for sale: smart, obedient, happy, tall, healthy, studious, helpful, and quiet children. act now and...
TRANSCRIPT
For Sale: smart, obedient, happy, tall, healthy, studious, helpful, and quiet children.
Act now and receive a free glow in the dark plant
DNA fingerprinting using RFLPs
Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
EnzymeRecognitionSequence Cut
EcoRI 5'GAATTC3'CTTAAG
5'---G AATTC---3'3'---CTTAA G---5'
BamHI 5'GGATCC3'CCTAGG
5'---G GATCC---3'3'---CCTAG G---5'
HindIII 5'AAGCTT3'TTCGAA
5'---A AGCTT---3'3'---TTCGA A---5'
TaqI 5'TCGA3'AGCT
5'---T CGA---3'3'---AGC T---5'
AluI 5'AGCT3'TCGA
5'---AG CT---3'3'---TC GA---5'
Examples of some restriction enzymes…
Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Separating DNA on a gel by size
• Gel electrophoresis
The different sized bands can arise from different cut sites and/or different number of nucleotides between the cut sites.
Sequence 1
Sequence 1
Sequence 2
Sequence 2
DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting
Computerized DNA sequencing is now inexpensive and fast
Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
Fig 20.2
We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of organisms
CB 20.22
In humans, viruses are used to insert DNA into cells
gene
clip 1: the technology of collecting DNA
GATTACA 0:00:45-0:03:40
DNA can only be obtained from living cells.
No DNA
DNA in hair root
From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 43.2
dead cells…no DNA
From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 42.13
Red blood cells do not have DNA, but white blood cells do.
clip 2: choosing your child
GATTACA 0:11:00-0:12:35
Humans have:
~25,000 genes in our genome spread out over 3 billion nucleotides…
which produce ~85,000 unique proteins
Humans have:
~25,000 genes in our genome spread out over 3 billion nucleotides…
which produce ~85,000 unique proteins
With so many genes, there is almost no probability of finding an embryo with "no major problems"?
How close are we to picking our offspring?
Karyomapping is a new technique developed at a British fertility clinic can test for 15,000 known genetic disorders. It takes DNA from 8-day-old in vitro fertilized embryos as well as from the parents and possibly other relatives.The test costs ~$2,300.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7688299.stm
How close are we to picking our offspring?
“…the test could also be used, more controversially, to detect a genetic profile which showed a susceptibility to conditions such as heart disease or cancer.”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7688299.stm
clip 3: the decreasing cost of genome sequencing
GATTACA 0:37:17-0:38:50
The material costs to sequence a complete human The material costs to sequence a complete human genome are approaching ~$1,000 at a consumer genome are approaching ~$1,000 at a consumer cost of ~$5,000cost of ~$5,000
20012011
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081006/full/news.2008.1151.html and http://www.frontsidebus.net/2011/03/costs-of-dna-sequencing-falling-fast-%E2%80%93-look-at-these-graphs/
clip 4: does technology make us safer?
GATTACA 0:23:30-0:24:50
HT: 2-02HAIR: GLDEYES: BRNSEX: F
ID:
We already use some of these techniques indirectly… Biometrics
US-VISIT requires biometric data for most foreign visitors to U.S. This data is compared to a database of known criminals.
“Targeting badly behaved Britons: Mall bans 'hoodies' in latest effort to curb yob culture”http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7897532/
Photo: Geoff Caddick / EPA via Sipa Press
Are hoodies a response to increased surveillance?
clip 5: who watches the watcher?
GATTACA 1:37:37-1:39:50
A first-class traveler cleared security with a phony Twin Cities-to-Washington boarding pass for Northwest Airlines, no photo identification and wearing an Osama bin Laden T-shirt under his coat as part of a test of airport security in this post-9/11 world.http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/travel/minnesota/31275879.html
The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse reports 245 million sensitive records have been breached since Jan. 2005 http://www.privacyrights.org/ar/ChronDataBreaches.htm#CP
Security breaches are common…
clip 6: genetic diversity
GATTACA 1:04:00-1:05:33
A species survival depends on maintaining genetic diversity:Extinction Vortex
From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 55.9
Attwater Prairie Chicken
As the population declined, genetic diversity declined
From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummingsfig 55.10
Attwater Prairie Chicken
Individuals brought from other populations increased reproduction and population by increasing genetic diversity.
From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummingsfig 55.10
clip 7: the interview
GATTACA 0:31:35-0:32:13
What type of criteria are acceptable for employment or admissions decisions?
IQ, SAT, MCAT, grades, extracurricular activities, drug tests, letters of recommendation, personal interview, essays…
http://xkcd.com
clip 8: picking the best or making improvements?
GATTACA 0:58:13-0:59:19
When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits?
Sex ratio in China, est. 2008
at birth: 1.11 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
Compare to U.S. at birth 1.05 male(s)/femalehttp://www.indexmundi.com/china/demographics_profile.html
When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits?
What ‘abnormality’ might a parent choose?
One study found that each inch above average may be worth $789 more in salary per year.
Journal of Applied Psychology T. Judge and D. Cable (Vol. 89, No. 3).
clip 9: how perfect is perfect?
GATTACA 0:49:18-0:50:42
If everyone has faults, what faults are focused on as ‘critical’ and what faults are overlooked?
clip 10: unleashing technology
GATTACA 0:15:45-0:16:38Then 0:18:46-0:19:45
How do we rein in technology once it is unleashed?
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
And http://www.monsanto.com.au/_images/global_area_chart.gif
Texas=70ha
How do we rein in technology once it is unleashed?
clip 11: Fate
GATTACA 1:40:51- 1:42:40
How do fate, serendipity, and luck affect our lives?
For Sale: smart, obedient, happy, tall, healthy, studious, helpful, and quiet children.Act now and receive a glow in the dark plant
Exam #3 Th 5/4 (bring cheat sheet)
Optional Final Exam T 5/17 from 9am-noon