forage demand and supplies in westren himalayas - himachal

8/3/2019 Forage Demand and Supplies in Westren Himalayas - Himachal

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Indian Journal o.fAllimal Sciences 76 (9): 720-726, September 2006Forage demand and supply in western Himalaya: A balance sheet for

Himachal PradeshINDER DEV', BIMAL MISRP and MS PATHANIN

Regional Research Centre. Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, CSK HPKV Campus P a l a m p u l ~ HimachalPradesh 176062 India

Received: 8 February 2005; Accepted: 5 May 2006

ABSTRACTA study was carried in Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh to understand the forage demand and supply forlivestock in Himachal Pradesh, and to calculate the balance s ~ e e t of forages for the state. Though livestock rearing

plays a significant role in the economy of the region, yet forage cultivation has remained almost neglected. In HimachalPradesh grasslands/pastures produce far below their potential and their carrying capacity is only 1.05 ACU (adult cattleunit with average body weight of350 kg). The seconday sources, key informant interviews, semi-structured interviewsand structured interviews and representative focussed PRA's were used to obtain information and drawing the conclusions.The cattle (41%) constitute the major share oflivestock in the state followed by goats (22.0%). About 41.0% of the totalgeographical area in the state is under natural grasslands. The district-wise forage resources analysis shows that Chambahas the highest area available for grazing (21%) followed by Mandi and Kangra. The availability of green and dryfodder from all the available resources in the state was 3145 and 5298 thousand tonnes, while the demand is 6205 andII 516 thousand tonnes, respectively, indicating a gap of 26 and 54%, respectively. Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spitidistricts showed a surplus fodder in terms of total dry matter basis, while in the other districts of the state there isshortage of green and dry fodder. The grazing pressure and grazing intensity for the state were 1.26 ACU/ha and0.79 haJACU. Fodder of high nutritive quality needs to be promoted to meet the increasing demand. Adoption offarmforestry, agro-forestry, silvipastures, hortipastures, forage on bunds and integration of fodder crops in the main cerealcrop sequences etc. scheme would also help in meeting the fodder demand. There is also a need for promoting grassesand fodder development programmes.

Key words: Grasslands/Pastures, Himalaya, Livestock

In Indian Himalaya (which form about 13% of thegeographical area in India), pastures and meadows accountfor 11.4mha area (Singh 1996).Mountain enviromnents areessentially the storehouses of biological diversity necessaryfor the sustainability of human life.. Mountain farming ispredominantly oriented towards mixed fanning, in whichlivestock rearing is an important pursuit and plays a crucialrole. It is an effective instrument of social and economicchange in the rural areas, as it provides employment andincome to the weaker sections of the society.In Indian Himalayan state ofHimachalPradesh livestockrearing is an integral part of farming. Sedentary, semimigratory and migratory systems of 'livestock rearing areprevalent in Himachal Pradesh. The contributionoflivestock

Present address: IScientist (Senior Scale), 2Principal Scientistand Head.l Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics,CSK HPKY, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176062.

rearing to the state's domestic product is about 40%emanating from milk and other livestock products. Thoughlivestock rearing plays a significant role in the economy ofthe region, yet forage cultivation has remained almostneglected as only 0.5% of the cultivated land is put underfodder cultivation. InHimachal Pradesh grasslands/pasturesproduce far below their potential and their carrying capacityis only 1.31 ACU(adultcattle unit with average bodyweightof 350 kg) for subtropical, 1.21 ACU for temperate and 0.64ACU for Alpine areas (Katoch and Dogra 1999). Accordingto 1992 livestock census, the total livestock population ofthe state is 5.2million. Bovine population constitutes themostsignificant category accounting for about 75% of livestockpopulation, and its population increased by about 12% from1972 to '1992 (VashistandPathania 2001). Grasslands, foddertrees and crop residues are the main forage resources andavailable forage resources canmeet only 50% ofthe demand(Negi 1990). However, of late, all these resources haverecorded a significant decline in their productivity, which


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September2006] FORAGE DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN WESTERN HIMALAYA 721has resulted into poor livestock productivity as there was ashortage of as much as 50% of dry fodder and 21% of greenfodder in Himachal Pradesh in 1972, where correspondingshortages for these feed stuff during 2002 was estimated tobe about 59% and 37% for dry andgreen fodder, respectively(Vashist and Pathania 2001). The livestock populationpressure on land resources is increasing and this has causedland degradation and soil erosion due to overgrazing andtrampling of soil, which has lead to detrimental consequenceson the environment. The lack of quality fodder is one of themajor impediments in realizing the benefits of variouslivestockdevelopment schemes launched in themountainousregions of Himalaya as well as in Himachal Pradesh. Thecrossbred livestock is not able to exhibit their geneticpotential because of inadequate forage availability. The localfamlers purchase large quantities of crop residues importedfrom neighboring states of Punjab andHaryana and this addsto the cost of l ivestock rearing. Even crop residues aregetting increasingly diverted for other use. Though,there is a general opinion amongst farmers, planners,research and development agenc ies tha t the re is ashortage of fodder in the state but the same has not beenquantified. The quantification of the shortages assumessignificance for future planning to correct the imbalance. Theexact quantification of forage availabil ity may not bepossible but cer ta in assumptions based on statisticaldata can be made possible to study the demand and supplyposition of fodder, so that efforts are made accordingly infuture. The present study was, therefore, undertaken toest imate the demand and supply position of fodder inHimachal Pradesh.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe basic information on'livestock population, land use

pattem, availability of green and dlY fodder from differentsources were collected from the 'secondary sources, Le.various issues of Statistical Outline ofHimachal Pradesh(1972 to 2001) and Katoch and Dogra (1999) . Thesupplementary informationwas collected by conducting keyinformant interviews, semi-structured interviews andstructured interviews andparticipatory rural appraisal (PRA)and focussed PRA's. PRA methods as standardized byKRIBHCO (Krishak Bharti Cooperative Limited- an NOOworking in India) were used to obtain the information fromthe fanners. The district-wise livestockpopulationof the statewas converted into adult cattle units (ACU) as perTyagi andShankar (1995).

Animal weight xNo. of livestockOneACU 350where, weight of cow 2.5 years of age), 200 kg; weight ofcow (>2.5 years of age), 300 kg; weight of buffalo 2.5years of age), 250 kg; weightofbuffalo (>2.5 years of age),400 kg; weightof sheep and goat, 1/5thACU;others (equines/

camel/yak), each equivalent to 1 ACU.The growth rates of livestock population over different

inter-census periods were estimated (Vashist et al. 2000) asPt = Po (1 + r/lOO)!where, Pt, population oflivestock at theend of the period; Po, population oflivestock at the base year;r, annual compound growth rate; t, time in years.Estimation offm'age resources and fodder availability

The forage resources and its production have beenestimated from the Statistical Outline o fHimachal Pradesh(1972-2001), Integrated Sample Survey (2001-2002) andReport on National Commission on Agriculture (1976): 7.The estimation of area under field bunds and quantity offorage produced from different sources were based oninformation gathered through P'RAs and f rom f ie ldobservations.

Greenfodder: Estimation of green fodder availability wasmade from the resources like forage crops, grasses fromforests, grazing lands, field bunds, fodder trees and weeds(harvested for fodder purpose) from cultivated fields. Thearea under fodder cultivation was taken as 0.5% of the totalcultivated land (Vashist et aI, 2000). In forests 50% of thereported area was assumed as available forharvestof herbage(Tyagi and Shankar 1995). As far as fodder from field bundsand field crops (weeds) were estimated by PRA techniques,and it was calculated 10% and 4% of cultivated land. Totalarea available .for fodder/grazing was calculated as sum totalof forest area (50% ofthe reported), permanent pastures andgrasslands, cultivatedwasteland, barrenanduncultivated landand area under bunds. It was observed through PRA's andkey informant interviews that on an average about 30% ofthe grass land area is harvested as green fodder havingproduction of about 5t/ha; weeds (2.5 t/ha) and cultivatedfodder (30 t/ha). Fodder availability from green f o d ~ e r fi'omthe tree fodderwas considered 011 the basis of study conauctedby National Afforestation and Eco-Development (NAEB)(1993) and Vashist et at. (2000).

D7Y fodder: The availability of dry fodder from cropresidues was estimated 011 the basis of certain productionand crop residue ratios (field observations). Dry fodderproduction from grasslands in the form of hay has beencalculated from 70% of total grazing lands (PRAs and keyinformant interviews) at 1.5 tonnes/dry fodder/ha.

Requirement offodder: The recommended fodder levelshave beenused as thebase forworking out total requirements.Total dry matter requirement has been computed @2.5 kg/100 kg live weight. Out of 2.5 kg of total dry matter, 2/3rdis to be fed as dry roughage and 1/3rd of it has to be fedas green roughage (Banerjee 1997). The pe r cen t gapbetween the requirement and avai labil ity has beencomputed as:

Requirementof fodder - availability of fodder 100Per cent gap = xRequirementof fodder


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722 DEY ETAL. [Indian Journal ofAnimal Sciences 76 (9)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

LivestockpopulationHimachal Pradesh is having 5,221,586 livestock

populat ion. Among total l ivestock population cattleconstitutes the major share of about 42%. The goatpopulation is second highest and constitutes about 22% ofthe population followed by sheep (21%). Buffalo constitutesabout 14.0%, while other animals constitute only 1% ofthe total livestock population (Table 1). The district-wiseanalysis shows that cattle population is distributedthroughout the state, with maximum in Mandi and Kangraand lowest in Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti districts. Buffalo

population decreased with the increase in elevation, whilereverse trend was noted in sheep and goats. Mandi districtsupports the highest cattle units followed by Kangra andChamba while, Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spit i districtssupports the least cattle units. The corresponding calculatedvalues of total livestock population in terms of ACU aredepicted in Fig. 1.Forage resources availabilityThe forage availab le from different land resources is

presented in Table 2. The grazing resources of the statecomprise permanent pastures/grasslands (24.45%), forestarea (11.2%), barren and uncultivable land (3.19%),

Table 1. District-wise livestock population in Himachal PradeshDistrict Livestock

Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Others TotalBilaspur 58,825 93,637 20,319 64,163 1,322 238,266Chamba 242,304 36,292 257,355 196,146 5,196 737,293Hamirpur 56,397 101,310 45,861 26,746 1,855 232,169Kangra 392,914 152,685 189,737 236,502 10,583 982,421Kinnaur 20,465 2 63,213 33,033 5,679 122,392Kullu 162,575 351 llO,144 53,478 1,353 327,901Lahau1 & Spiti 8,463 37,377 11,156 5,367 62,341Shimla 324,511 24,448 113,397 92,621 5,317 560,294Mandi 463,211 118,003 199,731 209,595 5,901 996,441Sirmaur 239,946 42,950 22,453 119,645 4,836 429,830Solan 142,550 80,155 17,005 86,831 3,080 329,,621Una 61,414 98,413 3,886 38,070 834 202,617Total 2,173,575 748,246 1,080,456 1,167,986 51,323 5,221,586

Source: Integrated Sample Survey. Directorateof Animal Husbandry (Himachal Pradesh) 2001-2002.

Table 2. Forage resources ('000 ha) in Himachal PradeshDistricts Geograph- Total Area under Forest Permanent Cultivable Barren Area Total area Per centieal area cultivated fodder area pastures wasteland and under available for of total(1) area cultivation (50% of and (6) uncultivable bund fodder! reported(2) (3) reported) grasslands land (8) grazing area(4) (5) (7) (4+5+6+7+8)Bilaspur 116.7 32.4 16.2 5.7 42.6 4.7 6.2 4.24 63.44 54.36Chamba 652.8 42.4 21.2 135.8 353.3 6.0 5.2 3.24 503.54 77.14Hamirpur 111.8 36.9 18.45 10.0 0.3 4.9 17.6 3.69 36.49 32.64Kangra 573.9 118.9 59.45 112.2 97.1 39.9 28.1 11.89 289.19 50.39Kinnaur 640.1 7.6 3.8 13.6 160.6 6.3 34.1 0.76 215.36 33.64KulIu 550.3 36.1 18.05 98.7 167.6 3.7 4.7 3.61 278.31 50.57Lahaul & Spiti 1,383.5 3.1 1.55 55.0 95.4 0.7 4.4 0.31 155.81 11.26Shimla j95.0 94.8 47.4 86.6 97.2 6.1 12.0 9.48 211.38 53.51Mandi 513.1 73.3 36.65 56.9 200.8 9.9 16.6 7.33 291.53 56.82Sirmaur 282.5 41.4 20.7 24.33 60.7 13.0 7.8 4.14 109.97 38.93Solan 193.6 39.3 19.65 10.1 78.7 12.6 11.1 3.93 116.43 60.14Una 154.0 42.1 21.05 14.4 9.6 10.3 29.7 4.21 68.21 44.29Total 5,567.3 568.3 284.15 623.3 1,363.9 118.1 177.5 56.83 2,339.63 42.02

Source: StatisticalOutline ofHimachal Pradesh 2000.


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September 2006) FORAGE DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN WESTERN HIMALAYA 723

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~ Green fodde-r . o Dry f ~ d d e - r - - I___ . . _ . JFig. 1. Gap (%) per annum between demand and supply

cultivablewastelands (2.12%) and barren lands (1%). Theseresources account for 41.0% of the total geographical area.District-wise analysis shows that Chamba has maximumavailability of area followed by Kangra, Kullu and Shimla.Area under forest was observed maximum in Chamba andlowest in BilasPllr. The maximum area under culturablewastelands and barren lands (33.8%) was found in Kangraand lowest in Lahaul and Spiti districts (0.6%). The Kangra

district has maximum area under field bunds (11.89 thousandha) followed by Shimla and Mandi.Fodderproduction

Greenfodder: The green fodder production available fromtotal grazing lands, cultivated fields (weeds), fodder cropsand fodder trees (Table 3). District-wise analysis of the greenfodder availability estimates indicate that Chamba district

Table 3. Fodder availability in Himachal PradeshDistricts Green fodder production ('000 t1annum) Dry fodder production ('000 t/annum)

30% of Weeds from Cultivated Fodder Total Agrowaste 70% of Total drygrazing cultivated fodder trees green grazing fodderland@ area (30 t/ha) fodder lands @5.0 t/ha @ 2.5 t/ha 1.5 t/haBilaspur 76.13 6.42 9.63 2.00 94.18 277.90 66.61 344.51Chamba 604.25 6.06 9.09 11.24 630.64 171.38 528.72 700.10Hamirpur 43.79 7.21 10.82 1.92 63.73 232.25 38.31 270.57Kangra 347.03 21.45 32.18 9.88 410.53 492.10 303.65 795.75Kinnaur 258.43 0.93 1.40 11.04 271.80 9.60 226.13 235.73Kullu 333.97 5.87 8.81 9.52 358.17 175.93 292.23 468.16Lahaul & Spiti 186.97 0.33 0.50 23.92 211.72 3.30 163.60 166.90Shimla 253.66 16.43 24.64 6.80 301.53 595.43 221.95 817.38Mandi 349.84 10.50 15.75 8.72 384.81 187.90 306.11 494.01Sirmaur 131.96 7.82 11.73 4.88 156.39 276.93 115,47 392.40Solan 139.72 6.60 9.90 3.36 159.58 191.68 122.25 313.93Una 81.85 7.18 10.77 2.72 102.52 227.03 71,62 298.65Total. 2,807.56 96.8 145.20 96.00 3,145.56 2,841.43 2,456.64 5,298.07


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724 DEY ErAL. [Indian Journal o jAnimal Sciences 76 (9)Table 4. Trend in livestock population ofHimachal Pradesh

Animals 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997*Cattle 2, J75,690 2,J 06,220 2,]73,663 2,244,815 2,165,034 2,173,575Buffaloes 543,887 560,006 616,4]5 794,991 703,549 748,246Sheep 1:039,946 1,055,005 1,090,322 1,113,768 1,078,940 1,080,456Goats 906,415 1,035,337 1,059,862 1,]20,139 1,118,094 1,167,986Others 36,518 38,658 48,278 71,750 5],3]6 51,323Total 4,702,456 4,795,226 4,988,540 5,345,463 5,116,933 5,221,586

Source: Statistical Outline of Himachal Pradesh, various issue; and*Integrated Sample Survey. Directorate of Animal Husbandry(Himachal Pradesh) 2001-2002.Table 5. Per annum fodder budgeting for green and dry fodder in Himachal Pradesh

districts Green fodder Dry fodder Total dry matterDemand Supply Gap (%) Demand Supply Gap (%) Demand Supply Gap (%)('000 t) ('000 t) ('000 t) ('000 t) ('000 t) ('000 t)

Bilaspur 332.73 94.18 -38.64 617.45 344.51 -44.20 1,063.62 382.18 -64.07Chamba 676.38 630.64 -3.64 1,255.17 700.10 -44.22 2,161.16 952.35 -55.95Hamipur 341.07 63.73 -43.82 632.94 270.57 -57.25 1,090.30 296.06 -72.85Kangra 1,169.67 4]0.53 -34.97 2,170.57 795.75 -63.34 3,739.03 959.96 -74.33Kinnaur 86.00 271.80 116.42 159.59 235.73 47.71 274.91 344.45 25.30Kullu 339.58 358.17 +2.95 630.19 468.16 -25.71 1,085.52 611.42 -43.67Lahaul & Spiti 45.57 211.72 196.48 84.56 166.90 97.37 145.66 251.59 +72.72Shimla 682.82 301.53 -30.09 1,267.13 817.38 -35.49 2,182.76 937.99 -57.03Mandi 1,195.05 384.81 -36.54 2,217.67 494.0] -77.72 3,820.18 647.93 -83.40Sirmaur 555.02 156.39 -38.70 1,029.96 392.40 -61.90 1,774.21 454.96 -74.36Solan 453.72 159.58 -34.93 841.97 313.93 -62.71 1,450.389 377.76 -73.95Una 328.19 102.52 -37.05 609.02 298.65 -50.96 1,049.10 339.66 -67.62Total 6,205.78 3,145.56 -26.57 11,516.15 5,298.07 -53.99 19,837.80 6,556.30 -66.95Green fodder has been converted into 40% DM.

has the highest availability followed by Kangra and ManCiLThe availability of green fodder was noted lowest inHamirpur, which may be due to the less area undergrasslands,forest and forage crops.Dry fodder: The total annual availability of dry fodder in

the state has been estimated to the tune of 5298.07 thousandtonnes. Availability ofdry fodder is mainly from agrowastesfood crops and hay from the grazing lands. Contribution ofhay and agrowastes towards total dry fodder is 53.6% and46.4%, respectively. Thedistrict-wise dry'fodder availabilitywas the highest in Shimla followed by Kangra and Bilaspurand lowest inKinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti districts (Table 3).The dry fodder availability varied from 167 to 807 tonnes!annum in different districts in the state.Trends in livestock populationThe compound growth rates worked out for cattle,buffaloes, sheep, goats and other animals are presented inthe Table 4. The data indicated that cattle and buffaloesincreased at a rate of 0.2% and 3.08%per amium, respectivelyduring 1972 to 1987. However, negativegtowthrateof0.71%and 2.3% per arulUm was observed from 1987 to 1992 in

Table 6. Grazing presssure and intensity of livestock inHimachal PradeshDistricts Total ACU Grazing area Grazing Grazing

('000) ('000 ha) pressure intensity(ACU/ha) (haiACU)Bilaspur 158.44 63.44 2.50 0.40Chamba 322.09 503.54 0.64 1.56Hamipur 162.42 36.49 4.45 0.23Kangra 556.98 289.19 1.93 0.52Kinnaur 40.95 215.36 0.19 5.26Kullu 161.70 278.31 0.58 1.72Lahaul & Spiti 21.70 155.81 0.14 7.18Simla 325.15 211.38 1.54 0.65Mandi 569.072 291.53 1.95 0.51Sirmaur 264.29 109.97 2.40 0.42Solan 216.06 116.43 1.86 0.54Una 156.28 68.21 2.29 0.44Total 2,955.13 2,339.63 1.26 0.79cattle and buffaloes, respectively. By and large similar trendswere observed for sheep, goats and other animals from 1972to 1987 and 1987 to 1992. Under overall situation total


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September 2006] FORAGE DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN WESTERN HIMALAYATable 7. Projected demand of fodder (thousand t/annum) for livestock in Himachal Pradesh

725

Animals 2002 2010ACU Green fodder Dry fodder ACU Green fodder Dry fodder('000) requirement requirement ('000) requirement requirement

Cattle 1,663.4 5,464.3 4,250.0 1,916.1 6,294.4 4,895.6Buffaloes 914.5 3,004.1 2,336.5 969.2 3,183.8 2,476.3Sheep 219.9 722.4 561.8 223.2 733.2 570.3Goats 235.7 774.3 602.2 245.4 806.2 627.0Others 54.6 179.4 139.5 57.1 187.6 145.9Total 3,088.1 10,144.5 7,890.0 3,411.0 11,205.2 8,715.1livestock population increased at a rate of 0.9% per annumfrom 1972to 1987 and decreasedat a rateof0.86% per annumfrom 1987 to 1992 inter-census period. The livestockpopulation of the state has been projected to reach about5,432,570 by 2010 with a total bovine populat ion of3,032,822 and 2,342,613, ovine population.Forage supply-demand balance sheetDemand for fodder has been estimated on the basis of

green, d ry fodder and a lso on total dry mat te r basi s andpresented in Table 5 and is depicted in Fig. 2. A perusal ofthe data revea led tha t in the state there exist s an annualdemand of about 6205 and 11 516 thousand tonnes for greenand dry fodder, respectively. The demand for fodder on totaldry matterbasis has been estimated 19,837 thousand tonneslannum. The highest demand for greenfodder exists in Mandi(1195 thousandtonnes) followed by Kangra (1169 thousandtonnes), Simla (682 thousand tonnes), and Chamba (676thousand tonnes) districts and lowest inKinnaur (85 thousandtonnes) and Lahaul and Spiti (45 thousand tonnes). By andlarge similar trends were observed for the dry fodderrequirementper annum. Table 6 revealedthat the gapbetweendemand and supply of green and dry fodder is 26.0 and 54.0%,respectively, in the state. The district- wise analysis showsthat Kinnaur, Kullu and Lahaul and Spiti districts although.meagre have surplus supply of dry and green fodder. Thefodder availability in terms of total drymatter was observedin Kinnaur and Lahaul & Spiti districts only. On dry matterbasis the shortage of fodder in different districts varied from38 to 67%. This indicated that there is a need to increase theproductivity of fodder and grasses by growing quality grassesand fodder.Grazing pressure and intensity

The grazing pressure and intensity. were worked out onthe bas is of total ACU and grazing' area (ha) (Table 6).Grazing pressure varies from 0.14 ACU/ha in Lahaul andSpiti to 4.45 ACU/ha in Ham irpur d is tr ic ts and"qorrespondingly the grazing intensity is observed to behighest in Lahaul and Spiti (7.181ha/ACU) and lowest inHamirpur (0.23 halACU). The average grazing pressure andgrazing intensity in the state were 1.26 ACU/ha and 0.79 hal

ACU respectively. I t is concludedfrom theTable that pressureon pasture/grazing lands was high in most of the districts.This indicated thatthere is a need to increase the productivityof these lands.

Projected demand for fodderThe projected demand for green and d ry f odde r ispresented in Table 7. Total demand for greenand dry fodderfor 2002 is 10144 and 7890 thousand tonnes, respectively,andfor 2010 is estimated at 11 205 and 8715 thousand tonnesrespectively. The t o t ~ l l i v e s t b c k population in terms ofACUhave been projected about3088 thousand and 3411 thousandby 2002 and 2010, respectively.

REFERENCESAnonymous. 2001-2002. Integrated sample survey, Directorate ofAnimal Husbandry, Himachal Pradesh, India.Anonymous. 1972-2001. Statistical Outline ofHimachal Pradesh.Department of Economics and Statistics, Shimla, HimachalPradesh, India.Banerjee G C. 1997. A Text book o fAnimal Husbandry. Oxfordand IBH Pub. Co. pp 854.Government of India. 1976. Report of National Commission ofAgriculture. Part VII Animal Husbandry. Ministry ofAgricultureand Irrigation, New Delhi. pp 531.Katoch BSand Dogra K K. 1999. Present Scenario and Strategiesfor Improving the Nutritional Status and CarryingCapacity o fthe Natural Grasslands/Pastures of Himachal Pradesh. AReport. pp 11. Department of Animal Nutrition, College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences. CSK HPKY Palampur,Himachal Pradesh, India.NAEB. 1993: Status of fuel and fodder and its impact on farmwomen in Himachal Pradesh and J&K. Regional Centre, UHF,Nauni, Himachal Pradesh, India.Negi G C. 1990. Livestock Development ill Himachal Pradesh inRetrospect and Prospect. Report submitted to HPKV, Palampur,India.Singh Panjab 1996. Status of Himalayan Rangelands in India andtheirsustainabIemanagement 13-22. ProceedingsofRangelandand Pastoral Development in Hindu Kush-Himalayas, (Eds)Daniel J Miller and Sienna R Craig. November 5-7, 1996,Kathmandu, Nepal.Tyagi R K and Shankar Vinod. 1995. Forage supply-demandanalysis for Saurashtra and Kachchh. RangeManagement and


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726 DEY ETA. [Indian Journal ofAnimal Sciences 76 (9)Forestry 16(2): 45-57.

Yashist G 0, Mehta P, Kumar A, Sharma S K and Katoch D C.2000. A study of socio-economic aspects of forage and foddercrops. Acase study 0 f availability and requirement in Hi machalPradesh. pp 121. Department of Agricultural Economic, CSK

HPKY Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.Yashist GO and PathaniaMS. 2001. Requirement and availabilityof feed and other fodder resources for bovine population inHimachal Pradesh. Indian Journal o fAnimal Sciences 71 (4):367-74.

forage demand and supplies in westren himalayas - himachal

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