also Magic Words, 57-8. See also Analysis, linguistic;

Language Worldviews, see Conceptual frameworks

473

NAME INDEX

Agassi, Joseph, 4, 29, 33, 72n, 99n, 103n, 157,247,249-63,281-97,291, 299, 317, 327, 361, 363-451, 389, 390n, 398n, 423-9

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 84 Albert, Hans, 3, 69-82, 77n, 81n Alciphron, 65 Anderson, Hans Christian, 249 Anselm, St., 53, 182 and n, 183, 190, 191,

192, 198 Anthony, Mark, 138 Ape!, Karl-Otto, 76 and n, 77n Aquinas, St. Thomas, 53, 366-7 and n Aristotle, 9, 69n, 84, 102, 146, 181,218,

221,223,224,225,251,254,258,275 and n,289

Asimov, Isaac, 240 and n Atkinson, G.A., 240n Augustine, St., 366, 367 Ayer, Sir Alfred Jules, 3, 45-50, 254, 392n

Bach, Carl Philip Emmanuel, 209, 211, 212 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 201, 205, 207, 210,

211, 212 Bacon, Sir Francis, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103,

133-4, 140, 154, 157, 161, 163,204,256, 258, 259, 433, 438

Bagehot, Walter, 153n Balfour, Arthur James, Lord, 153, 163 Banton, Michael, 149-50 Barbour, Ian G., 182 and n Barker, Andrew, 343n Barnett, K.M.A., 418n Barraclough, June, 161n Barth, E.M., 70n Barth, Karl, 111 Bartley, Ill, W.W., 70n, 117, 260, 261,265,

287, 289,290, 297,345, 347, 357, 363n, 377n, 380, 448

Bayle, Pierre, 255, 256

Beattie, J.H.M., 371 and n-382, 385 and n-394

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 210 Bendixson, Terence, 231n Berkeley, Bishop George, 53, 62, 65 Bernanos, Georges, 206 Berkson, William, 3, 21-43 Black, Max, 345, 350, 355, 357 Bloodworth, Dennis, 397n Bolyai, John, 392 Boole, George, 253 Borger, Robert, 449n Borges, Jorge-Luis, 224 Boulding, Kenneth E., 405n Boyle, The Honourable Robert, 261, 387 Bradley, F.H., 60 Bragg, William, 260

Brahms, Johannes, 312 Braybrooke, David, 38 Bresson, Robert, 206 Briskman, Larry, 247, 343n, 345, 357 Broad, C.D., 51 Brodbeck, May, 142n Bromberger, Sylvain, 286 Brouwer, L.E.J., 284 Buhler, Karl, 74n Bunge, Mario, 3, 5-15, 291, 363n Butler, Samuel, 152, 238 Burnet, John, 229n

Calder, Nigel, 227n Cantor, Georg, 96 Carlyle, Thomas, 137-8 Carnap, Rudolf, 205 Carroll, Lewis, 347 Chandler, Raymond, 225 Chiang Kai-Shek, Generalissimo, 420 Chomsky, Noam, 5, 11, 12-13, 109 Clagett, Marshall, 136n

474

Cioffi, Frank, 449n Cleopatra, 138 C<>hen, R.S., 433n Collingwood, R.G., 326 Comte, Auguste, 136 Condorcet, Marquis de, 154, 161-2, 163 Confucius, 423-9 Cooke, Alistair, 240 and n Copernicus, Nicholas, 100 Creon, 200 Crew, H., 181n Cullen, Gordon, 236 and n

Dalton, John, 58, 345 Darwin, Charles, 10, 100, 261 Daube, David, 129n Davenport, Edward, 4, 217-26 Democritos, 92 Demosthenes, 310 Descartes, Rene, 69n, 83, 84, 85, 86, 100,

103, 113, 157, 250, 253, 345 Devonshire, Andrew Robert Buyton

Cavendish, Duke of, 413 Dewey, John, 76n, ""'1. 272 and n Dickens, Charles, 211

Dingler, Hugo, 69n, 76n Donne, John, 224 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, Drake, Stillman, 181n Dufay, Charles, 101 Duhem, Pierre, 83, 86 and n, 89-91, 101,

102, 103, 166, 257, 258, 259 Durkheim, Emile, 140, 144, 293, 370 and n

Edwards, Paul, ix, 433n Einstein, Albert, 10, 58, 96, 99, 100, 257,

261, 285, 286, 328, 387, 442n Elegant, Robert S., 397n Eliot, T.S., 211, 219, 224 Elliott, D.W. 313, 315 Empedocles, 92 Epicurus, 12, 158 Etzioni, A." 38 Euclid, 146, 253, 261 Evans, Claude, 69n Evans-Pritchard, Sir Edward E., 257, 258,

276 and n, 370n, 371 and n, 376, 377, 381 and n, 382, 390 and n, 391 and n, 405 and n, 432, 447

Feigl, Herbert, 142n Feuer, Lewis, 442 and n Feyerabend, Paul K., 80, 81, 103,257,258,

300, 344, 432-3 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 343 Findlay, J.N. 182 and n., 183, 190, 191, 192 Firth, Sir Raymond, 304, 305, 373, 375n,

378,42On Fitzgerald, C.P., 407n Flew, A.G.N., 182 and n, 183 and n, 185,

187, 345, 357 Fortes, Meyer, 391 Franklin, Benjamin, 366 Frazer, Sir James Gwrge, 365-70, 371, 372,

374, 376, 377, 378 and n, 379, 380, 381, 382, 386, 387, 388, 390, 393, 432, 433, 443

Freedman, Maurice, 361, 395n, 398n, 414n Frege, Gottlob, 100, 393 Fresnel, A.J. 97, 98, 99 Freud, Sigmund, 58, 137, 250, 311 Fritz, Kurt von, 69n Frye, Northrop, 217 and n, 222, 230 and n

Galilei, Galileo, 10, 53, 181 and n-183, 188, 189, 193, 199, 253

Galvani, Luigi, 96 Gardiner, Patrick, 136n, 143n Gellner, Ernest A., 4, 125, 132, and n, 136

and n, 229n, 392 and n Geiger, Theodor Julius, 311 Geyl, Pieter, 165n Giedymin, Jerzy, 97 and n Gilbert, William, 96 Godel, Kurt, 253, 285, 286 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 209 Goldberg, Johann Gottlieb, 207 Good, I.J., 350, 357 Grant, C.K., 154, 155 Greco, El (Domenico Theotocopuli), 208 Gumbel, Emil J., 233 Guthrie, W.K.C., 229n, 352

Habermas, Jiirgen, 76 and n, 335 Hamblin, C.L., 347, 357 Hanson, N.R., 81 Hare, R.M., 171 and n-179 Hartshorne, Charles, 182 and n, 183, 191,

192, 195, 198 and n, 199

Hattiangadi, J.N., 4, 83-104, 291 Hayek, F.A., 120 Hegel, G.W.F., 53, 254, 366 and n Heidegger, Martin, 14, 74n Heisenberg, Werner, 287 Hempel, Carl G., 370n Hick, John, 183n, 188 Holbach, Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d', 181n Horowitz, Vladimir, 374 Hu Hsien-Chin, 402 and n Hubert, Sir Francis, 211 Hudson, J .L., 350, 357 Hume, David, 46, 47, 53, 62, 85, 134, 148,

151 and n, 153, 154, 157-61, 163, 164, 170,222,250, 252, 255, 265, 318, 344, 357

Huxley, Aldous, 238 Huygens, Christiaan, 95, 97

Jackson, Bernard S., 129 n James, Henry, 217 James, William, 256 Jarvie, I.C., 4, 201-16, 225, 227-43, 301,

302, 303-7, 361, 363-451, 369n, 389, 392n, 398n, 405n, 423-9, 445n

Jeffrey, R.C., 350, 357 Jellicoe, G.A., 236 and n-237, 241 Jenner, Edward, 379 Jones, Rev. James, 309 Joyce, James, 211, 217 Jung, Carl Gustav, 126, 127 Jungk, Robert, 442n

Kant, Immanuel, 47, 49, 53, 62, 70n, 80n, 81, 164, 173, 223, 250, 259, 265, 281, 282, 292, 300, 308, 318, 343

Kahn, Herman, 243 Kaufmann, Walter, 74n, 435 and n Kekes, John, 247, 265-79 Kelvin, William Thomson, 1st Baron, 329 Kepler, Johannes, 345 Keynes, J.M., 58 Keynes, J.N., 347 Khruschev, Nikita Sergeevich, 232 Kierkegaard, Sf1Iren, 14 Kirk, G.S., 229n Koertge, Noretta, 247, 309-15 Koestler, Arthur, 393n Kokoschka, Oscar, 312 Kopper, Joachim, 80n

Korda, Vincent, 234 Kraft, V., 75n, 76n Kruif, Paul de, 249

475

Kuhn, Thomas S., 30, 81, 83, 86 and n, 87-8, 103 and n, 104, 257, 258, 274 and n, 290, 291, 326, 344

Kiilpe, Otto, 70n, 72n, 78n, 80n Kvan, Erik, 409

Ladd-Franklin, Christine, 346, 358 Lakatos, Imre, 70n, 88n, 103 and n, 104,

253, 254, 274n, 344, 359, 363n Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de, 254 Lawrence, D.H., 211, 217 Leach, Sir Edmund, 306, 368n Leeuwenhoek, Antoon van, 249 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 126 Leukippos, 92 Levi, Isaac, 350, 357 Lewis, C.I., 350 Lewis, H.D., 152n Lieberson, Jonathan, 343n, 345, 358 Lienhardt, Godfrey, 371 and n, 377, 378

and n Lin Yutang, 402 and n, 408n Lindblom, C.E., 38 Lister, Joseph, 1st Baron, 389 Locke, John, 65, 154, 167,250 Lorenz, Konrad, 76n Lucky Jim, 205 Lugg, Andrew, 345, 358

Mabbott, J.D., 152n Macdonald, James, 397n Mach, Ernst, 52 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 182n, 183n Mackie, J.L. 182, 183, and n, 184, 187 MacNie, John, 230 and n Magee, Bryan, 298 Mahler, Gustav, 312 Malcolm, Norman, 193, 195 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 305, 306, 373 Malter, Rudolf, 80n Manuel, Frank E., 230n Martindale, Don, 392n Marx, Karl, 140, 152 Matson, W.I., 185 Maxwell, Grover, 343n, 358 Maxwell, James Clerk, 58 Maxwell, Mary Lou, 343n

476

Mead, Margaret, 424n Meidan, Abraham, 3, 17-20 Meno,352-3 Menzies, William Cameron, 228 Mill, James, 154 Mill, John Stuart, 136, 138, 154, 156, 167,

433 Miller, David, 247, 343-59 Milton, John, 225 Mises, Ludwig von, 58, 119, 120 Mittelstrass, J., 76n Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 234 Montaigne, Michel de, 84 Moore, G.E., 51, 58 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 205, 209, 210 Murasaki, Lady, 220-1,223,225 Musgrave, Alan, 88n, 274n, 363n

Nadel, S.F., 373 Napoleon Bonaparte, 165n Newton, Sir Isaac, 58, 95, 100, 104, 134,

208, 253, 261, 328, 345, 373 Newton-Smith, W., 345, 358 Ng, Margaret N., 361, 423-9 Nowell-Smith, P.H., 169, 170n

Oakeshott, Michael, ix Occam, William of, 181n O'Neill, John, 142n, 143n Orwell, George, 238, 261 Owen, Robert, 139

Papineau, David, 344, 358 Pappus of Alexandria, 253 Pareto, Vilfredo, 79 Parmenides, 91, 92, 93, 102, 253 Parsons, Talcott, 142-3, 363n Pascal, Blaise, 138, 255, 388 Pasteur, Louis, 389 Peter of Spain, King, 347 Picasso, Pablo, 215 Pierce, C.S., 261, 346, 358 Plato, 38, 84, 92, 126, 152, 188, 230, 247,

249,251,253,254, 258, 261, 289, 290, 345, 352, 358, 439, 440-1

Pocock, D.F., 371n Poincare, Henri, 25~ Polanyi, Michael, 30, 32-4, 257, 367 and n Pole, David, xi, 4, 169-79 Popkin, Richard, 432, 433 al).d n, 434, 438,

439

Popper, Sir Karl R., ix, 3, 5, 11-12,29, 32-4, 38, 56, 59, 66, 70n, 71, 72n, 80, 81, 86 and n, 87, 88 and n, 98 and n, 99 and n, 100, 103 and n, 104, 108, 117, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 137, 144, 146, 150, 157, 162, 165, 170 and n, 171, 173, 174, 177n, 203, 229, 230,247,250,251,254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 271, 272, 274 and n, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 298-9, 302, 303, 309, 314, 317, 320, 322, 339-40, 434n, 344, 345, 346, 350, 354, 358, 359, 363n, 380, 382, 388, 432, 434, 435, 437, 438,439,441,442: 449

Price, F.W., 416 Price, H.H.,llO, 166n Priestley, Joseph, 213 Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), 93

Quine, W.V.O., 59, 83, 90 and n, 91, 115, 116, 258, 259, 265

Rasmussen, T., 48 Raven, J.E., 229n Reese, W., 198n Richards, I.A., 218, 223 Rorty, Richard, 272n· Ross, W.D., 275n Roth, Joseph, 257 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 38, 134-5, 148, 163 Russell, Bertrand, 51, 53, 57-8, 63, 67, 76n

96, 100, 149 and n, 151,251,253,254

Salmon, Wesley, 345, 348, 349, 358 Sand, Georges, 164 Santayana, George, 439 Savage, C. Wade, 343n Schilpp, P.A., 88n 103 Schlick, Moritz, 52, 56, 272 and n Schrodinger, Erwin, 58 Schwartz, Benjamin, 416n Seeger, Pete, 314 Selby-Bigge, L., 344 Settle, Tom, 4, 181-200, 343n, 385 and n,

445 and n Sextus Empiricus, 254, 431, 433, 434, 438 Shakespeare, William, 208, 211 Shapiro, H.L., 371n Shaw, George Bernard, 261 Shea, William, 101

Shils, Edward, 363n Smart, J.J.C., 188 Smith, Adam, 135, 147 Smith, Arthur, 401n Socrates, 258, 352-3, 408, 440-41 Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch), 10, 250, 255,

261,262,281,282,387 Stark, Werner, 311, 315 Sterne, Lawrence, 224 Stove, David, 344, 345, 358 Stover, Leon, 402n Sun Yat Sen, 414, 415 and n-418, 419, 420 Swift, Jonathan, 238

Taine, Hippolyte, 218 Tarski, Alfred, 52, 66, 75n Thales, 181n Therese the Little Flower, St., 429 Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 250 Tolstoy, Leo, 138 Topley, Marjorie, 398n, 420n Toulmin, Stephen, 178, 179, 317 Trigg, Roger, 277 and n, 297, 298, 301 Tryon, Vice-Admiral Sir George, 309 Tsang Tzu, 425, 426 Tylor, Sir Edward, 378

Verne, Jules, 240 Vesselo, A., 240n

Waismann, F., 59 Wartofsky, M.W., 433n

477

Watkins, J.W.N., 4, 59, 103, 120, 125, 135, 139, 141-2 and n, 143 and n, 151-67,287, 309, 315, 345, 449 and n

Weber, Max, 6, 119, 120, 141-3, 146, 282, 293

Weiler, Gershon, 247, 297-308 Welch, Colin, 241 and n Wellmer, Albrecht, 71n Wells, H.G., 227 and n, 228, 230, 236,

240-2 Wettersten, John, 247, 281-97 Whewell, William, 258, 259 Wiener, P.P., ix Williams, L. Pierce, 135-6 and n, 385n Winch; Peter, 265 Winnicott, D.W., 48 Wisdom, J.O., 4, 45-68 Wittgenstein, L., 3, 45-68, 106, 265 Woolf, Virginia, 211 Wootton, Barbara, 162-3 Wordsworth, William, 221

Xenophanes, 229

Yeats, W.B., 211 Yamey, A.D., 311, 315 Yaemy, Basil S., 420n Young, Michael, 238 Young, Thomas, 97, 98, 99

Zabarella, Giacomo, 253 Zahar, Eli, 345, 358 Zeno, 92, 281

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